Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy

1. Introduction.- 2. Atomic Structure.- 2.1 One-Electron Systems.- 2.2 Alkali Atoms.- 2.3 Magnetic Effects.- 2.3.1 Precessional Motio.- 2.3.2 Spin-Orbit Interactio.- 2.4 General Many-Electron Systems.- 2.5 The Influence of External Fields.- 2.5.1 Magnetic Fields.- 2.5.2 Electric Fields.- 2.6 Hyperfine Structure.- 2.6.1 Magnetic Hyperfine Structure.- 2.6.2 Electric Hyperfine Structure.- 2.7 The Influence of External Fields (hfs).- 2.8 Isotopic Shifts.- 3. Molecular Structure.- 3.1 Electronic Levels.- 3.2 Rotational Energy.- 3.3 Vibrational Energy.- 3.4 Polyatomic Molecules.- 3.5 Other Molecular Structures.- 4. Radiation and Scattering Processes.- 4.1 Resonance Radiation.- 4.2 Spectra Generated by Dipole Transitions.- 4.2.1 Atoms.- 4.2.2 Molecules.- a) Rotational Transitions.- b) Vibrational Transitions.- c) Vibrational-Rotational Spectra.- d) Electronic Transitions - The Franck-Condon Principle.- 4.3 Rayleigh and Raman Scattering.- 4.4 Raman Spectra.- 4.4.1 Vibrational Raman Spectra.- 4.4.2 Rotational Raman Spectra.- 4.4.3 Vibrational-Rotational Raman Spectra.- 4.5 Mie Scattering.- 4.6 Atmospheric Scattering Phenomena.- 4.7 Comparison Between Different Radiation and Scattering Processes.- 4.8 Collision-Induced Processes.- 5. Spectroscopy of Inner Electrons.- 5.1 X-Ray Spectroscopy.- 5.1.1 X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy.- 5.1.2 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy.- 5.2 Photo-Electron Spectroscopy.- 5.2.1 XPS Techniques and Results.- 5.2.2 Chemical Shifts.- 5.3 Auger Electron Spectroscopy.- 6. Optical Spectroscopy.- 6.1 Light Sources.- 6.1.1 Line Light Sources.- 6.1.2 Continuum Light Sources.- 6.1.3 Synchrotron Radiation.- 6.1.4 Natural Radiation Sources.- 6.2 Spectral Resolution Instruments.- 6.2.1 Prism Spectrometers.- 6.2.2 Grating Spectrometers.- 6.2.3 The Fabry-Pérot Interferometer.- 6.2.4 The Fourier Transform Spectrometer.- 6.3 Detectors.- 6.4 Optical Components and Materials.- 6.4.1 Interference Filters and Mirrors.- 6.4.2 Absorption Filters.- 6.4.3 Polarizers.- 6.4.4 Optical Materials.- 6.4.5 Influence of the Transmission Medium.- 6.5 Optical Methods of Chemical Analysis.- 6.5.1 The Beer-Lambert Law.- 6.5.2 Atomic Absorption/Emission Spectrophotometry.- 6.5.3 Burners, Flames, Sample Preparation and Measurements.- 6.5.4 Modified Methods of Atomization.- 6.5.5 Multi-Element Analysis.- 6.5.6 Molecular Spectrophotometry.- 6.5.7 Raman Spectroscopy.- 6.6 Optical Remote Sensing.- 6.6.1 Atmospheric Monitoring with Passive Techniques.- 6.6.2 Land and Water Measurements with Passive Techniques.- 6.7 Astrophysical Spectroscopy.- 7. Radio-Frequency Spectroscopy.- 7.1 Resonance Methods.- 7.1.1 Magnetic Resonance.- 7.1.2 Atomic-Beam Magnetic Resonance.- 7.1.3 Optical Pumping.- 7.1.4 Optical Double Resonance.- 7.1.5 Level-Crossing Spectroscopy.- 7.1.6 Resonance Methods for Liquids and Solids.- a) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.- b) Electron Spin Resonance.- c) Electron-Nuclear Double-Resonance.- 7.2 Microwave Radiometry.- 7.3 Radio Astronomy.- 8. Lasers.- 8.1 Basic Principles.- 8.2 Coherence.- 8.3 Resonators and Mode Structure.- 8.4 Fixed-Frequency Lasers.- 8.4.1 The Ruby Laser.- 8.4.2 Four-Level Lasers.- 8.4.3 Pulsed Gas Lasers.- 8.4.4 The He-Ne Laser.- 8.4.5 Gaseous Ion Lasers.- 8.5 Tunable Lasers.- 8.5.1 Dye Lasers.- 8.5.2 Colour-Centre Lasers.- 8.5.3 Tunable Solid-State Lasers.- 8.5.4 Tunable CO2 Lasers.- 8.5.5 Semiconductor Lasers.- 8.6 Nonlinear Optical Phenomena.- 9. Laser Spectroscopy.- 9.1 Basic Principles.- 9.1.1 Comparison Between Conventional Light Sources and Lasers.- 9.1.2 Saturation.- 9.1.3 Excitation Methods.- a) Single-step excitation.- b) Multi-step excitation.- c) Multi-photon absorption.- 9.1.4 Detection Methods.- a) Fluorescence.- b) Photoionization.- c) Collisional ionization.- d) Field ionization.- 9.1.5 Laser Wavelength Setting.- 9.2 Doppler-Limited Techniques.- 9.2.1 Absorption Measurements.- 9.2.2 Intra-Cavity Absorption Measurements.- 9.2.3 Absorption Measurements on Excited States.- 9.2.4 Level Labelling.- 9.2.5 Two-Photon Absorption Measurements.- 9.2.6 Opto-Galvanic Spectroscopy.- 9.2.7 Single-Atom Detection.- 9.2.8 Opto-Acoustic Spectroscopy.- 9.3 Optical Double-Resonance and Level-Crossing Experiments with Laser Excitation.- 9.4 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy.- 9.4.1 Generation of Short Optical Pulses.- 9.4.2 Generation of Ultra-Short Optical Pulses.- 9.4.3 Measurement Techniques for Optical Transients.- a) Transient-digitizer technique.- b) Boxcar technique.- c) Delayed-coincidence techniques.- d) Streak-camera techniques.- e) Pump-probe techniques.- 9.4.4 Background to Lifetime Measurements.- 9.4.5 Survey of Methods of Measurement for Radiative Properties.- a) Linewidth measurements.- b) ODR and LC.- c) Beam-foil techniques.- d) Beam-laser techniques.- e) Time-resolved spectroscopy with pulsed lasers.- f) Time-resolved spectroscopy with pulsed electron beam excitation.- g) Phase-shift method.- h) The emission method.- i) The hook method.- 9.4.6 Quantum-Beat Spectroscopy.- 9.5 High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy.- 9.5.1 Spectroscopy on Collimated Atomic Beams.- a) Detection through fluorescence.- b) Detection by photoionization.- c) Detection by the recoil effect.- d) Detection by magnetic deflection.- 9.5.2 Saturation Spectroscopy and Related Techniques.- 9.5.3 Doppler-Free Two-Photon Absorption.- 9.5.4 Spectroscopy of Trapped Ions and Atoms.- 10. Laser-Spectroscopic Applications.- 10.1 Diagnostics of Combustion Processes.- 10.1.1 Background.- 10.1.2 Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Related Techniques.- 10.1.3 Raman Spectroscopy.- 10.1.4 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering.- 10.1.5 Velocity Measurements.- 10.2 Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere.- 10.2.1 Optical Heterodyne Detection.- 10.2.2 Long-Path Absorption Techniques.- 10.2.3 Lidar Techniques.- 10.3 Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Raman Spectroscopy in Liquids and Solids.- 10.3.1 Hydrospheric Remote Sensing.- 10.3.2 Monitoring of Surface Layers.- 10.4 Laser-Induced Chemical Processes.- 10.4.1 Laser-Induced Chemistry.- 10.4.2 Laser Isotope Separation.- 10.5 Spectroscopic Aspects of Lasers in Medicine.- References.