World Health Systems

Foreword Preface About the Book About the Author Part I: Overview Chapter 1. Theoretical Foundations for the Establishment of World Health Systems Section I. Theories of Economic Development 1. Classical Political Economics 2. Welfare Economics 3. Keynesian Economics 4. Liberal Economics 5. Information and Institutional Economics Section II. Theories of Public Goods 1. Concept and Characteristics of Public Goods 2. Classification Criteria of Public Goods 3. Theoretical Analysis of Public Goods Section III. Theories of Social Fairness 1. Classical Liberal Theory of Fairness 2. Utilitarian Theory of Fairness 3. Rawlsian Theory of Fairness 4. New Public Administration Theory of Fairness 5. Marxist Theory of Fairness Section IV. Theory of Universal Health Coverage 1. Proposal of UHC Theory 2. Definition and Implications of UHC Theory Section V. Theory of Performance Evaluation for Health Systems 1. Definition of Concepts Related to Performance Evaluation 2. Model of Performance Evaluation for Health Systems Chapter 2. World Socioeconomic Development and Health Status Section I. World Socioeconomics and Population Aging 1. Economic Crisis and Transitional Development 2. Current Status and Development of World Population Aging 3. Impact of Population Aging on Healthcare Costs 4. Strategies for Actively Coping with Population Aging Section II. Global Health Status and Current Challenges 1. Update of Health Concepts 2. Comparison of World Health Statuses 3. Key Issues in Human Health Section III. Proposing the Concept of "Global Health" and Its Development Trends 1. Definition and Evolution of "Global Health" 2. Research Fields Related to "Global Health" 3. Challenges and Opportunities of "Global Health" Section IV. Exploring the Integration of Healthcare and Prevention in Health Insurance 1. Gradual Transformation from Disease Insurance to Health Insurance 2. Strengthening Health Education and Advocating Healthy Lifestyles 3. Promoting the Capitation System to Enhance Preventive Healthcare Section V. Impact of Progress in Medical Technology on Healthcare Costs 1. Current Status of and Trends in the Development of Medical Technology 2. Impact of High-Tech Medicine on Healthcare Costs Chapter 3. Health System Structure and Determinants of Health Section I. Structure of Health System and Its Relations 1. Goals and Boundaries of Health Systems 2. Medical and Health Resources 3. Organizations and Institutions 4. Economic Support 5. Health Management 6. Service Provision Section II. Key Factors Influencing Health Systems 1. Economic Factors 2. Political Factors 3. Cultural Factors Section III. Analysis of the Social Determinants of Health 1. Conceptual Framework of the Social Determinants of Health 2. Policy Values of the Social Determinants of Health Chapter 4. Basic Models and Evaluation of World Health Systems Section I. Binary Classification of the Types of World Health Systems 1. Principal Model of International Health and Social Security Systems 2. Selection of System Model for Countries with Different Development Levels Section II. Models of National Health Service and Social Security System 1. National Health Service and General Practitioner System 2. Social Welfare Model of Northern European Countries 3. Main Policies and Features of Developing Countries Section III. Models of Social Health Insurance 1. National Health Insurance System in Germany and France 2. Health System and Insurance in Japan 3. Health System and Insurance in South Korea 4. Main Policies and Features of Developing Countries Section IV. Models of Commercial Health Insurance 1. Basic Characteristics of the US Model of Commercial Health Insurance 2. Features and Existing Problems of the US Model 3. Private Health Insurance in Developing Countries Section V. Models of Savings Health Insurance 1. Establishment of the "3M" System Policies 2. Basic Evaluation of the Singaporean Model Section VI. Other Models of Health Insurance 1. Situation in Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan 2. "30 Baht Universal Health Insurance Scheme" in Thailand Chapter 5. Social Medical Aid System and Its Analysis Section I. Theoretical Foundations of Social Medical Aid Systems 1. Bottom-Line Theory of Fairness 2. Theory of Social Citizenship 3. Hierarchy of Needs 4. Theory of Third Allocation Section II. Major Policies of Social Medical Aid Systems 1. Recipients of Medical Aid 2. Determining the Eligibility of Medical Aid Recipients 3. Methods of Medical Aid 4. Funding Sources of Medical Aid 5. Treatment Standards of Medical Aid 6. Provision of Medical Aid Section III. Models and Features of Social Medical Aid 1. Models of Social Medical Aid Systems in Developed Countries 2. Features of Social Medical Aid Systems in Developed Countries 3. Cost Containment of Social Medical Aid Systems in Developed Countries 4. Governmental Medical Aid Systems in Developing Countries Chapter 6. Features and Trends of Reforms in World Health Systems Section I. Features of Health System Reforms in Developed Countries 1. Common Features and Trends of Health Economic Policies in Developed Countries 2. Major Health Economic Reforms in Developed Countries 3. Exploration of Private Financing Initiatives Section II. Features and Reform Trends of Health Systems in Developing Countries 1. Features and Reforms of Health Systems in Asian Countries 2. Features and Reforms of Health Systems in African Countries 3. Features and Reforms of Health Systems in European Countries 4. Features and Reforms of Health Systems in American Countries Part II: Characteristics of Health Systems in Developed Countries and Areas Chapter 7. Overview of Health Systems in Developed Countries and Areas Section I. Status of Healthcare Investment in Developed Countries and Areas Section II. Status of Health Services in Developed Countries and Areas 1. Equity in Health Outcomes 2. Accessibility of Health Services 3. Differences in Health Service Utilization 4. Impact of Health Insurance on Health Services Section III. Status of Health Insurance in Developed Countries and Areas 1. Health Insurance Systems Targeting Different Income Groups 2. Responsibilities of the Government in the Health Insurance System 3. Functions of the Health Insurance System Chapter 8. Role of the Government in the Health Service Markets of Developed Countries and Areas Section I. Healthcare Market Failures and Government Intervention 1. Basic Concept of Healthcare Market 2. Significance of Government Interventions in Healthcare Markets 3. Consequences of Government Non-Interventions in Healthcare Markets 4. Goals and Policy Orientations of Government Interventions in Healthcare Markets 5. Failures and Rectifications of Government Interventions Section II. Macro-Level Planning by Governments in Developed Countries and Areas to Strengthen Healthcare Institutions 1. Implementation of Regional Health Planning 2. Government Interventions in the Formulation of Health Service Contracts via Market Coordination Mechanisms Section III. Government Regulation of Human Resources in Developed Countries and Areas/ 184 1. Regulating the Total Supply of Physicians Based on the Demand for Health Services 2. Governments' Efforts and Outcomes in Improving Regional Imbalances in the Supply and Demand of Physicians Section IV. Government Interventions in Drugs and the Control of Healthcare Quality in Developed Countries and Areas 1. Government Interventions in Drugs 2. Government Control of Healthcare Quality Section V. Government Measures for Healthcare Cost Containment in Developed Countries and Areas/ 189 1. "Managed Healthcare" and "Managed Competition" 2. Hospital "Global Budget" 3. Regulating the Supply of Elderly Healthcare Services Section VI. Measures to Address Health Service Problems in Developed Countries and Areas 1. Measures to Address Long Waiting Lists for Inpatients and Outpatients 2. Introducing the "Community Care Over Hospital Treatment" Policy 3. Adjustments for Reasonable Compensation Policies 4. Improving Service Quality by Increasing the Number of Healthcare Workers 5. Regulatory Role in Stabilizing National Healthcare Needs 6. Measures to Compensate for the Inadequate Supply of Public Health and Basic Healthcare Chapter 9. Basic Drug Administration Policies in Developed Countries and Areas Section I. Government Policies Related to Drug Production in Developed Countries and Areas 1. Market Management and Legal System Improvement 2. Reduction of Drug Costs 3. Emphasis on Health Economic Benefits Section II. Government Policies Related to Drug Marketing in Developed Countries and Areas 1. Price Control of Manufacturers 2. Policies for Wholesalers 3. Policies for Pharmacies (or Pharmacists) 4. Policies for Hospitals Section III. Compensation Policies for Drugs in Developed Countries and Areas 1. Increase Consumers' Share of Co-Payment for Drugs 2. Encourage Physicians to Prescribe Cheaper Prescriptions 3. Strict Control of Manufacturers Section IV. Basic Drug Policies of Developed Countries and Areas 1. Development and Impact of Basic Drug Concepts 2. Selection and Use of Basic Drugs in Developed Countries and Areas Section V. "Separation of Medical Services and Drug Sales" Policies in Developed Countries and Areas and Relevant Insights 1. Conceptual Definition of the "Separation of Medical Services and Drug Sales" 2. Origin and Policy Implementation of the "Separation of Medical Services and Drug Sales" in Western Developed Countries and Areas 3. Status and Evaluation of the "Separation of Medical Services and Drug Sales" in Asian Developed Countries and Areas 4. Value of and Insights for the "Separation of Medical Services and Drug Sales" in China Chapter 10. Models and Policies of Healthcare Cost Containment in Developed Countries and Areas Section I. Background of Healthcare Cost Containment in Developed Countries and Areas 1. Changes in Healthcare Costs in Developed Countries and Areas 2. Reasons for the Rapid Growth of Healthcare Costs 3. Three Stages in the Economic Model of Health Service Development Section II. Main Measures of Healthcare Cost Containment in Developed Countries and Areas 1. Strict Controls for the Deployment of Large Medical Devices 2. Establishing Healthcare Cost-Sharing Mechanisms 3. Strengthening the Management of Health Services 4. Implementing a Global Budget System Section III. Comparison of Models for Healthcare Cost Containment in Developed Countries and Areas 1. Five Models of Healthcare Cost Containment 2. Comparison of Models for Healthcare Cost Containment and Conclusions Section IV. Policies of Healthcare Cost Containment and Their Trends in Developed Countries and Areas 1. Policies of Healthcare Cost Containment in Developed Countries and Areas 2. Future Basic Trends and Directions Part III: Health Systems in Developed Countries and Areas Chapter 11. National Health Service System in Representative Countries Section I. Health System in the UK 1. Establishment of the National Health Service 2. Developments and Changes in the National Health Service 3. Financing of the National Health Service 4. Community Health Services 5. Hospital Services 6. Other Health Services 7. Settlement of Healthcare Disputes 8. Reform and Future Policies for the National Health Service Section II. Health System in Canada 1. Establishment and Development of the Health System 2. Healthcare Providers 3. Current Status of and Trends in Health Insurance 4. Management of Health Insurance 5. Trends in Healthcare Costs and Control Policy Section III. Health System in Australia 1. National Health Status and Current Challenges 2. Health Service System 3. Universal Health Insurance System 4. Commercial Health Insurance 5. Health Service and Payment System Reforms 6. Plans for a New Round of Healthcare System Reforms Section IV. Health System in Sweden 1. Healthcare Provision System 2. Health Insurance System 3. Formulation and Value Orientation of Health Policies 4. Healthcare Cost Containment Policies 5. Difficulties Faced by the Health System and Reform Attempts 6. The Path of Reform in the Swedish Health System in the 21st Century Chapter 12. Social Health Insurance System in Representative Countries Section I. Health System in Germany 1. Health Service System 2. Health Insurance System 3. Operation of Health Insurance 4. Current Status of and Trends in Health Insurance Policy 5. 21st Century Health Reforms 6. Health Insurance System Reforms by the Grand Coalition Government Section II. Health System in France 1. Health Service System 2. Health Practitioners and Mobility 3. Health System Reforms 4. Health Insurance System 5. Problems in Health Insurance and Reforms 6. Healthcare Cost Containment Policies Section III. Health System in Japan 1. Health System 2. Problems in Health System and Reforms 3. Health Insurance System 4. Framework of Nursing Insurance System 5. Healthcare Cost Containment Policies Section IV. Health System in Poland 1. Overview of Socioeconomic Development 2. Health Service System 3. Health Insurance System 4. Reforms in Health System and Social Security Planning Chapter 13. Commercial and Savings Health Insurance Systems in Representative Countries Section I. The US System: Predominated by Commercial Health Insurance 1. Healthcare Institutions 2. Human Resources in Healthcare 3. Health Insurance System 4. Health Insurance System for the Elderly 5. Medical Aid System for Low-Income Individuals 6. Healthcare Cost Containment Policies 7. Healthcare Reform Plans and Progress by the Obama Administration Section II. The Singapore System: Predominated by Savings Health Insurance 1. Health System 2. Public Hospital System Reforms 3. Health Security and Health Insurance 4. Healthcare Financing Policies 5. Healthcare Cost Containment Mechanisms Chapter 14. Improved Systems in Hong Kong and Taiwan Section I. Health System in Hong Kong 1. Health System 2. Reforms in Public Hospital Management 3. New Development Ideas of the Hospital Management Bureau 4. Healthcare Security System 5. 21st Century Health System Reforms in Hong Kong Section II. Health System in Taiwan 1. Overview and Features of the Health System 2. Universal Health Insurance System 3. Point-for-Service Global Budget System 4. Drug Administration System 5. Challenges Faced by the Health System in Taiwan Part IV: Characteristics of Health Systems in Developing Countries Chapter 15. Definition of Developing Countries and Challenges in Health Systems Section I. Definition and Structural Formation of Developing Countries 1. Concept and Definition of Developing Countries 2. Social Formation and Structure of Developing Countries 3. Proposal of Typical Countries and Its Implications Section II. Health Systems and Health Statuses of Developing Countries 1. Exploration of Universal Health and Social Security System 2. Transformation of Health Status in Developing Countries Section III. Challenges of Health Systems in Developing Countries 1. Inadequacies in Total Health Resources 2. Poor Implementation of Health System Reforms 3. Uneven Distribution of Health Statuses and Talents 4. Low Willingness to Invest in Adult Healthcare 5. Low Input in Health Research 6. Over-Dependence on Aid May Weaken the Government's Sense of Responsibility Towards National Health Chapter 16. Comparison of Healthcare and Social Security Systems in BRICS Countries Section I. Comparison of Socioeconomics and Health Resources in BRICS Countries 1. Origin of BRICS Countries 2. Health Resources of BRICS Countries Section II. Comparison of Socioeconomics and Health Resources in BRICS Countries 1. Establishment of Universal Healthcare Security Systems 2. Encouraging the Development of Private Healthcare Institutions and Commercial Health Insurance 3. Emphasis on the Construction of Primary Healthcare Services Section III. Comparison of Health Systems in BRICS Countries 1. From Models of Centralized Government Management to Commercial Fund Management 2. "Large-Department" Bureaucratic Management 3. "Multi-Pronged" Management Section IV. Performance Evaluation of Health Systems in BRICS Countries 1. Differences in Health System Reforms 2. Comparison of Health System Performances Chapter 17. Insights from Health System Reforms in Developing Countries Section I. Common Challenges in Health System Development 1. Limited Funding Sources and Inadequate Investment 2. Imbalances in Resource Areas and Vertical Allocation 3. Defective Incentive and Restraint Mechanisms in Public Healthcare Institutions 4. Obsolete Health Insurance Financing and Payment 5. Ineffective Use of Health Insurance Funds 6. Inadequate Efficiency and Capacity of Health Insurance Management Section II. Key Issues in China's Health System 1. Fairness - Co-existence of Wastage and Shortage in Health Resources 2. Accessibility - Deviations in Service Focus and Technology Orientation 3. Coordination - Dispersion and Fragmentation of Different Health Resources 4. Marginalized Groups and Blind Spots in Social Insurance Coverage 5. Growth in Demand and Inadequate Social Security 6. Defects in Management Capacity and System Design Section III. Experiences and Insights from Health System Reforms in Developing Countries 1. System Planning - Optimized Integration of Health Resource Allocation 2. Primary Healthcare - Fully Utilizing the Role of Family Physicians 3. Private Healthcare Institutions - Guiding the Development of Private Healthcare Institutions 4. Policy Orientation - Emphasis on Fairness and the Empowerment of Vulnerable Groups 5. System Design - Payment System Reform and Fund Supervision 6. Sustainable Financing - Advocating a Multi-Channel Model of Increasing Revenue and Reducing Expenditure Part V: Health Systems in Developing Countries Chapter 18. Health Systems in Seven Asian Countries Section I. Health System in China 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System 3. Health Security System 4. Progress of Health System Reforms Section II. Health System in India 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service Organizations and Regulatory System 3. Healthcare Financing and Payment System 4. Health System Reforms 5. Outcomes, Features, and Problems Section III. Health System in Thailand 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System 3. Health Insurance System 4. Health System Reform and Evaluation Section IV. Health System in Vietnam 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System 3. Health Insurance System 4. Health System Reform and Evaluation Section V. Health System in the Philippines 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System 3. Health Security System 4. Problems and Development Trends in Health System Reform Section VI. Health System in Armenia 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System 3. Health Service Financing 4. Health System Reform Section VII. Health System in Kyrgyzstan 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System 3. Health Service Financing and Expenditure 4. Health System Reform Chapter 19. Health Systems in Three African Countries Section I. Health System in South Africa1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System3. Health Security System 4. Status of Health Financing 5. Health System Reform Section II. Health System in Egypt 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System and Structure 3. Health System Reform and Prospects Section III. Health System in Morocco 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System 3. Difficulties in Health Industry Development Chapter 20. Health Systems in Four European Countries Section I. Health System in Russia 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System 3. Health Insurance System 4. Health Financing System and Allocation of Funds 5. Health System Reform Section II. Health System in Hungary 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System 3. Changes and Features of Health System Reform 4. Existing Issues and Development Direction of the Health System Section III. Health System in the Czech Republic 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service Organization and Regulatory System 3. Health Financing and Universal Coverage of Social Health Insurance 4. Trends in Health System Reform Section IV. Health System in Bulgaria 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System 3. Health Resource Allocation 4. Health Financing System 5. Features and Direction of Health System Reform Chapter 21. Health Systems in Four American Countries Section I. Health System in Brazil 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System 3. Status of Rural and Primary Healthcare 4. Health Insurance System and Financing 5. Challenges and Reforms Section II. Health System in Cuba 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Establishment and Development of the Health System 3. Health Services and Regulatory System 4. Health Financing System 5. Healthcare Development and Reform Experiences Section III. Health System in Chile 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Health Service System 3. Analysis of Health Insurance System 4. Evaluation and Summary of Health System Section IV. Health System in Mexico 1. Overview of Socioeconomics and National Health 2. Historical Evolution of the Health System 3. Healthcare Organizations and Service System 4. Health Security Financing and Allocation Mechanism Afterword References Index