Computational Visualization

I Introduction.- 1 New Challenges for Computer Visualization.- 1.1 Non-Computer Visualizations.- 1.1.1 Examples.- 1.1.2 Features.- 1.1.3 Observation.- 1.2 Computer Visualization: Exploring Complex Information Spaces.- 1.2.1 Information Spaces.- 1.2.2 Requirements for Dialog Systems.- 1.3 Abstraction in Interactive Computer Visualization.- 1.3.1 Abstraction.- 1.3.2 Abstraction in the Exploration of Complex Information Spaces.- 1.4 Research Topics.- 2 Exploration of Complex Information Spaces.- 2.1 Orientation in Complex Information Spaces.- 2.2 Fisheye Views: A Step Towards Abstraction.- 2.3 Applications of Fisheye Views.- 2.3.1 Filtered Views on Source Code.- 2.3.2 Distorting Views of Graphs and Maps.- 2.3.3 Multiple Foci.- 2.3.4 Fisheye Views of Hypertext Structures.- 2.3.5 Fisheye Views for Supervisory Control Systems.- 2.3.6 Zooming Windows.- 2.4 Comprehensible Fisheye Views.- 2.5 Fisheye Views for 3D Data.- 2.5.1 Implicit 3D Fisheye Views.- 2.5.2 Explicit 3D Fisheye Views.- 2.6 Nonlinear Magnification.- 2.7 Comparing Visualizations of Information Spaces.- 2.8 Abstraction in Computer Graphics.- 2.9 Abstraction in User Interfaces.- 2.10 Summary.- 3 Enrichment and Reuse of Geometric Models.- 3.1 Requirement Analysis.- 3.1.1 Basic Terms.- 3.1.2 Information Visualization.- 3.1.3 Interaction Facilities to Explore and Enrich Geometric Models.- 3.2 Related Work.- 3.2.1 Integration of Geometry and Structure View.- 3.2.2 Visualization and Interaction in Hierarchical Structures.- 3.2.3 Observations in Graphics Editors.- 3.3 An Approach to Reuse and Enrich Models.- 3.3.1 Design of an Enrichment Tool.- 3.3.2 Modification of the Object Structure.- 3.3.3 Navigating in the Structure View.- 3.3.4 Navigating in the Geometry View.- 3.3.5 Tight Coupling of Structure View and Geometry View.- 3.3.6 Implementation.- 3.4 Concluding Remarks.- II Controlling Detail.- 4 Rendering Line Drawings for Illustrative Purposes.- 4.1 Related Work.- 4.2 An Analytic Rendering Pipeline.- 4.3 Hidden Line Elimination.- 4.3.1 Method I: Quad Tree Based Algorithm.- 4.3.2 Method II: Scan-Line Based Algorithm.- 4.4 Drawing the Lines - Shading.- 4.4.1 Line Selection and Chaining.- 4.4.2 Special Line Drawing Techniques.- 4.5 Illustrating with Lines.- 4.5.1 Drawing the Contour.- 4.5.2 Shading Techniques.- 4.6 Applications and Open Problems.- 5 Rendering Line Drawings of Curved Surfaces.- 5.1 Generation of Meshes.- 5.1.1 Conventional Line Drawings of Freeform Surfaces Versus Evenly Spread Meshes.- 5.1.2 Mathematical Background.- 5.2 Analytic Freeform Surface Rendering Pipeline.- 5.2.1 Outline Generation.- 5.2.2 Texture Generation.- 5.3 How to Add Shadow.- 5.4 Examples.- 5.5 Conclusions and Future Work.- 6 Pixel-Oriented Rendering of Line Drawings.- 6.1 Previous Work.- 6.2 A Pixel-Oriented Graphics Pipeline.- 6.2.1 Basic G-Buffers.- 6.2.2 G-Buffer Operators.- 6.2.3 Half-Toning Using Short Hatching Lines.- 6.2.4 Generating Long Hatching Lines by Intersections.- 6.2.5 Half-Toning Using Long Hatching Lines.- 6.2.6 Computer Generated Copper Plates.- 6.3 Concluding Remarks.- 7 Measuring and Highlighting in Graphics.- 7.1 Related Work.- 7.2 Approaches and Techniques in Paintings.- 7.3 Theoretical Background.- 7.4 Measuring Color Contrasts.- 7.5 Animation Analysis.- 7.6 Color Discontinuity.- 7.7 Discontinuity in Motion.- 7.8 Emphasizing Objects.- 7.9 Results.- III Adaptive Zooming and Distorting Graphics.- 8 Distortions and Displacements in 2D.- 8.1 Methods for Distortions.- 8.2 Distortions Along Linear Features.- 8.3 The Focus Line Distortion.- 8.3.1 Defining the Shape of the Distortion.- 8.3.2 Defining the Amount of Distortion.- 8.4 The Interactive Focus Line.- 8.5 Concluding Remarks.- 9 Zooming in 1, 2, arid 3 Dimensions.- 9.1 Fisheye Zoom Technique.- 9.1.1 The Continuous Zoom Approach.- 9.1.2 Dimension Independent Zoom.- 9.2 Visual Constraints.- 9.2.1 Recognition Constraints.- 9.2.2 Shape Constraints.- 9.2.3 Transition Constraints.- 9.2.4 Connectivity Constraints.- 9.3 Conclusions.- 10 Zoom Navigation.- 10.1 Zoom Navigation.- 10.1.1 Degree of Interest.- 10.1.2 Representation.- 10.2 Aspect of Interest.- 10.3 The Pluggable Zoom.- 10.4 The ZoomNavigator.- 10.5 The ZoomIllustrator.- 10.5.1 API, DOI, and AOI in the ZoomIllustrator.- 10.5.2 Selection Using the AOI.- 10.6 Conclusion and Future Work.- IV Textual Methods of Abstraction.- 11 From Graphics to Pure Text.- 11.1 Giving Blind People Access to Graphics.- 11.1.1 Blind People's Understanding of Graphical Concepts.- 11.1.2 Text Versus Tactile Graphics.- 11.2 Graphics Versus Text.- 11.2.1 Fundamental Differences Between Graphics and Text.- 11.2.2 What to Translate, What to Ignore.- 11.3 Translating Graphics to Text - Technical Issues.- 11.4 Presenting the Text.- 11.5 Conclusions.- 12 Figure Captions in Visual Interfaces.- 12.1 Figure Captions in Print Media.- 12.1.1 Figure Captions in Anatomical Atlases.- 12.1.2 Figure Captions and Legends for Maps.- 12.1.3 Generalized Structure of Figure Captions.- 12.2 Related Work.- 12.3 Dynamic Figure Captions.- 12.3.1 Layout Considerations.- 12.3.2 Adaptable Figure Captions.- 12.3.3 Updating Figure Captions.- 12.4 Interactive Figure Captions.- 12.5 Integration of Figure Captions in Interactive Systems.- 12.5.1 Template-Based Generation.- 12.5.2 An Architecture for Figure Captions in Visual Interfaces.- 12.5.3 Basic Scheme.- 12.5.4 Representation of Events.- 12.6 Concluding Remarks.- 13 Interactive 3D Illustrations with Images and Text.- 13.1 Related Work.- 13.1.1 Generating Illustrated Documents.- 13.1.2 Interactive Anatomical Illustrations.- 13.1.3 Fisheye Techniques to Explore 3D Models and Related Text.- 13.1.4 3D Fisheye Zoom.- 13.2 Consistency of Rendered Images and Their Textual Labels.- 13.3 Architecture.- 13.4 Zoom Techniques for Illustration Purposes.- 13.4.1 Zoom Techniques for Navigation in Textual Information.- 13.4.2 Zoom Techniques for the Exploration of a 3D Model.- 13.4.3 Adaptive Graphical Zoom.- 13.4.4 Enhancing Navigation in Textual Information.- 13.5 Interactive Handling of Images and Text.- 13.5.1 Managing Consistency when Geometric Transformations Occur.- 13.5.2 Implementation Issues.- 13.6 Figure Captions for Anatomical Illustrations.- 13.6.1 Important Parameters of Visualizations.- 13.6.2 Examples.- 13.7 Concluding Remarks.- V Abstraction in Time.- 14 Animating Non-photorealistic Computer Graphics.- 14.1 A Brief Introduction.- 14.1.1 Traditional Animation.- 14.1.2 Computer Animation.- 14.1.3 Principles of Animation.- 14.2 Non-photorealistic Computer Animation.- 14.2.1 Why Use Non-photorealistic Computer Animation?.- 14.2.2 Problems Using Existing Concepts.- 14.2.3 Rendering Non-photorealistic Computer Animation.- 14.3 Animating Paintings.- 14.4 Animating Line Drawings.- 14.4.1 Animating Polygonal Models.- 14.4.2 Animating Curved Surfaces.- 14.4.3 Animating Line Styles.- 14.5 Future Work.- 15 Interaction Facilities and High-Level Support for Animation Design.- 15.1 Related Work.- 15.2 Creating Animations from High-Level Specifications.- 15.3 Theoretical Foundations.- 15.4 Animation for Educational Purposes.- 15.4.1 Design of Animation Techniques.- 15.4.2 Data Structures.- 15.4.3 Script Language.- 15.4.4 Architecture.- 15.4.5 Implementation and Examples.- 15.5 Film Techniques in Technical Animation.- 15.5.1 Design of Animation Techniques for Technical Animation.- 15.5.2 Creating Animation Sequences.- 15.6 Concluding Remarks.- VI Abstractions in Interactive Systems.- 16 Zoom Navigation in User Interfaces.- 16.1 Prior and Related Work.- 16.2 The Zoom Navigator.- 16.3 Zooming Windows.- 16.4 User Study.- 16.4.1 General Setting.- 16.4.2 Hypotheses.- 16.4.3 Variables.- 16.4.4 Subjects.- 16.4.5 Overall Experiment Structure.- 16.4.6 Experiment Tasks.- 16.4.7 Collection of Data.- 16.4.8 Results.- 16.4.9 Interview.- 16.5 Conclusion and Future Work.- 17 Interactive Medical Illustrations.- 17.1 Interactive Medical Illustration.- 17.2 A Text-Driven Illustration System.- 17.2.1 The Information Space.- 17.2.2 Coupling of Graphics and Text.- 17.2.3 Interaction Support.- 17.3 Comparison to Other Approaches.- 17.3.1 The Zoom Illustrator.- 17.3.2 VoxelMan.- 17.3.3 Other Graphics-Driven Systems.- 17.3.4 Knowledge-Based Systems.- 17.4 The Road Ahead.- 18 Rendering Gestural Expressions.- 18.1 The Problem of Visualizing Human Bodies.- 18.2 Drawing Optimization for Gestures.- 18.2.1 Representing the Hand and Its Movement.- 18.2.2 Temporal Control.- 18.3 Animation of Gestures for the Manual Alphabet.- 18.3.1 Interactive Dialogs for Library Maintenance.- 18.3.2 Building Gesture Sequences.- 18.4 Generating Line Drawings of Freeform Surfaces.- 18.4.1 The Rendering Process.- 18.4.2 Demonstration of Drawing Styles.- 18.5 Conclusions and Future Work.- 19 Animation Design for Simulation.- 19.1 Using Simulation to Create Animation Models.- 19.2 Problems in Generating Animations.- 19.3 Plugins for Visualization Modeling.- 19.4 Trace Conversion in a Plugin Based Framework.- 19.5 Future Work.- VII Abstraction for Specialized Output.- 20 Tactile Maps for Blind People.- 20.1 Customized Maps.- 20.2 Map Creation.- 20.2.1 Data Sources.- 20.2.2 Map Layout.- 20.3 Symbol Displacement.- 20.3.1 Overview.- 20.3.2 Requirements.- 20.3.3 Detection and Analysis of Conflicts.- 20.3.4 Displacement.- 20.4 Communicating the Map Fidelity.- 20.5 Concluding Remarks.- 21 Synthetic Holography.- 21.1 Holography as a 3D Visualization Technique.- 21.1.1 Optical Holography.- 21.1.2 Synthetic Holography.- 21.1.3 3D Display Techniques to Provide Depth Cues.- 21.2 Methods of Synthetic Holography.- 21.3 Where Holography and Common Computer Graphics Meet.- 21.3.1 Holograms of Objects Composed of Line Segments.- 21.3.2 Implementation.- 21.3.3 A New Approach to Holographic Imaging of Lines.- 21.3.4 Results.- 21.4 Future Work.- VIII Epilog.- 22 Abstraction Versus Realism: Not the Real Question.- 22.1 The Naïve Opposition of Abstraction and Realism.- 22.2 Three Examples of Functional Pictures.- 22.3 Several Kinds of Realism.- 22.4 Images as Signs: Considerations from Communication Theory.- 22.5 Abstraction in Realism.- 22.6 Realism in Abstraction.- 22.7 Abstraction and Realism: Conclusions.- 23 Integrating Spatial and Nonspatial Data.- 23.1 Pictures, Lies, and Abstract Data Types.- 23.2 Spatial and Nonspatial Data.- 23.3 Continuity and Discontinuity in Abstraction.- 23.3.1 Continuity.- 23.3.2 Discontinuity.- 23.3.3 A Comparison Between Image and Language Generation.- 23.4 Conveying Allowable Operations to Viewers of Images.- 23.4.1 Graphical Comprehension Cues.- 23.4.2 Linguistic Comprehension Cues.- 23.4.3 Comparison.- 23.5 The Bottom Line.- Copyrights.- Index of Names.- Contributors.