World Civilizations
The Global Experience, Combined Volume
6th Edition
Published on 28. February 2010
Book
Paperback/Softback
1080 pages
978-0-205-65956-2 (ISBN)
Description
Designed for introductory-level survey courses in World History.
The primary goal of World Civilizations is to present a truly global history-from the development of agriculture and herding to the present. Using a unique periodization, this book divides the main periods of human history according to changes in the nature and extent of global contacts.
This global world history text emphasizes the major stages in the interactions among different peoples and societies, while at the same time assessing the development of major societies. Encompassing social and cultural as well as political and economic history, the book examines key civilizations in world history. World Civilizations balances this discussion of independent developments in the world's major civilizations with comparative analysis of the results of global contact.
The primary goal of World Civilizations is to present a truly global history-from the development of agriculture and herding to the present. Using a unique periodization, this book divides the main periods of human history according to changes in the nature and extent of global contacts.
This global world history text emphasizes the major stages in the interactions among different peoples and societies, while at the same time assessing the development of major societies. Encompassing social and cultural as well as political and economic history, the book examines key civilizations in world history. World Civilizations balances this discussion of independent developments in the world's major civilizations with comparative analysis of the results of global contact.
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Persons
Peter N. Stearns
Peter N. Stearns is provost and professor of history
at George Mason University. He received his Ph.D.
from Harvard University. Before moving to George
Mason University, he taught at Rutgers University,
the University of Chicago, and Carnegie Mellon,
where he won the Robert Doherty Educational
Leadership Award and the Elliott Dunlap Smith Teaching Award. He has
taught world history for more than 15 years. He currently serves as chair
of the Advanced Placement World History Committee and also founded
and is the editor of the Journal of Social History. In addition to textbooks
and readers, he has written studies of gender and consumerism in a world
history context. Other books address modern social and cultural history
and include studies on gender, old age, work, dieting, and emotion. His
most recent book in this area is American Fear: Causes and Consequences
of High Anxiety.
Michael Adas
Michael Adas is the Abraham Voorhees Professor of
History and a board of governor's chair at Rutgers
University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Over the
past couple of decades his teaching has focused on
patterns and processes of global and comparative
history. His courses on race and empire in the early
modern and industrial eras and on world history in the 20th century have
earned him a number of teaching prizes. In addition to texts on world
history, Adas has written mainly on the comparative history of colonialism
and its impact on the peoples and societies of Asia and Africa. His
books include Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and
Ideologies of Western Dominance, which won the Dexter Prize, and the recently
published Dominance by Design: Technological Imperatives and
America's Civilizing Mission. He is currently writing a global history of the
First World War.
Stuart B. Schwartz
Stuart B. Schwartz was born and educated in Springfield,
Massachusetts, and then attended Middlebury
College and the Universidad Autonoma de Mexico.
He has an M.A. and Ph.D. from Columbia University
in Latin American history. He taught for many
years at the University of Minnesota and joined the
faculty at Yale University in 1996. He has also taught in Brazil, Puerto
Rico, Spain, France, and Portugal. He is a specialist on the history of colonial
Latin America, especially Brazil, and is the author of numerous
books, notably Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society
(1985), which won the Bolton Prize for the best book in Latin American
History. He is also the author of Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels (1992), Early
Latin America(1983), and Victors and Vanquished (1999). He has held fellowships
from the Guggenheim Foundation and the Institute for Advanced
Study (Princeton). For his work on Brazil he was recently
decorated by the Brazilian government. He continues to read widely in
the history and anthropology of Latin America, Africa, and early modern
Europe.
Marc Jason Gilbert
Marc Jason Gilbert is the holder of an NEHsupported
Chair in World History at Hawaii Pacific
University in Honolulu, Hawaii. He is a former University
System of Georgia Distinguished Professor of
Teaching and Learning. He received his Ph.D in history
in 1978 at UCLA, where he built his own program
in world history out of a mixture of more traditional fields. He is a
founding member of the World History Association and one of its initial
elected officers.More than a decade ago, he founded and served as executive
director of the Southeastern World History Association. He has codirected
two Summer Institutes for Teaching Advanced Placement World
History. He has attempted to bring a global dimension to the study of
south and southeast Asian history in numerous articles and books, such
as Why the North Won the Vietnam War.
Peter N. Stearns is provost and professor of history
at George Mason University. He received his Ph.D.
from Harvard University. Before moving to George
Mason University, he taught at Rutgers University,
the University of Chicago, and Carnegie Mellon,
where he won the Robert Doherty Educational
Leadership Award and the Elliott Dunlap Smith Teaching Award. He has
taught world history for more than 15 years. He currently serves as chair
of the Advanced Placement World History Committee and also founded
and is the editor of the Journal of Social History. In addition to textbooks
and readers, he has written studies of gender and consumerism in a world
history context. Other books address modern social and cultural history
and include studies on gender, old age, work, dieting, and emotion. His
most recent book in this area is American Fear: Causes and Consequences
of High Anxiety.
Michael Adas
Michael Adas is the Abraham Voorhees Professor of
History and a board of governor's chair at Rutgers
University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Over the
past couple of decades his teaching has focused on
patterns and processes of global and comparative
history. His courses on race and empire in the early
modern and industrial eras and on world history in the 20th century have
earned him a number of teaching prizes. In addition to texts on world
history, Adas has written mainly on the comparative history of colonialism
and its impact on the peoples and societies of Asia and Africa. His
books include Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and
Ideologies of Western Dominance, which won the Dexter Prize, and the recently
published Dominance by Design: Technological Imperatives and
America's Civilizing Mission. He is currently writing a global history of the
First World War.
Stuart B. Schwartz
Stuart B. Schwartz was born and educated in Springfield,
Massachusetts, and then attended Middlebury
College and the Universidad Autonoma de Mexico.
He has an M.A. and Ph.D. from Columbia University
in Latin American history. He taught for many
years at the University of Minnesota and joined the
faculty at Yale University in 1996. He has also taught in Brazil, Puerto
Rico, Spain, France, and Portugal. He is a specialist on the history of colonial
Latin America, especially Brazil, and is the author of numerous
books, notably Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society
(1985), which won the Bolton Prize for the best book in Latin American
History. He is also the author of Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels (1992), Early
Latin America(1983), and Victors and Vanquished (1999). He has held fellowships
from the Guggenheim Foundation and the Institute for Advanced
Study (Princeton). For his work on Brazil he was recently
decorated by the Brazilian government. He continues to read widely in
the history and anthropology of Latin America, Africa, and early modern
Europe.
Marc Jason Gilbert
Marc Jason Gilbert is the holder of an NEHsupported
Chair in World History at Hawaii Pacific
University in Honolulu, Hawaii. He is a former University
System of Georgia Distinguished Professor of
Teaching and Learning. He received his Ph.D in history
in 1978 at UCLA, where he built his own program
in world history out of a mixture of more traditional fields. He is a
founding member of the World History Association and one of its initial
elected officers.More than a decade ago, he founded and served as executive
director of the Southeastern World History Association. He has codirected
two Summer Institutes for Teaching Advanced Placement World
History. He has attempted to bring a global dimension to the study of
south and southeast Asian history in numerous articles and books, such
as Why the North Won the Vietnam War.
Content
Maps xi
Preface xiii
Supplements xix
About the Authors xxi
Prologue xxiii
PART I
EARLY HUMAN SOCIETIES, 2.5 MILLION-1000 B.C.E.:
ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT 2
CHAPTER 1 The Neolithic Revolution and the Birth
of Civilization 10
Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers 11
DOCUMENT:
Tales of the Hunt: Paleolithic Cave Paintings
as History 15
Agriculture and the Origins of Civilization: The Neolithic
Revolution 17
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Representations of Women
in Early Art 21
The First Towns: Seedbeds of Civilization 22
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Idea of Civilization in World
Historical Perspective 24
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Neolithic Revolution
as the Basis for World History 26
Further Readings 26
On the Web 26
CHAPTER 2 The Rise of Civilization in the Middle
East and Africa 28
Early Civilization in Mesopotamia 28
Later Mesopotamian Civilization: A Series of Conquests 33
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mesopotamia in Maps 34
DOCUMENT: Hammurabi's Law Code 35
Ancient Egypt 36
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Women in Patriarchal Societies 38
Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared 40
Civilization Centers in Africa and the Eastern
Mediterranean 41
The Issue of Heritage 44
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Early Civilizations
and the World 45
Further Readings 45
On the Web 46
CHAPTER 3 Asia's First Civilizations: India
and China 48
The Indus Valley and the Birth of South Asian
Civilization 50
Aryan Incursions and Early Aryan Society in India 53
DOCUMENT: Aryan Poetry in Praise of a War Horse 56
A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China 56
iv
Contents
The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou
Dominance 60
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Nomadic Contacts
and the Endurance of Asia's First Civilizations 62
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mapping the Rise
of Civilizations 64
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Contrasting Legacies: Harappan
and Early Chinese Civilizations 66
Further Readings 66
On the Web 66
PART II
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD, 1000 B.C.E.-500 C.E.:
UNITING LARGE REGIONS 72
CHAPTER 4 Unification and the Consolidation
of Civilization in China 80
Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the
Later Zhou 81
DOCUMENT: Teachings of the Rival Chinese Schools 85
The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity 85
The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China's
Classical Age 89
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Xunzi and the Shift from Ritual
Combat to "Real"War 90
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Capital Designs and Patterns
of Political Power 96
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Classical China and the World 100
Further Readings 100
On the Web 101
CHAPTER 5 Classical Civilizations in the Eastern
Mediterranean and Middle East 102
The Persian Empire: A New Perspective
in the Middle East 104
The Political Character of Classical Greece 106
The Hellenistic Period 110
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Political Rituals in Persia 113
Greek and Hellenistic Culture 113
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Defining Social History 114
Patterns of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Society 118
DOCUMENT: The Power of Greek Drama 119
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Persia, Greece, and the World 121
Further Readings 122
On the Web 122
CHAPTER 6 Religious Rivalries and India's
Golden Age 124
The Age of Brahman Dominance 125
An Era of Widespread Social Change 127
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Inequality as a Social Norm 129
Religious Ferment and the Rise of Buddhism 132
The Rise and Decline of the Mauryas 134
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Brahmanical Recovery and the Splendors
of the Gupta Age 136
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Pattern of Trade in the Ancient
Eurasian World 138
Intensifying Caste and Gender Inequities
and Gupta Decline 141
DOCUMENT: A Guardian's Farewell Speech to a Young
Woman About to Be Married 142
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: India and the Wider World 143
Further Readings 144
On the Web 144
CHAPTER 7 Rome and Its Empire 146
The Development of Rome's Republic 147
Roman Culture 151
DOCUMENT: Rome and a Values Crisis 153
How Rome Ruled Its Empire 153
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religions in Rome 156
The Evolution of Rome's Economic
and Social Structure 156
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Classical Civilizations
in Comparative Perspective 158
The Origins of Christianity 159
The Decline of Rome 161
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Rome and the World 162
Further Readings 162
On the Web 163
CHAPTER 8 The Peoples and Civilizations
of the Americas 164
Origins of American Societies 166
Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica 171
DOCUMENT: Deciphering the Maya Glyphs 175
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Different Times for Different
Peoples 176
The Peoples to the North 177
The Andean World 180
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Ancient Agriculture 183
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: American Civilizations
and the World 184
Further Readings 184
On the Web 185
CHAPTER 9 The Spread of Civilizations
and the Movement of Peoples 186
The Spread of Civilization in Africa 188
DOCUMENT: Myths of Origin 194
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Language as a Historical
Source 198
Nomadic Societies and Indo-European Migrations 198
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Varieties of Human Adaptation
and the Potential for Civilization 204
The Spread of Chinese Civilization to Japan 204
Political and Social Change 208
The Scattered Societies of Polynesia 209
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Emerging Cultures 214
Further Readings 214
On the Web 215
CHAPTER 10 The End of the Classical Era:World
History in Transition, 200-700 C.E. 216
Upheavals in Eastern and Southern Asia 217
DOCUMENT: The Popularization of Buddhism 219
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 221
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problem of Decline
and Fall 225
The Development and Spread of World Religions 226
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religious Geography 229
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Late Classical Period
and the World 230
Further Readings 230
On the Web 231
PART III
THE POSTCLASSICAL PERIOD, 500-1450:
NEW FAITH AND NEW COMMERCE 236
CHAPTER 11 The First Global Civilization:
The Rise and Spread of Islam 244
Desert and Town: The Pre-Islamic Arabian World 245
The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam 250
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads 253
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Civilization and Gender
Relationships 260
From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era 262
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mosque as a Symbol of Islamic
Civilization 264
DOCUMENT: The Thousand and One Nights as a Mirror
of Elite Society in the Abbasid Era 266
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Early Islam and the World 267
Further Readings 268
On the Web 268
CHAPTER 12 Abbasid Decline and the Spread
of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast
Asia 270
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle
and Late Abbasid Eras 271
DOCUMENT: Ibn Khaldun on the Rise and Decline
of Empires 276
An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements 276
The Coming of Islam to South Asia 280
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Patterns of Islam's
Global Expansions 281
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Conversion and Accommodation
in the Spread of World Religions 286
The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia 288
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Islam: A Bridge Between
Worlds 290
Further Readings 290
On the Web 290
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CHAPTER 13 African Civilizations and the Spread
of Islam 292
African Societies: Diversity and Similarities 293
Kingdoms of the Grasslands 297
DOCUMENT: The Great Oral Tradition and the Epic
of Sundiata 300
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Architecture of Faith 303
The Swahili Coast of East Africa 303
Peoples of the Forest and Plains 305
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Two Transitions in the History
of World Population 306
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Internal Development
and Global Contacts 310
Further Readings 310
On the Web 311
CHAPTER 14 Civilization in Eastern Europe:
Byzantium and Orthodox Europe 312
Civilization in Eastern Europe 312
The Byzantine Empire 314
VISUALIZING THE PAST:Women and Power
in Byzantium 317
The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity 318
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Eastern and Western Europe:
The Problem of Boundaries 321
The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe 321
The Emergence of Kievan Rus' 323
DOCUMENT: Russia Turns to Christianity 324
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Eastern Europe and the World 326
Further Readings 326
On the Web 326
CHAPTER 15 A New Civilization Emerges in Western
Europe 328
Stages of Postclassical Development 329
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Peasant Labor 331
DOCUMENT: European Travel: A Monk Visits Jerusalem 337
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Western Civilization 339
Western Culture in the Postclassical Era 340
Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical
Centuries 342
The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis 346
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Medieval Europe
and the World 348
Further Readings 349
On the Web 349
CHAPTER 16 The Americas on the Eve of Invasion 350
Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000-1500 C.E. 351
Aztec Society in Transition 357
DOCUMENT: Aztec Women and Men 359
Twantinsuyu:World of the Incas 360
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Archeological Evidence of Political
Practices 362
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The "Troubling" Civilizations
of the Americas 364
The Other Peoples of the Americas 367
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Americas and the World 370
Further Readings 370
On the Web 370
CHAPTER 17 Reunification and Renaissance
in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang
and Song Dynasties 372
Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Era 373
DOCUMENT: Ties That Bind: Paths to Power 378
Tang Decline and the Rise of the Song 380
Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age 384
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Footbinding as a Marker of Male
Dominance 388
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Artistic Expression
and Social Values 390
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: China's World Role 392
Further Readings 392
On the Web 393
CHAPTER 18 The Spread of Chinese Civilization:
Japan, Korea, and Vietnam 394
Japan: The Imperial Age 395
The Era of Warrior Dominance 400
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Comparing Feudalisms 402
Korea: Between China and Japan 406
Between China and Southeast Asia: The Making
of Vietnam 409
VISUALIZING THE PAST:What Their Portraits Tell Us:
Gatekeeper Elites and the Persistence of Civilizations 412
DOCUMENT: Literature as a Mirror of the Exchanges
Between Civilized Centers 415
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: In the Orbit of China: The East
Asian Corner of the Global System 415
Further Readings 416
On the Web 416
CHAPTER 19 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges:
From Chinggis Khan to Timur 418
The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan 420
DOCUMENT: A European Assessment of the Virtues
and Vices of the Mongols 424
The Mongol Drive to the West 426
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mongol Empire as a Bridge
Between Civilizations 429
The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History 430
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Global Eclipse
of the Nomadic Warrior Culture 434
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Mongol Linkages 436
Further Readings 437
On the Web 437
CHAPTER 20 The World in 1450: Changing Balance
ofWorld Power 438
Key Changes in the Middle East 439
The Rise of the West 442
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Contents vii
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Population Trends 443
DOCUMENT: Bubonic Plague 444
Western Expansion: The Experimental Phase 447
Outside the World Network 448
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problem
of Ethnocentrism 450
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: 1450 and the World 451
Further Readings 451
On the Web 452
PART IV
THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1450-1750:
THEWORLD SHRINKS 458
CHAPTER 21 The World Economy 466
The West's First Outreach:Maritime Power 466
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Causation and the West's
Expansion 471
Toward a World Economy 472
VISUALIZING THE PAST:West Indian Slaveholding 475
Colonial Expansion 477
DOCUMENT:Western Conquerors: Tactics and Motives 478
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The World Economy-
And the World 483
Further Readings 484
On the Web 484
CHAPTER 22 The Transformation of the West,
1450-1750 486
The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce,
1450-1650 487
The Commercial Revolution 492
The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change 495
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Versailles 497
Political Change 497
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Elites and Masses 498
The West by 1750 500
DOCUMENT: Controversies About Women 501
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Europe and the World 504
Further Readings 504
On the Web 505
CHAPTER 23 The Rise of Russia 506
Russia's Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars 506
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Multinational Empires 510
Russia's First Westernization, 1690-1790 511
DOCUMENT: The Nature of Westernization 513
Themes in Early Modern Russian History 516
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Oppressed Peasants 517
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Russia and the World 519
Further Readings 519
On the Web 520
CHAPTER 24 Early Latin America 522
Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquest
to Conquest 524
DOCUMENT: A Vision from the Vanquished 529
The Destruction and Transformation
of Indigenous Societies 532
Colonial Economies and Governments 533
THINKING HISTORICALLY: An Atlantic History? 534
Brazil: The First Plantation Colony 537
Multiracial Societies 540
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Race or Culture? A Changing
Society 541
The 18th-Century Reforms 542
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Latin American Civilization
and the World Context 547
Further Readings 547
On the Web 548
CHAPTER 25 Africa and the Africans in the Age
of the Atlantic Slave Trade 550
Africa and the Creation of an Atlantic System 551
The Atlantic Slave Trade 552
African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade 557
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Slavery and Human
Society 558
White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa 563
The African Diaspora 566
DOCUMENT: An African's Description of the Middle
Passage 567
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Cloth of Kings in an Atlantic
Perspective 569
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Africa and the African Diaspora
in World Context 571
Further Readings 571
On the Web 572
CHAPTER 26 The Muslim Empires 574
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors
to Empire Builders 575
DOCUMENT: An Islamic Traveler Laments the Muslims'
Indifference to Europe 583
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids 583
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Gunpowder Empires
and the Shifting Balance of Global Power 586
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization
in India 590
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Art as A Window into the Past:
Paintings and History in Mughal India 594
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Gunpowder Empires
and the Restoration of the Islamic Bridge
Between Civilizations 597
Further Readings 598
On the Web 599
CHAPTER 27 Asian Transitions in an Age
of Global Change 600
The Asian Trading World and the Coming
of the Europeans 602
Ming China: A Global Mission Refused 609
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DOCUMENT: Exam Questions as a Mirror
of Chinese Values 611
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Great Ships of the Ming
Expeditions that Crossed the Indian Ocean 615
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Means and Motives for Overseas
Expansion: Europe and China Compared 616
Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification
and the First Challenge 617
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: An Age of Eurasian
Protoglobalization 621
Further Readings 621
On the Web 622
PART V
THE DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE, 1750-1914 628
CHAPTER 28 The Emergence of Industrial Society
in the West, 1750-1914 636
The Age of Revolution 637
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The French Revolution
in Cartoons 640
The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850-1914 644
DOCUMENT: Protesting the Industrial Revolution 646
Cultural Transformations 649
Western Settler Societies 652
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Two Revolutions: Industrial
and Atlantic 653
Diplomatic Tensions and World War I 656
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Industrial Europe
and the World 657
Further Readings 658
On the Web 658
CHAPTER 29 Industrialization and Imperialism:
The Making of the European Global Order 660
The Shift to Land Empires in Asia 662
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Western Education and the Rise
of an African and Asian Middle Class 668
Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World,
1870-1914 670
Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change 673
DOCUMENT: Contrary Images: The Colonizer Versus
the Colonized on the "Civilizing Mission" 674
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Capitalism and Colonialism 677
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: A European-Dominated Early
Phase of Globalization 682
Further Readings 682
On the Web 683
CHAPTER 30 The Consolidation of Latin America,
1830-1920 684
From Colonies to Nations 685
New Nations Confront Old and New Problems 689
Latin American Economies and World Markets,
1820-1870 692
DOCUMENT: Confronting the Hispanic Heritage:
From Independence to Consolidation 698
Societies in Search of Themselves 701
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Explaining
Underdevelopment 704
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Images of the Spanish-American
War 706
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: New Latin American Nations
and the World 708
Further Readings 710
On the Web 710
CHAPTER 31 Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman
Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China 712
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth
of Turkey 713
Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic
Heartlands 717
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Western Dominance
and the Decline of Civilizations 718
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire
in China 723
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mapping the Decline
of Civilizations 724
DOCUMENT: Transforming Imperial China
into a Nation 732
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Muslim and Chinese Decline
and a Shifting Global Balance 733
Further Readings 734
On the Web 734
CHAPTER 32 Russia and Japan: Industrialization
Outside the West 736
Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance 737
DOCUMENT: Conditions for Factory Workers in Russia's
Industrialization 742
Protest and Revolution in Russia 743
Japan: Transformation Without Revolution 746
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Separate Paths of Japan
and China 748
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Two Faces ofWestern Influence 751
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Russia and Japan in the World 754
Further Readings 754
On the Web 755
PART VI
THE NEWEST STAGE OFWORLD HISTORY:
1914-PRESENT 760
CHAPTER 33 Descent into the Abyss:World War I
and the Crisis of the European Global Order 770
The Coming of the Great War 772
A World at War 775
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Trench Warfare 776
Failed Peace and Global Turmoil 782
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The Nationalist Assault on the European
Colonial Order 783
DOCUMENT: Lessons for the Colonized from the Slaughter
in the Trenches 784
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Women in Asian and African
Nationalist Movements 792
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS:World War and Global
Upheavals 795
Further Readings 795
On the Web 796
CHAPTER 34 The World between the Wars: Revolutions,
Depression, and Authoritarian Response 798
The Roaring Twenties 799
Revolution: The First Waves 804
THINKING HISTORICALLY: A Century of Revolutions 810
The Global Great Depression 817
The Authoritarian Response 820
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Guernica and the Images
of War 823
DOCUMENT: Socialist Realism 828
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Economic Depression, Authoritarian
Response, and Democratic Retreat 830
Further Readings 831
On the Web 832
CHAPTER 35 A Second Global Conflict and the End
of the European World Order 834
Old and New Causes of a Second World War 835
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Total War, Global
Devastation 837
Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe
and the Pacific 838
The Conduct of a Second Global War 840
DOCUMENT: Japan's Defeat in a Global War 847
War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower
Standoff 848
Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast
Asia and Africa 849
VISUALIZING THE PAST: National Leaders for a New Global
Order 852
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Persisting Trends in a World
Transformed by War 857
Further Readings 857
On the Web 858
CHAPTER 36 Western Society and Eastern Europe
in the Decades of the Cold War 860
After World War II: A New International Setting
for the West 860
The Resurgence of Western Europe 864
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The United States and Western
Europe: Convergence and Complexity 868
Cold War Allies: The United States, Canada, Australia,
and New Zealand 870
Culture and Society in the West 872
VISUALIZING THE PAST:Women at Work in France
and the United States 874
Eastern Europe After World War II: A Soviet Empire 878
Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions 881
DOCUMENT: A Cold War Speech 886
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Cold War and the World 887
Further Readings 887
On the Web 888
CHAPTER 37 Latin America: Revolution and Reaction
into the 21st Century 890
Latin America After World War II 892
Radical Options in the 1950s 894
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Murals and Posters: Art
and Revolution 895
DOCUMENT: The People Speak 898
The Search for Reform and the Military Option 898
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Human Rights
in the 20th Century 902
Societies in Search of Change 905
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Struggling Toward the Future
in a Global Economy 909
Further Readings 910
On the Web 910
CHAPTER 38 Africa, the Middle East, and Asia
in the Era of Independence 912
The Challenges of Independence 913
DOCUMENT: Cultural Creativity in the Emerging Nations:
Some Literary Samples 921
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Artificial Nations and the Rising
Tide of Communal Strife 922
Post-Colonial Options for Achieving Economic Growth
and Social Justice 924
Delayed Revolutions: Religious Revivalism and Liberation
Movements in Settler Societies 930
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Globalization and Postcolonial
Societies 935
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Postcolonial Nations in the Cold
War World Order 935
Further Readings 936
On the Web 936
CHAPTER 39 Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building
in East Asia and the Pacific Rim 938
East Asia in the Postwar Settlements 939
The Pacific Rim:More Japans? 946
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Pacific Rim Growth 948
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Pacific Rim
as a U.S. Policy Issue 950
Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution? 951
DOCUMENT:Women in the Revolutionary Struggles
for Social Justice 956
Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam 958
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: East Asia and the Pacific Rim
in the Contemporary World 963
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Further Readings 964
On the Web 964
CHAPTER 40 Power, Politics, and Conflict in World
History, 1990-2010 966
The End of the Cold War 967
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Symbolism in the Breakdown
of the Soviet Bloc 974
The Spread of Democracy 975
DOCUMENT: Democratic Protest and Repression
in China 976
The Great Powers and New Disputes 977
The United States as Sole Superpower 980
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Terrorism, Then and Now 982
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: New Global Standards,
New Divisions 984
Further Readings 984
On the Web 986
CHAPTER 41 Globalization and Resistance 988
Globalization: Causes and Processes 989
DOCUMENT: Protests Against Globalization 996
Resistance and Alternatives 998
THINKING HISTORICALLY: How Much Historical
Change? 999
The Global Environment 1000
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Two Faces of Globalization 1003
Toward the Future 1005
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Civilizations and Global Forces 1006
Further Readings 1006
On the Web 1007
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
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Preface xiii
Supplements xix
About the Authors xxi
Prologue xxiii
PART I
EARLY HUMAN SOCIETIES, 2.5 MILLION-1000 B.C.E.:
ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT 2
CHAPTER 1 The Neolithic Revolution and the Birth
of Civilization 10
Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers 11
DOCUMENT:
Tales of the Hunt: Paleolithic Cave Paintings
as History 15
Agriculture and the Origins of Civilization: The Neolithic
Revolution 17
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Representations of Women
in Early Art 21
The First Towns: Seedbeds of Civilization 22
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Idea of Civilization in World
Historical Perspective 24
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Neolithic Revolution
as the Basis for World History 26
Further Readings 26
On the Web 26
CHAPTER 2 The Rise of Civilization in the Middle
East and Africa 28
Early Civilization in Mesopotamia 28
Later Mesopotamian Civilization: A Series of Conquests 33
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mesopotamia in Maps 34
DOCUMENT: Hammurabi's Law Code 35
Ancient Egypt 36
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Women in Patriarchal Societies 38
Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared 40
Civilization Centers in Africa and the Eastern
Mediterranean 41
The Issue of Heritage 44
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Early Civilizations
and the World 45
Further Readings 45
On the Web 46
CHAPTER 3 Asia's First Civilizations: India
and China 48
The Indus Valley and the Birth of South Asian
Civilization 50
Aryan Incursions and Early Aryan Society in India 53
DOCUMENT: Aryan Poetry in Praise of a War Horse 56
A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China 56
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Contents
The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou
Dominance 60
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Nomadic Contacts
and the Endurance of Asia's First Civilizations 62
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mapping the Rise
of Civilizations 64
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Contrasting Legacies: Harappan
and Early Chinese Civilizations 66
Further Readings 66
On the Web 66
PART II
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD, 1000 B.C.E.-500 C.E.:
UNITING LARGE REGIONS 72
CHAPTER 4 Unification and the Consolidation
of Civilization in China 80
Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the
Later Zhou 81
DOCUMENT: Teachings of the Rival Chinese Schools 85
The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity 85
The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China's
Classical Age 89
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Xunzi and the Shift from Ritual
Combat to "Real"War 90
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Capital Designs and Patterns
of Political Power 96
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Classical China and the World 100
Further Readings 100
On the Web 101
CHAPTER 5 Classical Civilizations in the Eastern
Mediterranean and Middle East 102
The Persian Empire: A New Perspective
in the Middle East 104
The Political Character of Classical Greece 106
The Hellenistic Period 110
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Political Rituals in Persia 113
Greek and Hellenistic Culture 113
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Defining Social History 114
Patterns of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Society 118
DOCUMENT: The Power of Greek Drama 119
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Persia, Greece, and the World 121
Further Readings 122
On the Web 122
CHAPTER 6 Religious Rivalries and India's
Golden Age 124
The Age of Brahman Dominance 125
An Era of Widespread Social Change 127
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Inequality as a Social Norm 129
Religious Ferment and the Rise of Buddhism 132
The Rise and Decline of the Mauryas 134
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Brahmanical Recovery and the Splendors
of the Gupta Age 136
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Pattern of Trade in the Ancient
Eurasian World 138
Intensifying Caste and Gender Inequities
and Gupta Decline 141
DOCUMENT: A Guardian's Farewell Speech to a Young
Woman About to Be Married 142
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: India and the Wider World 143
Further Readings 144
On the Web 144
CHAPTER 7 Rome and Its Empire 146
The Development of Rome's Republic 147
Roman Culture 151
DOCUMENT: Rome and a Values Crisis 153
How Rome Ruled Its Empire 153
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religions in Rome 156
The Evolution of Rome's Economic
and Social Structure 156
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Classical Civilizations
in Comparative Perspective 158
The Origins of Christianity 159
The Decline of Rome 161
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Rome and the World 162
Further Readings 162
On the Web 163
CHAPTER 8 The Peoples and Civilizations
of the Americas 164
Origins of American Societies 166
Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica 171
DOCUMENT: Deciphering the Maya Glyphs 175
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Different Times for Different
Peoples 176
The Peoples to the North 177
The Andean World 180
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Ancient Agriculture 183
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: American Civilizations
and the World 184
Further Readings 184
On the Web 185
CHAPTER 9 The Spread of Civilizations
and the Movement of Peoples 186
The Spread of Civilization in Africa 188
DOCUMENT: Myths of Origin 194
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Language as a Historical
Source 198
Nomadic Societies and Indo-European Migrations 198
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Varieties of Human Adaptation
and the Potential for Civilization 204
The Spread of Chinese Civilization to Japan 204
Political and Social Change 208
The Scattered Societies of Polynesia 209
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Emerging Cultures 214
Further Readings 214
On the Web 215
CHAPTER 10 The End of the Classical Era:World
History in Transition, 200-700 C.E. 216
Upheavals in Eastern and Southern Asia 217
DOCUMENT: The Popularization of Buddhism 219
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 221
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problem of Decline
and Fall 225
The Development and Spread of World Religions 226
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religious Geography 229
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Late Classical Period
and the World 230
Further Readings 230
On the Web 231
PART III
THE POSTCLASSICAL PERIOD, 500-1450:
NEW FAITH AND NEW COMMERCE 236
CHAPTER 11 The First Global Civilization:
The Rise and Spread of Islam 244
Desert and Town: The Pre-Islamic Arabian World 245
The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam 250
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads 253
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Civilization and Gender
Relationships 260
From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era 262
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mosque as a Symbol of Islamic
Civilization 264
DOCUMENT: The Thousand and One Nights as a Mirror
of Elite Society in the Abbasid Era 266
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Early Islam and the World 267
Further Readings 268
On the Web 268
CHAPTER 12 Abbasid Decline and the Spread
of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast
Asia 270
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle
and Late Abbasid Eras 271
DOCUMENT: Ibn Khaldun on the Rise and Decline
of Empires 276
An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements 276
The Coming of Islam to South Asia 280
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Patterns of Islam's
Global Expansions 281
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Conversion and Accommodation
in the Spread of World Religions 286
The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia 288
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Islam: A Bridge Between
Worlds 290
Further Readings 290
On the Web 290
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CHAPTER 13 African Civilizations and the Spread
of Islam 292
African Societies: Diversity and Similarities 293
Kingdoms of the Grasslands 297
DOCUMENT: The Great Oral Tradition and the Epic
of Sundiata 300
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Architecture of Faith 303
The Swahili Coast of East Africa 303
Peoples of the Forest and Plains 305
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Two Transitions in the History
of World Population 306
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Internal Development
and Global Contacts 310
Further Readings 310
On the Web 311
CHAPTER 14 Civilization in Eastern Europe:
Byzantium and Orthodox Europe 312
Civilization in Eastern Europe 312
The Byzantine Empire 314
VISUALIZING THE PAST:Women and Power
in Byzantium 317
The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity 318
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Eastern and Western Europe:
The Problem of Boundaries 321
The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe 321
The Emergence of Kievan Rus' 323
DOCUMENT: Russia Turns to Christianity 324
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Eastern Europe and the World 326
Further Readings 326
On the Web 326
CHAPTER 15 A New Civilization Emerges in Western
Europe 328
Stages of Postclassical Development 329
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Peasant Labor 331
DOCUMENT: European Travel: A Monk Visits Jerusalem 337
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Western Civilization 339
Western Culture in the Postclassical Era 340
Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical
Centuries 342
The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis 346
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Medieval Europe
and the World 348
Further Readings 349
On the Web 349
CHAPTER 16 The Americas on the Eve of Invasion 350
Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000-1500 C.E. 351
Aztec Society in Transition 357
DOCUMENT: Aztec Women and Men 359
Twantinsuyu:World of the Incas 360
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Archeological Evidence of Political
Practices 362
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The "Troubling" Civilizations
of the Americas 364
The Other Peoples of the Americas 367
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Americas and the World 370
Further Readings 370
On the Web 370
CHAPTER 17 Reunification and Renaissance
in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang
and Song Dynasties 372
Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Era 373
DOCUMENT: Ties That Bind: Paths to Power 378
Tang Decline and the Rise of the Song 380
Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age 384
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Footbinding as a Marker of Male
Dominance 388
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Artistic Expression
and Social Values 390
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: China's World Role 392
Further Readings 392
On the Web 393
CHAPTER 18 The Spread of Chinese Civilization:
Japan, Korea, and Vietnam 394
Japan: The Imperial Age 395
The Era of Warrior Dominance 400
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Comparing Feudalisms 402
Korea: Between China and Japan 406
Between China and Southeast Asia: The Making
of Vietnam 409
VISUALIZING THE PAST:What Their Portraits Tell Us:
Gatekeeper Elites and the Persistence of Civilizations 412
DOCUMENT: Literature as a Mirror of the Exchanges
Between Civilized Centers 415
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: In the Orbit of China: The East
Asian Corner of the Global System 415
Further Readings 416
On the Web 416
CHAPTER 19 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges:
From Chinggis Khan to Timur 418
The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan 420
DOCUMENT: A European Assessment of the Virtues
and Vices of the Mongols 424
The Mongol Drive to the West 426
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mongol Empire as a Bridge
Between Civilizations 429
The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History 430
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Global Eclipse
of the Nomadic Warrior Culture 434
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Mongol Linkages 436
Further Readings 437
On the Web 437
CHAPTER 20 The World in 1450: Changing Balance
ofWorld Power 438
Key Changes in the Middle East 439
The Rise of the West 442
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VISUALIZING THE PAST: Population Trends 443
DOCUMENT: Bubonic Plague 444
Western Expansion: The Experimental Phase 447
Outside the World Network 448
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problem
of Ethnocentrism 450
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: 1450 and the World 451
Further Readings 451
On the Web 452
PART IV
THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1450-1750:
THEWORLD SHRINKS 458
CHAPTER 21 The World Economy 466
The West's First Outreach:Maritime Power 466
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Causation and the West's
Expansion 471
Toward a World Economy 472
VISUALIZING THE PAST:West Indian Slaveholding 475
Colonial Expansion 477
DOCUMENT:Western Conquerors: Tactics and Motives 478
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The World Economy-
And the World 483
Further Readings 484
On the Web 484
CHAPTER 22 The Transformation of the West,
1450-1750 486
The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce,
1450-1650 487
The Commercial Revolution 492
The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change 495
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Versailles 497
Political Change 497
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Elites and Masses 498
The West by 1750 500
DOCUMENT: Controversies About Women 501
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Europe and the World 504
Further Readings 504
On the Web 505
CHAPTER 23 The Rise of Russia 506
Russia's Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars 506
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Multinational Empires 510
Russia's First Westernization, 1690-1790 511
DOCUMENT: The Nature of Westernization 513
Themes in Early Modern Russian History 516
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Oppressed Peasants 517
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Russia and the World 519
Further Readings 519
On the Web 520
CHAPTER 24 Early Latin America 522
Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquest
to Conquest 524
DOCUMENT: A Vision from the Vanquished 529
The Destruction and Transformation
of Indigenous Societies 532
Colonial Economies and Governments 533
THINKING HISTORICALLY: An Atlantic History? 534
Brazil: The First Plantation Colony 537
Multiracial Societies 540
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Race or Culture? A Changing
Society 541
The 18th-Century Reforms 542
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Latin American Civilization
and the World Context 547
Further Readings 547
On the Web 548
CHAPTER 25 Africa and the Africans in the Age
of the Atlantic Slave Trade 550
Africa and the Creation of an Atlantic System 551
The Atlantic Slave Trade 552
African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade 557
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Slavery and Human
Society 558
White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa 563
The African Diaspora 566
DOCUMENT: An African's Description of the Middle
Passage 567
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Cloth of Kings in an Atlantic
Perspective 569
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Africa and the African Diaspora
in World Context 571
Further Readings 571
On the Web 572
CHAPTER 26 The Muslim Empires 574
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors
to Empire Builders 575
DOCUMENT: An Islamic Traveler Laments the Muslims'
Indifference to Europe 583
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids 583
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Gunpowder Empires
and the Shifting Balance of Global Power 586
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization
in India 590
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Art as A Window into the Past:
Paintings and History in Mughal India 594
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Gunpowder Empires
and the Restoration of the Islamic Bridge
Between Civilizations 597
Further Readings 598
On the Web 599
CHAPTER 27 Asian Transitions in an Age
of Global Change 600
The Asian Trading World and the Coming
of the Europeans 602
Ming China: A Global Mission Refused 609
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DOCUMENT: Exam Questions as a Mirror
of Chinese Values 611
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Great Ships of the Ming
Expeditions that Crossed the Indian Ocean 615
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Means and Motives for Overseas
Expansion: Europe and China Compared 616
Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification
and the First Challenge 617
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: An Age of Eurasian
Protoglobalization 621
Further Readings 621
On the Web 622
PART V
THE DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE, 1750-1914 628
CHAPTER 28 The Emergence of Industrial Society
in the West, 1750-1914 636
The Age of Revolution 637
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The French Revolution
in Cartoons 640
The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850-1914 644
DOCUMENT: Protesting the Industrial Revolution 646
Cultural Transformations 649
Western Settler Societies 652
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Two Revolutions: Industrial
and Atlantic 653
Diplomatic Tensions and World War I 656
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Industrial Europe
and the World 657
Further Readings 658
On the Web 658
CHAPTER 29 Industrialization and Imperialism:
The Making of the European Global Order 660
The Shift to Land Empires in Asia 662
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Western Education and the Rise
of an African and Asian Middle Class 668
Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World,
1870-1914 670
Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change 673
DOCUMENT: Contrary Images: The Colonizer Versus
the Colonized on the "Civilizing Mission" 674
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Capitalism and Colonialism 677
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: A European-Dominated Early
Phase of Globalization 682
Further Readings 682
On the Web 683
CHAPTER 30 The Consolidation of Latin America,
1830-1920 684
From Colonies to Nations 685
New Nations Confront Old and New Problems 689
Latin American Economies and World Markets,
1820-1870 692
DOCUMENT: Confronting the Hispanic Heritage:
From Independence to Consolidation 698
Societies in Search of Themselves 701
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Explaining
Underdevelopment 704
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Images of the Spanish-American
War 706
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: New Latin American Nations
and the World 708
Further Readings 710
On the Web 710
CHAPTER 31 Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman
Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China 712
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth
of Turkey 713
Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic
Heartlands 717
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Western Dominance
and the Decline of Civilizations 718
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire
in China 723
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mapping the Decline
of Civilizations 724
DOCUMENT: Transforming Imperial China
into a Nation 732
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Muslim and Chinese Decline
and a Shifting Global Balance 733
Further Readings 734
On the Web 734
CHAPTER 32 Russia and Japan: Industrialization
Outside the West 736
Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance 737
DOCUMENT: Conditions for Factory Workers in Russia's
Industrialization 742
Protest and Revolution in Russia 743
Japan: Transformation Without Revolution 746
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Separate Paths of Japan
and China 748
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Two Faces ofWestern Influence 751
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Russia and Japan in the World 754
Further Readings 754
On the Web 755
PART VI
THE NEWEST STAGE OFWORLD HISTORY:
1914-PRESENT 760
CHAPTER 33 Descent into the Abyss:World War I
and the Crisis of the European Global Order 770
The Coming of the Great War 772
A World at War 775
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Trench Warfare 776
Failed Peace and Global Turmoil 782
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The Nationalist Assault on the European
Colonial Order 783
DOCUMENT: Lessons for the Colonized from the Slaughter
in the Trenches 784
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Women in Asian and African
Nationalist Movements 792
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS:World War and Global
Upheavals 795
Further Readings 795
On the Web 796
CHAPTER 34 The World between the Wars: Revolutions,
Depression, and Authoritarian Response 798
The Roaring Twenties 799
Revolution: The First Waves 804
THINKING HISTORICALLY: A Century of Revolutions 810
The Global Great Depression 817
The Authoritarian Response 820
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Guernica and the Images
of War 823
DOCUMENT: Socialist Realism 828
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Economic Depression, Authoritarian
Response, and Democratic Retreat 830
Further Readings 831
On the Web 832
CHAPTER 35 A Second Global Conflict and the End
of the European World Order 834
Old and New Causes of a Second World War 835
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Total War, Global
Devastation 837
Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe
and the Pacific 838
The Conduct of a Second Global War 840
DOCUMENT: Japan's Defeat in a Global War 847
War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower
Standoff 848
Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast
Asia and Africa 849
VISUALIZING THE PAST: National Leaders for a New Global
Order 852
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Persisting Trends in a World
Transformed by War 857
Further Readings 857
On the Web 858
CHAPTER 36 Western Society and Eastern Europe
in the Decades of the Cold War 860
After World War II: A New International Setting
for the West 860
The Resurgence of Western Europe 864
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The United States and Western
Europe: Convergence and Complexity 868
Cold War Allies: The United States, Canada, Australia,
and New Zealand 870
Culture and Society in the West 872
VISUALIZING THE PAST:Women at Work in France
and the United States 874
Eastern Europe After World War II: A Soviet Empire 878
Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions 881
DOCUMENT: A Cold War Speech 886
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Cold War and the World 887
Further Readings 887
On the Web 888
CHAPTER 37 Latin America: Revolution and Reaction
into the 21st Century 890
Latin America After World War II 892
Radical Options in the 1950s 894
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Murals and Posters: Art
and Revolution 895
DOCUMENT: The People Speak 898
The Search for Reform and the Military Option 898
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Human Rights
in the 20th Century 902
Societies in Search of Change 905
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Struggling Toward the Future
in a Global Economy 909
Further Readings 910
On the Web 910
CHAPTER 38 Africa, the Middle East, and Asia
in the Era of Independence 912
The Challenges of Independence 913
DOCUMENT: Cultural Creativity in the Emerging Nations:
Some Literary Samples 921
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Artificial Nations and the Rising
Tide of Communal Strife 922
Post-Colonial Options for Achieving Economic Growth
and Social Justice 924
Delayed Revolutions: Religious Revivalism and Liberation
Movements in Settler Societies 930
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Globalization and Postcolonial
Societies 935
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Postcolonial Nations in the Cold
War World Order 935
Further Readings 936
On the Web 936
CHAPTER 39 Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building
in East Asia and the Pacific Rim 938
East Asia in the Postwar Settlements 939
The Pacific Rim:More Japans? 946
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Pacific Rim Growth 948
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Pacific Rim
as a U.S. Policy Issue 950
Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution? 951
DOCUMENT:Women in the Revolutionary Struggles
for Social Justice 956
Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam 958
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: East Asia and the Pacific Rim
in the Contemporary World 963
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Further Readings 964
On the Web 964
CHAPTER 40 Power, Politics, and Conflict in World
History, 1990-2010 966
The End of the Cold War 967
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Symbolism in the Breakdown
of the Soviet Bloc 974
The Spread of Democracy 975
DOCUMENT: Democratic Protest and Repression
in China 976
The Great Powers and New Disputes 977
The United States as Sole Superpower 980
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Terrorism, Then and Now 982
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: New Global Standards,
New Divisions 984
Further Readings 984
On the Web 986
CHAPTER 41 Globalization and Resistance 988
Globalization: Causes and Processes 989
DOCUMENT: Protests Against Globalization 996
Resistance and Alternatives 998
THINKING HISTORICALLY: How Much Historical
Change? 999
The Global Environment 1000
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Two Faces of Globalization 1003
Toward the Future 1005
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Civilizations and Global Forces 1006
Further Readings 1006
On the Web 1007
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
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