World Civilizations, Single Volume Edition

(Each chapter begins with an Introduction.) I. THE ORIGINS OF CIVILIZATIONS. 1. The Agrarian Revolution and the Birth of Civilization. Analysis: The Idea of Civilization in World Historical Perspective. Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers. Document: Tales of the Hunt: Paleolithic Cave Paintings as History. Agriculture and the Origins of Civilization: The Neolithic Revolution. The First Towns: Seedbeds of Civilization. Graphic Analysis: Representations of Women in Early Art. Conclusion: The Watershed of the 4th Millennium B.C.E. 2. The Rise of Civilization in the Middle East and Africa. The Middle East by 4000 B.C.E. Civilization in Mesopotamia. Graphic Analysis: Mesopotamia in Maps. Ancient Egypt. Document: Hammurabis Law Code. Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared. Analysis: Women in Patriarchal Societies. Civilization Centers in Africa and The Eastern Mediterranean. The End of the Early Civilization Period. Conclusion: The Issue of Heritage. 3. Asias First Civilizations: India and China. The Indus Valley and the Genesis of South Asian Civilization. The Aryan Invasions and Early Aryan Society in India. Document: Aryan Poetry in Praise of a War-Horse. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China. Graphic Analysis: Mapping the Rise of Civilizations. The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou Dominance. Analysis: The Legacy of Asias First Civilizations. Conclusion: Beginnings and Transitions. II. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD IN WORLD HISTORY. 4. Nomadic Challenges and Civilized Responses. Graphic Analysis: Varieties of Human Adaptation and the Potential for Civilization. The Rise and Spread of Pastoral Nomadism. Nomadic Society and Culture. Document: Nomadic Verse and Nomadic Values. Nomads and Civilization. Analysis: Nomads and Cross-Civilizational Contacts and Exchanges. Conclusion: Nomads and the Pattern of Global History. 5. Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China. Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the Later Zhou. Document: Teachings of the Rival Chinese Schools. The Triumph of the Qin and the Establishment of Imperial Unity. Analysis: Sunzi and the Shift from Ritual Combat to 'Real' War. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of Chinas Classical Age. Graphic Analysis: Capital Designs and Patterns of Political Dominance. Conclusion: An Era of Accomplishment and Affluence. 6. Classical Greece and the Hellenistic World. Greece as a Classical Civilization. The Persian Empire: Parallel Power in the Middle East. The Political Character of Classical Greece. The Hellenistic Period. Creativity in Greek and Hellenistic Culture. Document: The Power of Greek Drama. Analysis: Defining Social History . Patterns of Greek and Hellenistic Society. Graphic Analysis: Commerce and Society. Conclusion: A Complex Legacy. 7. Rome and Its Empire. The Development of Romes Republic. Roman Culture. Document: Rome and A Values Crisis. The Institutions of Empire. Graphic Analysis: Religions in Rome. The Evolution of Romes Economic and Social Structure. Analysis: The Classical Mediterranean in Comparative Perspective. The Origins of Christianity. Conclusion: The Mediterranean Heritage. 8. Religious Rivalries and Indias Golden Age. The Age of Brahman Dominance. Analysis: Inequality as the Social Norm. Religious Ferment and the Rise of Buddhism. Graphic Analysis: The Pattern of Trade in the Ancient Eurasian World. Brahmanical Recovery and the Splendors of the Gupta Age. Document: A Guardians Farewell Speech to a Young Woman About to Be Married. Conclusion: The Legacy of the Classical Age in India. 9. The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas. Origins of American Societies. Graphic Analysis: When Is It a Civilization? Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica. Document: Deciphering the Maya Glyphs. The Peoples to the North. Analysis: Different Times for Different Peoples. The Andean World. Conclusion: American Civilizations. 10. The Spread of Peoples and Civilizations. The Spread of Civilization in Africa. Analysis: Language as a Historical Source. The Slavs and the Germans on the Northern Rim. Graphic Analysis: Germans on the Move. The Spread of Chinese Civilization to Japan. Document: Myths of Origin. The Scattered Societies of Polynesia. Conclusion: The Emerging Cultures. 11. The End of the Classical Era: World History in Transition, 200-700 C.E. The Decline of Civilization and the Rise of Religions. Upheavals in Eastern and Southern Asia. Document: The Popularization of Buddhism. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Analysis: The Problem of Decline and Fall. The Development and Spread of World Religions. Graphic Analysis: Religious Geography. Conclusion: In the Wake of Decline and Fall. III. THE POSTCLASSICAL ERA. 12. The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam. Desert and Town: The Arabian World and the Birth of Islam. The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam. The Arab Empire of the Umayyads. Analysis: Civilization and Gender Relationships. From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era. Document: 'The Hundred and One Nights' and Elite Society in the Abbasid Era. Graphic Analysis: The Mosque as a Symbol of Islamic Civilization. Conclusion: The Measure of Islamic Achievement. 13. Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia. The Islamic Heartlands in the Mid- and Late-Abbasid Era. Document: Ibn Khaldun on the Rise and Decline of Empires. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinement. Graphic Analysis: Patterns of Islams Global Expansion. The Coming of Islam to South Asia. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia. Analysis: Conversion and Accommodation in the Spread of World Religions. Conclusion: The Legacy of the Abbasid Age. 14. African Civilization and the Spread of Islam. African Societies: Diversity and Similarities. Kingdoms of the Grasslands. Document: The Great Oral Tradition and the Epic of Sundiata. Graphic Analysis: The Map of Abraham Gresques and the Hajj of Mansa Musa. The Swahili Coast of East Africa. Analysis: Two Transitions in the History of World Population. Peoples of the Forest and Plains. Conclusion: Internal Development and External Contacts. 15. Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe. The Byzantine Empire. Graphic Analysis: Women and Power in Byzantium. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe. Document: Russia Turns to Christianity. Analysis: Eastern and Western Europe: The Problem of Boundaries. Conclusion: The End of an Era in Eastern Europe. 16. A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe. The Flavor of the Middle Ages: Inferiority and Vitality. Stages of Postclassical Development. Analysis: The Sources of Vitality in the Postclassical West. Western Culture in the Postclassical Era. Changing Values in the Postclassical Centuries. Graphic Analysis: Peasant Labor. Political Values of the Middle Ages. Document: Changing Roles for Women. The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis. Conclusion: The Postclassical West and Its Heritage: A Balance Sheet. 17. The Americas on the Eve of Invasion. Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000-1500 C.E. Aztec Society in Transition. Document: Aztec Women and Men. Analysis: The 'Troubling' Civilizations of the Americas. Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas. Graphic Analysis: Archaeological Evidence of Political Practice. The Other Indians. Conclusion: American Indian Diversity in World Context. 18. Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties. Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Era. Document: Ties That Bind: Paths to Power. Tang Decline and the Rise of the Song. Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age. Graphic Analysis: Marriage Patterns, Family Structure, and Gender Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Analysis: Artistic Expression and Social Values. Conclusion: The End of the Song: The Legacy of Two Great Dynasties. 19. The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Japan: The Imperial Age. The Era of Warrior Dominance. Analysis: Comparing Feudalisms. Korea: Between China and Japan. Graphic Analysis: What Their Portraits Tell Us: 'Gatekeeper' Elites and the Persistence of Civilizations. Between China and Southeast Asia: The Making of Vietnam. Document: Literature as a Mirror of the Exchanges Between Civilized Centers. Conclusion: Divergent Paths in East Asian Development. 20. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan. Document: A European Assessment of the Virtues and Vices of the Mongols. Graphic Analysis: The Mongol Empire as a Bridge Between Civilizations. The Mongol Drive to the West. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History. Analysis: The Eclipse of the Nomadic War Machine. Conclusion: The Mongol Legacy and an Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur. 21. The West and the Changing World Balance. The Decline of the Old World Order. The Rise of the West. Graphic Analysis: Population Trends. Western Expansion: The Experimental Phase. Document: Italian Renaissance Culture. Analysis: The Problem of Ethnocentrism. Outside the World Network. Conclusion: Adding Up the Changes. IV. THE WORLD SHRINKS, 1450-1750. 22. The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change. Graphic Analysis: Versailles. Document: Controversies About Women. Analysis: Elites and Masses. The West by 1750. Conclusion: Innovation and Instability. 23. The West and the World. The Wests First Outreach: Maritime Power. Analysis: Causation and the Wests Expansion. Toward a World Economy. Graphic Analysis: West Indian Slaveholding. Document: Western Conquerors: Tactics and Motives. Colonial Expansion. Conclusion: The Impact of a New World Order. 24. The Rise of Russia. Russias Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars. Russias First Westernization, 1690-1790. Themes in Early Modern Russian History. Document: The Nature of Westernization. Graphic Analysis: Oppressed Peasants. Analysis: Multinational Empires. Conclusion: Russia and Eastern Europe. 25. Early Latin America. Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquest to Conquest. The Destruction and Transformation of Indian Societies. Analysis: The Great Exchange. Colonial Economies and Governments. Document: A Vision from the Vanquished. Brazil: The First Plantation Colony. Multiracial Societies. Graphic Analysis: A Changing Population. The Eighteenth-Century Reforms. Conclusion: The Diverse Ingredients of Latin American Civilization. 26. The Muslim Empires. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders. Document: An Islamic Traveler Laments the Muslims Indifference to Europe. Analysis: The Gunpowder Empires and the Shifting Balance of Global Power. The Shiite Challenge of the Safavids. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India. Graphic Analysis: The Basis of Imperial Power in the Rival Muslim Empires. Conclusion: The Rise of Europe and the Eclipse of Islamic. Civilization as the Pivot of the World Order. 27. Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade. The Atlantic Slave Trade. African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade. Graphic Analysis: Royal Power in West Africa. White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa. Analysis: Slavery and Human Society. The African Diaspora. Document: A Slaves Description of the Middle Passage. Conclusion: The Impact of Slavery on Africa. 28. Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change. The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans. Graphic Analysis: Intruders--The Pattern of Early European Expansion in Asia. Ming China: A Global Mission Refused. Document: Exam Questions as a Mirror of Chinese Values. Analysis: Means and Motives for Overseas Expansion: Europe and China Compared. Fending Off the West: Japans Reunification and the First Challenge. Conclusion: Asia and the First Phase of Europes Global Expansion. V. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND WESTERN GLOBAL HEGEMONY, 1750-1914. 29. The Industrialization of the West, 1760-1914. Forces of Change. Graphic Analysis: The French Revolution in Cartoon. The Industrial Revolution. Document: Women in the Industrial Revolution. The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850-1914. Cultural Transformations. The Extensions of Western Society. Analysis: The United States in World History. Diplomatic Tensions and World War I. Conclusion: Diplomacy and Society. 30. Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia. Analysis: Western Education and the Rise of an African and Asian Middle Class. Industrial Rivalries and the partition of the World, 1870-1914. Graphic Analysis: Capitalism and Colonialism. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change. Document: Contrary Images: The Colonizer vs. the Colonized on the 'Civilizing Mission'. Conclusion: The Pattern of the Age of Imperialism. 31. The Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920. From Colonies to Nations. New Nations Confront Old and New Problems. Document: Confronting the Hispanic Heritage: From Independence to Consolidation. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870. Societies in Search of Themselves. Cultural Expression After Independence. The Great Boom, 1880-1920. Analysis: Explaining Underdevelopment. Graphic Analysis: On the Track of Progress. Conclusion: New Nations, Old Problems. 32. Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China. Analysis: Western Dominance and the Decline of Civilizations. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands. Graphic Analysis: Military Power and the Outcomes of Global Rivalries. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China. Document: Building a New China. Conclusion: Islamic and Chinese Responses to the Challenge of the West Compared. 33. Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West. Russias Reforms and Industrial Advance. Document: Conditions for Factory Workers in Russias Industrialization. Protest and Revolution in Russia. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution. Analysis: The Separate Paths of Japan and China. Graphic Analysis: Two Faces of Western Influence. Conclusion: Japan, Russia, and World War I. VI. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY IN WORLD HISTORY. 34. Nine Decades of Crisis and Renewal, 1914-1999. World War I. Graphic Analysis: Trench Warfare. The Great Depression. World War II. Document: The Leader of the Soviet Union Evaluates the Depression. Analysis: Total War. The Cold War, 1945-1989. Conclusion: A Legacy of Uncertainty. 35. The West in the Twentieth Century. The Disarray in the West, 1914-1945. After World War II: International Setting for the West. Document: The Resistance Spirit. Culture and Society in the West. Graphic Analysis: Women at Work. Analysis: The Decline of the West? Conclusion: Will the Real West Please Stand Up? 36. The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The Russian Revolution. Analysis: Twentieth-Century Revolutions. Building Soviet Society. Document: Socialist Reform. Graphic Analysis: Socialist Realism. The Soviet Union as a Superpower. The Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s. Conclusion: What Next? 37. Japan and the Pacific Rim. Decades of Turmoil: The World Wars and Their Consequences. East Asia in the Postwar Settlements. Document: Japan and the Loss in World War II. Japan, Incorporated. The Pacific Rim: New Japans? Graphic Analysis: Pacific Rim Growth. Analysis: The Pacific Rim as a United States Policy Issue. Conclusion: Pacific Rim as Exception or as Model. 38. Latin America: Revolution and Reaction in the Twentieth Century. The Mexican Revolution and the Great War. Economic Change and New Political Actors. Promises of Social Reform. Radical Options in the 1950s. Graphic Analysis: Murals and Posters: Art and Revolution in a 'Flash'. The Search for Reform and the Military Option. Document: The People Speak. Analysis: Human Rights in the Twentieth Century. Societies in Search of Change. Conclusion: Struggling Toward the Future. 39. Decolonization and the Decline of the European World Order. Prototypes for the Independence Struggles: The First Phase of Decolonization in India and Egypt. World War I and the Postwar Crisis of the European Empires. Document: Lessons for the Colonized from the Slaughter in the Trenches. Analysis: Women in Asian and African Nationalist Movements. Another Global War and the Collapse of the European World Order. Graphic Analysis: The State of the New Nations at the Time of Independence. Conclusion: The Limits of Decolonization. 40. Africa and Asia in the Era of Independence. The Challenges of Independence. Analysis: Artificial Nations and the Rising Tide of Communal Strife. Document: Cultural Creativity in the Emerging Nations: Some Literary Samples. Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice. Graphic Analysis: Political Options and Development Outcomes. Conclusion: The Postcolonial Experience in Historical Perspective. 41. War and Revolution in China and Vietnam. The Struggle for China. Document: Women in the Revolutionary Struggle. Maos China and Beyond. Graphic Analysis: Art and Revolution in Russia, China, and Cuba. Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam. Analysis: Decolonization with and Without Social Revolution. Conclusion: Revolutions and Civilization in China and Vietnam. 42. A Twenty-first-Century World: Trends and Prospects. Optimism or Pessimism. A New Period in World History. Extrapolating Trends in World Societies. Analysis: Evaluating the Conditions of Women. Analysis: World History Themes. Forecasting by a Single Causal Factor. Regions, Civilizations, and World Forces. Conclusion: Asking Questions. Glossary. Credits. Index.