Advances in Bioclimatology_4

A Guide to Automated Weather Station Networks in North America.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages.- 1.2 Types of AWS networks.- 1.3 Purpose of This Review.- 2 Planning.- 2.1 Spatial Density.- 2.2 Siting Criteria.- 2.2.1 Underlying Surface.- 2.2.2 Suitable Surroundings.- 2.3 Datalogger Selection.- 2.4 Sensor Selection.- 2.5 Computer Selection for the Data Processing Center (DPC).- 2.6 Data Retrieval Method Selection.- 2.7 Network Management.- 2.8 Cost of Establishment.- 2.9 Operating Costs.- 3 Network Components.- 3.1 Sensors H.- 3.1.1 Placement Height.- 3.1.2 Sensor Fundamentals.- 3.1.2.1 Temperature.- 3.1.2.2 Humidity.- 3.1.2.3 Shields for Temperature and Humidity Sensors.- 3.1.2.4 Radiation.- 3.1.2.5 Soil Heat Flux Density.- 3.1.2.6 Wind Speed.- 3.1.2.7 Wind Direction.- 3.1.2.8 Precipitation.- 3.1.2.9 Evaporation Pans.- 3.2 AWS Dataloggers.- 3.3 Data Processing Center (DPC).- 3.4 Software.- 3.4.1 Database Management.- 3.4.2 Report Generators.- 3.4.3 Data Quality Control.- 3.5 DPC Costs.- 4 Network Operations.- 4.1 Maintenance and Calibration.- 4.2 Data Quality Control, Archival, and Dissemination.- 5 Computations.- 5.1 Evapotranspiration.- 5.2 Humidity.- 5.3 Degree Days.- 5.4 Wind Power Calculation.- 6 Survey of AWS Networks.- 6.1 Survey Objectives.- 6.2 Survey Results.- 6.2.1 Functions.- 6.2.2 Underlying Surface Cover.- 6.2.3 Maintenance.- 6.2.4 Method of Data Retrieval.- 6.2.5 Sensor Heights.- 6.2.5.1 Solar Radiation.- 6.2.5.2 Soil Temperature.- 6.2.5.3 Air Temperature and Relative Humidity.- 6.2.5.4 Wind Speed and Direction.- 6.2.5.5 Precipitation.- 6.2.5.6 Miscellaneous Sensors.- 6.3 Survey Conclusions.- 7. Application - Case Studies.- 7.1 Irrigation Scheduling.- 7.2 Integrated Pest Management.- 7.3 Other Uses.- Appendix A Weather Station Placement.- Appendix B Sourcer of Weather Sensors.- Appendix C Standarets for Sensor Height and Exposure.- Appendix D Weather Station Main Board Product.- Appendix E Selected Bulletin Board Product.- Appendix F Degree-day Threshold Temperatures.- References.- Satellite Mapping of the Surface Radiation Budget.- 1 General Introduction.- 2 Global Radiation.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Satellite Approach.- 2.3 Physical Models.- 2.4 Empirical Models.- 2.5 Comparison and Evaluation of Various Models.- 2.6 Regional Mapping of Incoming Global Radiation.- 3 Ultraviolet Radiation.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Mapping UV-A Radiation.- 3.3 Mapping UV-B Radiation.- 4 Reflected Shortwave Radiation.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Analysis of Satellite Data to Determine Surface Albedo.- 4.3 A Regional Estimate of Broad-Band Surface Albedo.- 5 Net All-Wave Radiation.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Estimation of Downwelling and Upwelling Longwave Radiation at the Earth's Surface.- 5.3 Regional Mapping of Net Radiation.- 6 Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- Mathematical Models in Crop Bioclimatology in the Former USSR (History, Achhievments and Prospects).- 1. Development of Methods of Mathematical Simulation of the Effects of Hydrometeorological Conditions on Crop Production.- 1.1 Static Models, Empirical-Statistical Approach.- 1.1.1 Methodological Studies.- 1.1.2 Applied Results.- 1.2 Dynamic Models, Theory.- 2 Simulating Energy and Mass Exchange for the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere System.- 2.1 Defining the Main Problem.- 2.2 Energy and Mass Exchange in the Canopy.- 2.3 Heat and Water Transport in Soil.- 2.4 Parameterization of Energy and Mass Exchange Models.- 3 Simulation of Crop Production.- 3.1 Plant Growth.- 3.2 Photosynthesis and Respiration.- 4. Applied Dynamic Models and Their Use.- 4.1 Applied Dynamic Models.- 4.2 The Use of Models.- 4.2.1 Diagnosing Agrometeorological Conditions.- 4.2.2 Forecasting Crop Yields.- 4.2.3 Managing Crop Production.- 4.2.4 Estimating Soil and Climatic Resources.- 4.2.5 Estimating Climate Change Effects.- 5 The Future of Crop Production Simulation.- 5.1 Can Simulation Progress?.- 5.2 Experimental Support to Simulation.- 5.3 Onward to Next Generation Models.- References.- Stomatal Density Responses to Global Environmental Change.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Records of Atmospheric C02 Concentration.- 2.1 Ice Core Records.- 3. Predictions of Future Increases in the Atmospheric C02.- 3.1 Future Emission Scenarios.- 4. Stomatal Density Responses to Past Global Change.- 4.1 Stomatal Density Responses to Atmospheric C02Over Centuries.- 4.2 Stomatal Density Responses Through Geological Time.- 5. Stomatal Density to Future Global Change.- 5.1 Stomatal Densioty Responses to C02 EnrichmenbtAbove Ambient.- 5.2 An Index of Sensitivity of Stomatal Responses to C02 Change.- 6. The Interrelationship Between Whole Plant Physiology and Stomatal Density.- 6.1 Gas Exchange.- 6.2 Water-Use Efficiency.- 7. Conlusions.- References.- Sensory and Behavioural Responses of Terrestrial Invertebrates to Biogenic Carbon Dioxide Gradients.- 1. Introduction.- 2 General Structure and Function of the Detectors.- 3 CO2 Microclimate, Behavioural Effects of CO2 and Properties of CO2-Receptor Neurons in Different Habitats.- 3.1 Soil and Logs.- 3.1.1 Nematodes.- 3.1.2 Insect Larvae Collembola.- 3.1.3 Adult Beetles.- 3.1.4 Centipedes.- 3.2 Hives and Nests of Social Insects.- 3.2.1 Ants.- 3.2.2 Termites.- 3.2.3 Fig Pollinators.- 3.2.4 Honeybees.- 3.3 Haematophagous Arthropods in the Open Atmosphere.- 3.3.1 Mosquitoes and Flies.- 3.3.2 Bugs.- 3.3.3 Ticks.- 3.4 Herbivores in the Open Atmosphere.- 3.4.1 Honeybees Revisited.- 3.4.2 Caterpillars.- 3.4.3 The Lepidopteran Labial Palp Organ.- 4 Implications of Elevated CO2.- References.