EUROSHOCK - Drag Reduction by Passive Shock Control

A. Synopsis of the Project EUROSHOCK.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Basic Experiments and Physical Modeling.- 2.1 Two-dimensional Shock Control.- 2.1.1 Test set-up for the basic experiments.- 2.1.2 The perforated plates.- 2.1.3 Effect of plate geometry on shock control effectiveness.- 2.1.4 Boundary layer development over the cavity region.- 2.1.5 Assessment of turbulence models and shock control laws.- 2.2 Three-dimensional Shock Control.- 2.2.1 Experimental arrangement and procedure.- 2.2.2 Analysis of experimental results.- 2.2.3 Numerical simulation of the interaction.- 2.3 Conclusion and Future Work.- 3 Extension of Numerical Methods and Preliminary Control Assessment.- 3.1 Basic Numerical Methods.- 3.2 Pre-computations without Control.- 3.2.1 Steady flow pre-computations for the airfoil DA LVA-1A.- 3.2.2 Unsteady flow pre-computations.- 3.3 Extension of the Numerical Codes to Shock Control.- 3.4 Computational Results for Airfoil Flow with Control.- 3.4.1 Airfoil DRA 2303 - steady flow conditions.- 3.4.2 Airfoil DRA 2303 - unsteady flow conditions.- 3.4.3 Airfoil DA LVA-1A with and without control.- 3.4.4 Airfoil VA-2 with passive and active control.- 3.5 Conclusion and Future Work.- 4 Airfoil Tests with and without Control.- 4.1 Experimental Program.- 4.2 Experiments with the Airfoil DA LVA-1A.- 4.2.1 Airfoil characteristics and wind tunnel model.- 4.2.2 Wind tunnel characteristics.- 4.2.3 Discussion of T2 results.- 4.2.4 Discussion of KRG results.- 4.3 Experiments with the Airfoil DRA 2303.- 4.3.1 Airfoil characteristics and wind tunnel model.- 4.3.2 Wind tunnel characteristics.- 4.3.3 Discussion of steady results.- 4.3.4 Control effect on buffet.- 4.4 Experiments with the Airfoil VA-2.- 4.4.1 Airfoil characteristics and wind tunnel model.- 4.4.2 Wind tunnel characteristics.- 4.4.3 Comparison of present and earlier results.- 4.4.4 Effect of passive and active control.- 4.5 Conclusion and Future Work.- 5 Assessment of Shock Control - A Summary.- 6 Overall Conclusion and Future Work.- 7 References.- B Individual Contribution.- 8 Introduction to the Individual Contributions.- 9 Basic Study of Passive Control Applied to a Two-dimensional Transonic Interaction.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Experimental Conditions.- 9.2.1 Test set-up arrangement.- 9.2.2 Techniques of investigation and data processing.- 9.2.3 Configurations tested.- 9.3 Experimental Results.- 9.3.1 Flow visualizations.- 9.3.2 Surface pressure distributions.- 9.3.3 Mean flow field properties.- 9.3.4 Turbulent field properties.- 9.3.5 Total drag coefficient in the control region.- 9.3.6 Perforated plates excrescence drag.- 9.4 Theoretical Study.- 9.4.1 Numerical approach.- 9.4.2 Surface pressure distributions.- 9.4.3 Transpiration velocity distributions.- 9.5 Conclusion.- 9.6 References.- 10 Passive Control of Shock Wave - Boundary Layer Interaction and Porous Plate Transpiration Flow.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Porous Plate Flow.- 10.2.1 Measurements.- 10.2.2 Effective flow within a hole and pressure drop through the porous plate.- 10.2.3 Implementation of the porous plate flow model.- 10.3 Experimental Investigation of Shock Boundary Layer Interaction with Passive Control.- 10.3.1 Introduction.- 10.3.2 Mach number at the wall.- 10.3.3 Boundary layer profiles without passive control.- 10.3.4 Passive control effect.- 10.4 Numerical Simulation of SBLIC.- 10.4.1 Numerical code.- 10.4.2 Results.- 10.5 References.- 11 An Investigation of Passive Control Applied to Swept Shock-Wave/Boundary Layer Interactions.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Experimental Apparatus.- 11.3 Computational Method.- 11.4 Results and Discussion.- 11.4.1 Interaction without passive control.- 11.4.2 Interaction with passive control.- 11.5 Conclusions.- 11.6 References.- 12 Numerical Investigation of the Passive Shock Control on Transonic Airfoils Through an Euler/Boundary-Layer Coupling Technique.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Extension of the EUBL2D Method to Passive Shock Control Calculations.- 12.3 Calculation of the Transpiration Velocity.- 12.4 Numerical Results.- 12.4.1 Validation of the method.- 12.4.2 Numerical assessment of passive control.- 12.5 Conclusions.- 12.6 References.- 13 Introduction of Passive Shock Control in an Interactive Boundary Layer Method.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Inviscid Flow Solver.- 13.3 Viscous Solver.- 13.4 Transpiration Model.- 13.5 Design of the Cavity Location.- 13.6 Calculation of Total Drag.- 13.7 Wake Effect.- 13.8 Results.- 13.8.1 Block decomposition and LGR concept.- 13.8.2 New correlation for a ventilated boundary layer.- 13.8.3 Test cases for the airfoil DRA 2303 with and without control.- 13.8.4 Test cases for the airfoil DA-LVA-1A with and without control.- 13.8.5 Test cases for the airfoil VA-2 with and without control.- 13.8.6 Test case for the VA-2 airfoil at 0.75 < C1 < 0.85 with and without control: a summary.- 13.9 Conclusion.- 13.10 References.- 14 Extension, Validation and Application of the DA VII Transonic Airfoil Code with Passive Shock Control.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Basic Airfoil Flow Prediction Method.- 14.2.1 Equivalent inviscid flow and viscous boundary conditions.- 14.2.2 Interactive boundary layer and coupling method.- 14.2.3 Forces.- 14.3 Extension of the VII Method to Passive Shock Control.- 14.3.1 SC Law procedure.- 14.3.2 Modifications of the viscous solver.- 14.3.3 Modification of the solution procedure.- 14.3.4 Grid adaptation.- 14.4 Validation of the Numerical Results.- 14.4.1 DRA 2303 airfoil.- 14.4.2 MBB Va 2 airfoil.- 14.4.3 DA LVA-1A airfoil.- 14.5 Parametric Study of the SC Design Parameters.- 14.5.1 Porosity.- 14.5.2 Perforation location.- 14.5.3 Perforation length.- 14.6 Conclusion.- 14.7 References.- 14.8 List of Symbols.- 15 Development of Viscous-Inviscid Interaction Codes for Prediction of Shock Boundary-Layer Interaction Control and Buffet over Airfoils.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Viscous-Inviscid Interaction (VII) Numerical Methods.- 15.2.1 Steady code VIS05c (VII + Full Potential).- 15.2.2 Unsteady code VIS15 (VII + TSP, time-consistent coupling).- 15.2.3 Self-adaptive grids of codes VIS05 and VIS15.- 15.3 Shock-control Extension in Codes VIS05c and VIS15.- 15.3.1 Implementation of a velocity at the wall.- 15.3.2 Control laws.- 15.3.3 Isentropic law.- 15.3.4 Poll's formula.- 15.3.5 Active or passive shock-control.- 15.4 Computation of Steady Test-cases.- 15.4.1 Pre-calculations: DA-LVA-1A airfoil without control.- 15.4.2 DRA-2303 airfoil with/without control.- 15.4.3 VA2 airfoil with/without control.- 15.4.4 DA-LVA-1A airfoil with/without control.- 15.5 Computation of the Unsteady Test-cases.- 15.5.1 NLR7301 airfoil without control: Buffet test-cases.- 15.5.2 NACA0012 airfoil without control: Severe buffet test-case.- 15.5.3 DRA-2303 airfoil with/without control: Damping of buffet.- 15.6 Conclusion.- 15.7 References.- 16 Transonic Airfoil Flow Prediction with Shock Boundary Layer Interaction Control by a Time-accurate Navier-Stokes Code.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Numerical Method.- 16.2.1 2D Time-accurate Navier-Stokes code.- 16.2.2 Implementation of shock control laws.- 16.2.3 Modification of turbulence model.- 16.3 Airfoils and Test Cases.- 16.4 Results.- 16.4.1 Steady flow.- 16.4.2 Unsteady flow, buffet.- 16.5 Final Discussion of Results.- 16.5.1 Steady results.- 16.5.2 Unsteady results.- 16.6 Conclusions and Future Activities.- 16.7 References.- 17 Shock Boundary Layer Interaction Control Predictions Using a Viscous-Inviscid Interaction Procedure and a Navier-Stokes Solver.- 17.1 Introduction.- 17.2 Numerical Procedures.- 17.2.1 Viscous-inviscid interaction procedure.- 17.2.2 Navier-Stokes approach.- 17.2.3 Shock control laws.- 17.3 Results and Discussion.- 17.3.1 Viscous-inviscid interaction results.- 17.3.2 Navier-Stokes results.- 17.4 Conclusion.- 17.5 References.- 18 Computation of Transonic Flows Applying Shock Boundary Layer Interaction Control.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 Basic Principles of Passive Control.- 18.3 Computational Method.- 18.3.1 The ULTRAN-V method.- 18.3.2 Extension of ULTRA-V to control.- 18.3.3 Control laws.- 18.3.4 Implementation of the control laws.- 18.4 Numerical Results.- 18.4.1 Steady flow predictions.- 18.4.2 Unsteady flow predictions.- 18.5 Conclusions.- 18.6 Acknowledgment.- 18.7 References.- 19 Design and Manufacture of the Cryogenic Laminar-type Airfoil DA LVA-1A with Passive Shock Control.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 Basic Airfoil DA LVA-1A Characteristics.- 19.2.1 Airfoil design.- 19.2.2 Reference measurements without shock control.- 19.3 Cryogenic Model Design / Manufacture.- 19.3.1 ONERA-T2 / DLR-KRG requirements.- 19.3.2 Model construction / manufacture.- 19.3.3 Model equipment.- 19.4 Design / Manufacture of the Passive Shock Control Inserts.- 19.4.1 Aerodynamic insert design parameters.- 19.4.2 Insert construction / manufacture / equipment.- 19.4.3 Perforation technique / check out procedure.- 19.4.4 Actual insert perforation / calibration tests.- 19.5 Conclusions.- 19.6 References.- 20 Qualification by Laser Measurements of the Passive Control on the LVA-1A Airfoil in the T2 Wind Tunnel.- 20.1 Introduction.- 20.2 Experimental Set-up and Measurement Characteristics.- 20.2.1 The T2 wind tunnel.- 20.2.2 LVA-1Ae model.- 20.3 Measurements.- 20.4 Test Conditions.- 20.5 Experimental Data.- 20.5.1 Determination of the nominal Mach number.- 20.5.2 Incidence variation at M = 0.77.- 20.5.3 Laser measurements.- 20.6. Conclusions.- 20.7 Table of Results.- 20.8 List of Symbols.- 20.9 References.- 21 Experimental Investigation of the Transonic Airfoils DA LVA-1A and VA-2 with Shock Control.- 21.1 Introduction.- 21.2 Investigation of the Laminar-type Airfoil DA LVA-1Ae with Passive Control at Reynolds Numbers of 4.6 × 106 ? Re ? 12 × 106.- 21.2.1 The Cryogenic Ludwieg-tube.- 21.2.2 Model and test conditions.- 21.2.3 Experimental results.- 21.3 Investigation of the Turbulent Airfoil VA-2 with Passive and Active Control.- 21.3.1 VA-2 airfoil model and instrumentation.- 21.3.2 Wind tunnel.- 21.3.3 Test conditions.- 21.3.4 Analysis and discussion of results.- 21.4 Conclusions.- 21.5 Nomenclature.- 21.6 References.- 22 An Experimental Investigation of Passive Shock/Boundary-Layer Control on an Aerofoil.- 22.1 Introduction.- 22.2 Model Details and Measurements.- 22.2.1 The model.- 22.2.2 Measurements.- 22.2.3 Boundary-layer transition trips.- 22.2.4 Test conditions.- 22.3 Experimental Data.- 22.4 Discussion.- 22.5 Conclusions.- 22.6 References.- 22.7 List of Symbols.- 23 An Experimental Investigation of Passive Shock/Boundary Layer Interaction Control on an Airfoil: Unsteady Measurements.- 23.1 Introduction.- 23.2 Measurements.- 23.3 Data Acquisition and Instrumentation.- 23.4 Experimental Results.- 23.5 References.- 23.6 List of Symbols.