Polyurethanes: Science, Technology, Markets, and Trends

Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Polyurethane Building Blocks 2.1 Polyols 2.11 Polyether polyols 2.111 Building blocks 2.112 Polymerization of alkoxides to polyethers 2.12 Polyester polyols 2.121 Polyester polyol building blocks 2.122 Preparation of polyester polyols 2.123 Aliphatic polyester polyols 2.124 Aromatic Polyester Polyols 2. 13 Other Polyols 2.131 Polycarbonate Polyols 2.1311. Preparation of polycarbonate polyols 2. 132 Polyacrylate polyols 2.1321 Preparation of acrylic polyols 2.14. Filled polyols 2.141 Copolymer polyols 2.142 PHD Polyols 2.143 PIPA polyols 2.15 Seed-oil derived polyols 2.151 Preparation of seed oil derived polyols 2.1511 Epoxidation and ring opening 2.1512 Ozonolysis 2.1513 Hydroformylation and reduction 2.1514 Metathesis 2.16 Prepolymers 2.2 Isocyanates 2.21 TDI 2.211 Conventional Production of TDI 2.212 Non-phosgene routes to TDI 2.2121 Thermolysis of Carbamic acid, N,N'-(4-methyl-1,3-phenylene)bis-, C,C'-dimethyl ester made from the reaction of toluene diamine with methyl carbonate 2.2122 Thermolysis of Carbamic acid, N,N'-(4-methyl-1,3-phenylene)bis-, C,C'-dimethyl ester made from the reductive carbonylation of dinitrotoluene. 2.2123 Isocyanates by thermal decomposition of acyl azides - The Curtius rearrangement 2.22 Diphenylmethane diisocyanates (MDI) 2.221 Production of MDI 2.23 Aliphatic Isocyanates 2.231. Production of Aliphatic isocyanates 2.2311 hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) 2.2312 Isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI) 2.2313 4,4'- diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane (H12MDI) 2.232 Use of aliphatic isocyanates 2.3 Chain extenders Chapter 3 Introduction to Polyurethane Chemistry 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Mechanism and Catalysis of Urethane Formation 3.3 Reactions of Isocyanates with Active Hydrogen Compounds 3.31 Urea Formation 3.32 Allophanate Formation 3.33 Formation of Biurets 3.34 Formation of Uretdione (isocyanate dimer) 3.35 Formation of Carbodiimide 3.36 Formation of uretonimine 3.37 Formation of amides Chapter 4 Theoretical Concepts and Techniques in Polyurethane Science 4.1 Formation of Polyurethane Structure 4.2 Properties of Polyurethanes 4.21 Models and Calculations for Polymer Modulus 4.22 Models for Elastomer Stress Strain Properties 4.221 Factors that affect Polyurethane Stress-Strain Behavior 4.222 Calculating Foam Properties 4.23 The Polyurethane Glass Transition Temperature Chapter 5 Analytical Characterization of Polyurethanes 5.1 Analysis of reagents for making polyurethanes 5.11 Analysis of Polyols 5.111 Hydroxyl number 5.112 CPR 5.12 Analysis of Isocyanates 5.121 Analysis of pMDI composition 5.2 Instrumental Analysis of Polyurethanes 5.21 Microscopy 5.211 Optical microscopy 5.212 Scanning electron microscopy 5.213 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 5.214 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 5.22 Infra-red Spectrometry 5.23 X-ray Analyses 5.231 Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) 5.232 Small Angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) 5.3 Mechanical Analysis 5.31 Tensile, tear and elongation testing 5.32 Dynamic mechanical analysis 5.4 Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy (NMR) 5.5 Foam Screening: FoamatR Chapter 6 Polyurethane Flexible Foams: Chemistry and Fabrication 6.1 Making Polyurethane Foams 6.11 Slabstock Foams 6.12 Molded Foams 6.2 Foam Processes 6.21 Surfactancy and Catalysis 6.211 Catalysis 6.212 Surfactancy 6.3 Flexible Foam Formulation and Structure Property Relationships 6.31 Screening tests 6.32 Foam Formulation and Structure Property Relationships Chapter 7 Polyurethane Flexible Foams: Markets, Applications, Markets and Trends 7.1 Applications 7.11 Furniture 7.12 Mattresses and Bedding 7.13 Transportation 7.14 The Molded Foam Market 7.2 Trends in Molded Foam Technology and Markets Chapter 8 Polyurethane Rigid Foams: Markets, Applications, Markets and Trends 8.1 Regional Market Dynamics 8.2 Applications 8.21 Construction Foams 8.211 Polyisocyanurate Foams 8.212 Spray, Poured and Froth Foams 8.2121 Spray foam 8.2122. Froth Foams 8.2123 Pour-in-place foams 8. 22 Rigid Construction Foam Market Segments 8.23 Appliance Foams 8.3 Blowing Agents and Insulation Fundamentals 8.31 Blowing Agents 8.32 Blowing Agent Phase-out Schedule 8.4 Insulation Fundamentals 8.5 Trends in Rigid Foams Technology Chapter 9 Polyurethane Elastomers: Markets, Applications, Markets and Trends 9.1 Regional Market Dynamics 9.2 Applications 9.21 Footwear 9.211 Trends in Footwear Applications 9.22 Non-footwear Elastomer Applications and Methods of Manufacture 9.221 Cast Elastomers 9.222 Thermoplastic polyurethanes 9.223 RIM Elastomers 9.224 Polyurethane Elastomer Fibers 9.3 Trends in Polyurethane Elastomers Chapter 10 Polyurethane Adhesives and Coatings: Manufacture, Applications, Markets and Trends 10.1 Adhesives and Coatings Industries: Similarities and Differences 10.2 Adhesives 10.2.1 Adhesive Formulations 10.2.1.1 1-Part Adhesives 10.2.1.2 Hot-melt adhesives 10.2.1.2.1 Non-reactive hot-melt adhesive 10.2.1.2.2 Reactive hot-melt adhesive 10.2.1.3 Water borne polyurethane adhesives 10.3 Trends in Polyurethane Adhesives 10.3 Coatings 10.3.1 Polyurethane coating formulations 10.3.1.1 2-part solvent borne coating 10.3.1.2 Water-borne coatings 10.3.1.3 Water-borne hybrids 10.3.1.4 UV cured water-borne dispersions for coatings 10.3.1.5 Polyurethane Powder Coatings 10.3.2 Trends in Polyurethane Coatings Chapter 11 Special Topics: Medical Uses of Polyurethane 11.1 Markets and Participants 11.2 Technology 11.2.1 Catheters 11.2.2 Wound dressings 11.2.3 Bioabsorbable polyurethanes. 11.2.4 Hydrogels 11.2.5 Gloves and Condoms 11.3 Future Trends Chapter 12 Special Topic: Non-isocyanate Routes to Polyurethanes 12.1 Governmental Regulation of Isocyanates 12.2 Non-isocyanate routes to polyurethanes 12.2.1 Reactions of polycyclic carbonates with polyamines 12.2.2 Direct transformations of amines to urethanes 12.2.3 Reactions of polycarbamates 12.2.4 Conversion of hydroxamic acids to polyurethane 12.2.5 Conversion of hydroxylamines to polyurethanes Chapter 13 Polyurethane hybrid polymers 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Polyurethane-acrylate hybrids 13.3 Polyurethane-epoxy hybrids 13.4 Polyurethane-silicone hybrids 13.4.1 Silicone modified prepolymers 13.4.2 Urethane/silicone hybrids produced using diblock compatabilizers 13.4.3 Hybrids employing covalent and hydrogen bonded crosslinks 13.4.4 Polyurethane hybridization with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquixanes (POSS) 13.5 Polyurethane- polyolefin hybrids 13.6 Hybridization via transurethanification Chapter 14. Recycling of polyurethanes 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Glycolysis/Hydrolysis/Aminolysis/Acidolysis 14.3 Pyrolysis 14.4 Recycle for fuel value 14.5 Regrinding and incorporation Index