Introducing Philosophy

*=NEW TO THIS EDITION ; INTRODUCTION ; A. SOCRATES ; Aristophanes, from The Clouds ; Plato, from The Apology; from The Crito; from The Phaedo; from The Republic ; B. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? ; Plato, from The Apology ; Karl Jaspers, from "The 'Axial Period'" ; Laozi, from Dao De Jing ; C. A MODERN APPROACH TO PHILOSOPHY ; Rene Descartes, from Discourse on Method ; D. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC ; Key Terms ; Bibliography and Further Reading ; PART ONE. THE WORLD AND BEYOND ; CHAPTER 1. REALITY ; A. "THE WAY THE WORLD REALLY IS" ; Aristotle, from Metaphysics ; B. THE FIRST GREEK PHILOSOPHERS ; Parmenides, from Fragments ; C. ULTIMATE REALITY IN THE EAST: INDIA, PERSIA, AND CHINA ; From Upanishads ; From Zend-Avesta ; From The Confucian Analects ; Laozi, from Dao De Jing ; Buddha, from "Fire-Sermon" ; D. TWO KINDS OF METAPHYSICS: PLATO AND ARISTOTLE ; Plato, from The Symposium; from The Republic; from The Meno ; Aristotle, from Metaphysics; from Physics; from Metaphysics ; E. MODERN METAPHYSICS ; Rene Descartes, On Substance; from "Meditation VI" ; Benedictus de Spinoza, from Ethics ; Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, from Monadology ; * David Lewis, From Counterfactuals ; Martin Heidegger, from "The Fundamental Question of Metaphysics" ; CHAPTER 2. RELIGION ; A. WHAT IS RELIGION? ; John Wisdom, from "Gods" ; Albert Einstein, On the Design of the Universe ; Keiji Nishitani, from "What Is Religion?" ; B. THE WESTERN RELIGIONS ; C. PROVING GOD: THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT ; St. Anselm, On The Ontological Argument ; Rene Descartes, On the Ontological Argument ; Immanuel Kant, Against the Ontological Argument ; D. GOD AS CREATOR: INTELLIGENCE AND DESIGN ; St. Thomas Aquinas, Five Arguments for the Existence of God ; William Paley, From "The Watch and the Watchmaker" ; St. Thomas Aquinas, On the "Fifth Way" ; David Hume, from Dialogues on Natural Religion ; * Cory Juhl, On the Fine-Tuning Argument ; E. RELIGION, MORALITY, AND EVIL ; Immanuel Kant, On God and Morality ; William James, from "The Will to Believe" ; Blaise Pascal, "The Wager" ; St. Augustine, from Confessions ; From The Bhagavadgita ; F. BEYOND REASON: FAITH AND IRRATIONALITY ; Mohammad al-Ghazali, from The Deliverance from Error ; Soren Kierkegaard, On Subjective Truth ; Paul Tillich, On the Ultimate Concern ; G. DOUBTS ABOUT GOD AND RELIGION ; Fyodor Dostoyevsky, from The Brothers Karamazov ; Karl Marx, from Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right ; Friedrich Nietzsche, from Beyond Good and Evil; from The Antichrist; from The Gay Science ; Sigmund Freud, from The Future of an Illusion ; * Mary Daly, "Wanted: God or Goddess?" ; * Victor A. Gunasekara, "The Buddhist Attitude to God" ; CHAPTER 3. KNOWLEDGE ; Bertrand Russell, from The Problems of Philosophy ; * Plato, from The Republic ; Plato, from Theatetus ; A. THE RATIONALIST'S CONFIDENCE: DESCARTES ; Rene Descartes, from "Meditation I"; from "Meditation II"; from "Meditation VI" ; B. INNATE IDEAS CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING: JOHN LOCKE ; John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ; Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, from New Essays on Human Understanding ; C. TWO EMPIRICIST THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE ; John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ; Bishop George Berkeley, from Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge ; D. THE CONGENIAL SKEPTIC: DAVID HUME ; David Hume, from A Treatise of Human Nature; from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding ; * E. A CONTEMPORARY CONUNDRUM: KNOWLEDGE AS JUSTIFIED TRUE BELIEF ; CHAPTER 4.TRUTH & RELATIVISM ; A.WHAT IS TRUTH? ; B.THEORIES OF TRUTH ; * Brand Blanshard, from The Nature of Thought ; * Charles Peirce, from "How to Make Our Ideas Clear" ; * William James, from Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. ; * Alfred Tarski, from "The Semantic Theory of Truth" ; C. KANT'S REVOLUTION ; Immanuel Kant, from The Critique of Pure Reason; from Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics ; D. THE BATTLE IN EUROPE AFTER KANT: RELATIVISM AND ABSOLUTISM ; G. W. F. Hegel, from The Phenomenology of Spirit; from Reason in History ; Arthur Schopenhauer, from The World as Will and Representation ; Friedrich Nietzsche, On Truth ; E. PHENOMENOLOGY ; Edmund Husserl, from "Philosophy as Rigorous Science"; from The 1929 Paris Lectures ; F. HERMENEUTICS AND PRAGMATISM: RELATIVISM RECONSIDERED ; Richard Rorty, from "Solidarity or Objectivity?" ; Isamu Nagami, from "Cultural Gaps: Why Do We Misunderstand?" ; G. THE ANALYTIC TURN ; Bertrand Russell, from The Problems of Philosophy ; W. V. O. Quine, from "Epistemology Naturalized" ; H. FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGY ; Elizabeth Grosz, On Feminist Knowledge ; Uma Narayan, On Feminist Epistemology ; PART TWO. KNOW THYSELF ; CHAPTER 5. MIND AND BODY ; A. WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? ; Rene Descartes, from "Meditation VI"; from "Meditation III"; from "Meditation VI" ; B. THE PROBLEM OF DUALISM ; Rene Descartes, from "The Passions of the Soul" ; C. THE REJECTION OF DUALISM ; Gilbert Ryle, from The Concept of Mind ; J. J. C. Smart, from "Sensations and Brain Processes" ; Jerome Shaffer, Against the Identity Theory ; Paul M. Churchland, On Eliminative Materialism ; David Braddon-Mitchell and Frank Jackson, from Philosophy of Mind and Cognition ; John R. Searle, from "The Myth of the Computer"; from Minds, Brains, and Science ; D. THE PROBLEM OF CONSCIOUSNESS ; Sigmund Freud, On the "Unconscious" ; Thomas Nagel, from Mortal Questions ; Aristotle, from De Anima ; Galen Strawson, On "Cognitive Experience" ; * Elizabeth V. Spelman, from "Woman as Body: Ancient and Contemporary Views" ; CHAPTER 6. SELF ; A. CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE SELF: FROM DESCARTES TO KANT ; Rene Descartes, from "Meditation VI" ; John Locke, On Personal Identity ; David Hume, On "There Is No Self" ; Immanuel Kant, Against the Soul ; Meredith Michaels, On "Personal Identity" ; * Derek Parfit, from Reasons and Persons ; B. EXISTENTIALISM: SELF-IDENTITY AND THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CHOICE ; Jean-Paul Sartre, On Existentialism; * On Bad Faith; from No Exit ; C. THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE COMMUNITY ; Soren Kierkegaard, On "The Public"; On Self and Passion ; Martin Heidegger, On "Dasein" and the "They" ; David Reisman, On Individualism ; Malcolm X, On Being "African"; from "At the Audubon" ; Sherry Ortner, from "Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?" ; Ann Ferguson, On Androgyny ; * Dierdre McClosky, from Crossing ; D. ONE SELF? ANY SELF? QUESTIONING THE CONCEPT OF PERSONAL "ESSENCE" ; Hermann Hesse, from Steppenwolf ; Luce Irigaray, from This Sex Which Is Not One ; Genevieve Lloyd, from "The Man of Reason" ; From The Dhammapada ; Laozi, from Dao De Jing ; CHAPTER 7. FREEDOM ; A. FATALISM AND KARMA ; Sophocles, from Oedipus the King ; Keiji Nishitani, On Fate ; B. PREDESTINATION ; St. Augustine, from On Free Choice of the Will ; Muhammad Iqbal, from The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam ; Jacqueline Trimier, on the Yoruba Ori ; Jonathan Edwards, from "Freedom of the Will" ; C. DETERMINISM ; Baron Paul Henri d'Holbach, from System of Nature ; Daniel Dennett, from Elbow Room ; Robert Kane, On Indeterminism ; John Stuart Mill, On Causation and Necessity ; David Hume, On Causation and Character ; Robert Kane, On "Wiggle Room" ; Harry Frankfurt, from "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person" ; D. COMPULSION AND IGNORANCE ; Aristotle, On Voluntary Action ; Judith Orr, "Sex, Ignorance, and Freedom" ; John Hospers, from "What Means This Freedom?" ; B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom ; B. F. Skinner, from Walden Two ; Robert Kane, Beyond Skinner ; Anthony Burgess, from A Clockwork Orange ; Catherine MacKinnon, On Coercion of Women's Sexuality ; E. FREEDOM IN PRACTICE: KANT'S SOLUTION ; F. RADICAL FREEDOM: EXISTENTIALISM ; Jean-Paul Sartre, On "Absolute Freedom" ; Fyodor Dostoyevsky, from "The Most Advantageous Advantage" ; Thich Nhat Hanh, from "Turning on the Television" ; PART THREE. THE GOOD AND THE RIGHT ; CHAPTER 8. ETHICS ; A. MORALITY ; B. IS MORALITY RELATIVE? ; Gilbert Harman, from "Moral Relativism Defended" ; St. Thomas Aquinas, from The Summa Theologica ; John Corvino, from Same Sex: Debating the Ethics, Science, and Culture of Homosexuality ; C. EGOISM AND ALTRUISM ; Plato, from The Republic ; * Tara Smith, On the Necessity of Egoism (Ayn Rand) ; D. ARE WE NATURALLY SELFISH? A DEBATE ; Mencius, On Human Nature: Man Is Good ; Xunzi, from "Human Nature Is Evil" ; Joseph Butler, Against Egoism ; E. MORALITY AS VIRTUE: ARISTOTLE ; Aristotle, from The Nicomachean Ethics ; F. MORALITY AND SENTIMENT: HUME AND ROUSSEAU ; David Hume, On "Reason as Slave of the Passions" ; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, from Emile ; G. MORALITY AND PRACTICAL REASON: KANT ; Immanuel Kant, from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals ; H. UTILITARIANISM ; Jeremy Bentham, from An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation ; John Stuart Mill, from Utilitarianism ; I. THE CREATION OF MORALITY: NIETZSCHE AND EXISTENTIALISM ; Friedrich Nietzsche, On "Morality as Herd-Instinct"; On "Master and Slave Morality" ; Jean-Paul Sartre, from Existentialism as a Humanism ; * Simone de Beauvoir, from The Ethics of Ambiguity ; J. ETHICS AND GENDER ; VIRGINIA HELD, ON FEMINIST ETHICS ; CHAPTER 9. JUSTICE ; A. THE PROBLEM OF JUSTICE ; B. TWO ANCIENT THEORIES OF JUSTICE: PLATO AND ARISTOTLE ; Plato, from The Republic ; Aristotle, from The Nicomachean Ethics ; C. TWO MODERN THEORIES OF JUSTICE: HUME AND MILL ON UTILITY AND RIGHTS ; David Hume, on "Justice and Utility" ; John Stuart Mill, from Utilitarianism ; D. THE SOCIAL CONTRACT ; Thomas Hobbes, from Leviathan ; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, from The Social Contract ; Thomas Jefferson et al., from The Declaration of Independence ; E. FAIRNESS AND ENTITLEMENT ; John Rawls, from "Justice as Fairness" ; Robert Nozick, from Anarchy, State, and Utopia ; F. JUSTICE OR CARE: A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE ; Cheshire Calhoun, from "Justice, Care, Gender Bias" ; * Maria Lugones, from "Playfulness, World-Traveling, and Loving Perception" ; G. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOM ; John Locke, from The Second Treatise on Government; from On Liberty ; Malcolm X, On Civil and Human Rights ; Amartya Sen, from "Property and Hunger" ; H. FIGHTING FOR RIGHTS AND JUSTICE: CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE ; Henry David Thoreau, from "Resistance to Civil Government" ("Civil Disobedience") ; Martin Luther King, Jr., from "Letter from Birmingham Jail"