An Introduction to Physical Sciences: Student Text

Note: Each chapter concludes with Key Terms, Matching Questions, Multiple-Choice Questions, Fill-in-the-Blank Questions, Short-Answer Questions, Visual Connection, Applying Your Knowledge, Important Equation(s), Exercises, Answers to Confidence Exercises, and On the Web. 1. Measurement 1.1 The Physical Sciences 1.2 Scientific Investigation 1.3 The Senses Highlight: The "Face" on Mars 1.4 Standard Units and Systems of Units A Spotlight On: Fundamental Quantities 1.5 More on the Metric System 1.6 Derived Units and Conversion Factors Highlight: Is Unit Conversion Important? It Sure Is. 1.7 Significant Figures 2. Motion 2.1 Defining Motion 2.2 Speed and Velocity 2.3 Acceleration Highlight: Galileo and the Leaning Tower of Pisa 2.4 Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion 2.5 Projectile Motion 3. Force and Motion 3.1 Force and Net Force 3.2 Newton's First Law of Motion 3.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion 3.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion 3.5 Newton's Law of Gravitation Highlight: The Automobile and Martian Air Bags 3.6 Buoyancy A Spotlight On: Newton's Laws of Motion 3.7 Momentum 4. Work and Energy 4.1 Work 4.2 Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy 4.3 Conservation of Energy 4.4 Power 4.5 Forms of Energy and Consumption Highlight: Ice That Burns 4.6 Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources Highlight: Hybrids and Hydrogen 5. Temperature and Heat 5.1 Temperature 5.2 Heat Highlight: Freezing from the Top Down and Ice Skating 5.3 Specific Heat and Latent Heat 5.4 Heat Transfer 5.5 Phases of Matter 5.6 The Kinetic Theory of Gases Highlight: Hot Gases: Aerosol Cans and Popcorn 5.7 Thermodynamics 6. Waves 6.1 Waves and Energy Propagation 6.2 Wave Properties 6.3 Electromagnetic Waves 6.4 Sound Waves Highlight: Noise Exposure Limits 6.5 The Doppler Effect 6.6 Standing Waves and Resonance 7. Optics and Wave Effects 7.1 Reflection 7.2 Refraction and Dispersion Highlight: The Rainbow: Dispersion and Internal Reflection 7.3 Spherical Mirrors 7.4 Lenses 7.5 Polarization 7.6 Diffraction and Interference Highlight: Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) 8. Electricity and Magnetism 8.1 Electric Charge and Electric Force 8.2 Current,Voltage, and Electrical Power Highlight: Photocopiers 8.3 Simple Electric Circuits and Electrical Safety 8.4 Magnetism Highlight: Electrical Safety Highlight: Magnetic North Pole 8.5 Electromagnetism 9. Atomic Physics 9.1 Early Concepts of the Atom 9.2 The Dual Nature of Light Highlight: Albert Einstein 9.3 Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 9.4 Microwave Ovens, X-Rays, and Lasers Highlight: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 9.5 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle 9.6 Matter Waves Highlight: Electron Microscopes 9.7 The Electron Cloud Model of the Atom A Spotlight On: The Changing Model of the Atom 10. Nuclear Physics 10.1 Symbols of the Elements 10.2 The Atomic Nucleus 10.3 Radioactivity and Half-Life Highlight: The Discovery of Radioactivity 10.4 Nuclear Reactions 10.5 Nuclear Fission 10.6 Nuclear Fusion Highlight: The Origins of the Atomic Bomb 10.7 Hazardous Effects of Radiation Highlight: Nuclear Power and Waste Disposal 11. The Chemical Elements 11.1 Classification of Matter 11.2 Discovery of the Elements Highlight: Berzeliuz (the man), and Selenium and Silicon (the elements) 11.3 Occurrence of the Elements 11.4 The Periodic Table 11.5 Naming Compounds 11.6 Groups of Elements A Spotlight On: Naming Compounds 12. Chemical Bonding 12.1 Law of Conservation of Mass Highlight: Lavoisier, "The Father of Chemistry" 12.2 Law of Definite Proportions 12.3 Dalton's Atomic Theory 12.4 Ionic Bonding Highlight: Automatic Sunglasses 12.5 Covalent Bonding 12.6 Hydrogen Bonding 13. Chemical Reactions 13.1 Balancing Chemical Equations 13.2 Energy and Rate of Reaction Highlight: The Chemistry of Air Bags 13.3 Acids and Bases Highlight: The Chemistry of Tooth Decay 13.4 Single-Replacement Reactions A Spotlight On: Reaction Types 13.5 Avogadro's Number 14. Organic Chemistry 14.1 Bonding in Organic Compounds 14.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 14.3 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Highlight: Tanning in the Shade A Spotlight On: Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives 14.4 Derivatives of Hydrocarbons Highlight: Veggie Gasoline? 14.5 Synthetic Polymers 15. Place and Time 15.1 Cartesian Coordinates 15.2 Latitude and Longitude Highlight: Global Positioning System (GPS) 15.3 Time 15.4 Determining Latitude and Longitude Highlight: Daylight Saving Time 15.5 The Seasons and the Calendar 15.6 Precession of the Earth's Axis Highlight: A Brief History of the Calendar A Spotlight On: Place and Time 16. The Solar System 16.1 The Solar System and Planetary Motion 16.2 Major Planet Classifications and Orbits 16.3 The Planet Earth--Third Planet from the Sun 16.4 The Terrestrial Planets 16.5 The Jovian Planets A Spotlight On: The Terrestrial Planets Highlight: Solar System Exploration: Gravity Assists A Spotlight On: The Jovian Planets 16.6 The Dwarf Planets A Spotlight On: The Dwarf Planets 16.7 The Origin of the Solar System 16.8 Other Planetary Systems 17. Moons and Other Solar System Objects 17.1 Features of the Earth's Moon 17.2 Lunar Motion Effects: Phases, Eclipses, and Tides Highlight: Seeing Only One Side of the Moon 17.3 Moons of the Terrestrial Planets A Spotlight On: The Earth's Moon 17.4 Moons of the Jovian Planets 17.5 Moons of the Dward Planets 17.6 Small Solar System Bodies:Asteroids,Meteoroids,Comets, and Interplanetary Dust Highlight: Risks from Asteroids--The Torino Scale 18. The Universe 18.1 The Celestial Sphere 18.2 The Sun: Our Closest Star 18.3 Classifying Stars Highlight: Determining Astronomical Distances 18.4 The Life Cycle of Low-Mass Stars 18.5 The Life Cycle of High-Mass Stars 18.6 Galaxies 18.7 Cosmology Highlight: The Age of the Universe 19. The Atmosphere 19.1 Composition and Structure 19.2 Atmospheric Energy Content Highlight: Blue Skies and Red Sunsets Highlight: The Greenhouse Effect 19.3 Atmospheric Measurements and Observations 19.4 Air Motion 19.5 Clouds A Spotlight On: Cloud Families and Types 20. Atmospheric Effects 20.1 Condensation and Precipitation 20.2 Air Masses 20.3 Storms Highlight: Wind Chill Temperature Index 20.4 Atmospheric Pollution Highlight: Naming Hurricanes and That Was the Year That Was (2005) 20.5 Climate and Pollution Highlight: The Ozone Hole and Global Warming 21. Structural Geology and Plate Tectonics 21.1 The Earth's Interior Structure 21.2 Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading 21.3 Plate Tectonics A Spotlight On: Plate Boundaries Highlight: Crustal Motion on Other Planets and Moons 21.4 Plate Motion and Volcanoes 21.5 Earthquakes Highlight: Earthquake Risk in North America 21.6 Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building Highlight: Deadly Tsunamis 22. Minerals, Rocks, and Volcanoes 22.1 Minerals 22.2 Rocks 22.3 Igneous Rocks A Spotlight On: The Rock Cycle 22.4 Igneous Activity and Volcanoes Highlight: Making Gold in an Active Volcano 22.5 Sedimentary Rocks 22.6 Metamorphic Rocks 23. Surface Processes 23.1 Weathering 23.2 Erosion A Spotlight On: Weathering 23.3 Groundwater Highlight: Earth's Largest Crystals 23.4 Shoreline and Seafloor Topography Highlight: The Highest Tides in the World 24. Geologic Time 24.1 Fossils Highlight: How Fossils Form 24.2 Relative Geologic Time 24.3 Radiometric Dating 24.4 The Age of the Earth 24.5 The Geologic Time Scale A Spotlight On: The Geologic Time Scale Highlight: The K-T Event: The Disappearance of the Dinosaurs Appendixes I.The Seven Base Units of the International System of Units (SI) II. Solving Mathematical Problems in Science III. Equation Rearrangement IV. Analysis of Units V. Positive and Negative Numbers VI. Powers-of-10 Notation VII. Significant Figures VIII. Psychrometric Tables IX. Seasonal Star Charts Glossary Photo Credits Index