An Introduction to Physical Science

Note: Each chapter concludes with Key Terms, Matching Questions, Multiple-Choice Questions, Fill-in-the-Blank Questions, Short-Answer Questions, Visual Connection, Applying Your Knowledge, Important Equation(s), Exercises, Answers to Confidence Exercises, and On the Web. 1. MEASUREMENT. The Physical Sciences. Scientific Investigation. The Senses. Highlight: The Face on Mars. Standard Units and Systems of Units. A Spotlight On: Fundamental Quantities. More on the Metric System. Derived Units and Conversion Factors. Highlight: Is Unit Conversion Important? It Sure Is. Significant Figures. 2. MOTION. Defining Motion. Speed and Velocity. Acceleration. Highlight: Galileo and the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion. Projectile Motion. 3. FORCE AND MOTION. Force and Net Force. Newton's First Law of Motion. Newton's Second Law of Motion. Newton's Third Law of Motion. Newton's Law of Gravitation. Highlight: The Automobile and Martian Air Bags. Buoyancy. A Spotlight On: Newton's Laws of Motion. Momentum. 4. WORK AND ENERGY. Work. Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy. Conservation of Energy. Power. Forms of Energy and Consumption. Highlight: Ice That Burns. Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources. Highlight: Hybrids and Hydrogen. 5. TEMPERATURE AND HEAT. Temperature. Heat. Highlight: Freezing from the Top Down and Ice Skating. Specific Heat and Latent Heat. Heat Transfer. Phases of Matter. The Kinetic Theory of Gases. Highlight: Hot Gases: Aerosol Cans and Popcorn. Thermodynamics. 6. WAVES. Waves and Energy Propagation. Wave Properties. Electromagnetic Waves. Sound Waves. Highlight: Noise Exposure Limits. The Doppler Effect. Standing Waves and Resonance. 7. OPTICS AND WAVE EFFECTS. Reflection. Refraction and Dispersion. Highlight: The Rainbow: Dispersion and Internal Reflection. Spherical Mirrors. Lenses. Polarization. Diffraction and Interference. Highlight: Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs). 8. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. Electric Charge and Electric Force. Current, Voltage, and Electrical Power. Highlight: Photocopiers. Simple Electric Circuits and Electrical Safety. Magnetism. Highlight: Electrical Safety. Highlight: Magnetic North Pole. Electromagnetism. 9. ATOMIC PHYSICS. Early Concepts of the Atom. The Dual Nature of Light. Highlight: Albert Einstein. Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom. Microwave Ovens, X-Rays, and Lasers. Highlight: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. Matter Waves. Highlight: Electron Microscopes. The Electron Cloud Model of the Atom. A Spotlight On: The Changing Model of the Atom. 10. NUCLEAR PHYSICS. Symbols of the Elements. The Atomic Nucleus. Radioactivity and Half-Life. Highlight: The Discovery of Radioactivity. Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Fission. Nuclear Fusion. Highlight: The Origins of the Atomic Bomb. Hazardous Effects of Radiation. Highlight: Nuclear Power and Waste Disposal. 11. THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. Classification of Matter. Discovery of the Elements. Highlight: Berzeliuz (the man), and Selenium and Silicon (the elements). Occurrence of the Elements. The Periodic Table. Naming Compounds. Groups of Elements. A Spotlight On: Naming Compounds. 12. CHEMICAL BONDING. Law of Conservation of Mass. Highlight: Lavoisier, The Father of Chemistry. Law of Definite Proportions. Dalton's Atomic Theory. Ionic Bonding. Highlight: Automatic Sunglasses. Covalent Bonding. Hydrogen Bonding. 13. CHEMICAL REACTIONS. Balancing Chemical Equations. Energy and Rate of Reaction. Highlight: The Chemistry of Air Bags. Acids and Bases. Highlight: The Chemistry of Tooth Decay. Single-Replacement Reactions. A Spotlight On: Reaction Types. Avogadro's Number. 14. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Bonding in Organic Compounds. Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. Highlight: Tanning in the Shade. A Spotlight On: Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives. Derivatives of Hydrocarbons. Highlight: Veggie Gasoline? Synthetic Polymers. 15. PLACE AND TIME. Cartesian Coordinates. Latitude and Longitude. Highlight: Global Positioning System (GPS). Time. Determining Latitude and Longitude. Highlight: Daylight Saving Time. The Seasons and the Calendar. Precession of the Earth's Axis. Highlight: A Brief History of the Calendar. A Spotlight On: Place and Time. 16. THE SOLAR SYSTEM. The Solar System and Planetary Motion. Major Planet Classifications and Orbits. The Planet Earth - Third Planet from the Sun. The Terrestrial Planets. The Jovian Planets. A Spotlight On: The Terrestrial Planets. Highlight: Solar System Exploration: Gravity Assists. A Spotlight On: The Jovian Planets. The Dwarf Planets. A Spotlight On: The Dwarf Planets. The Origin of the Solar System. Other Planetary Systems. 17. MOONS AND OTHER SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS. Features of the Earth's Moon. Lunar Motion Effects: Phases, Eclipses, and Tides. Highlight: Seeing Only One Side of the Moon. Moons of the Terrestrial Planets. A Spotlight On: The Earth's Moon. Moons of the Jovian Planets. Moons of the Dward Planets. Small Solar System Bodies: Asteroids, Meteoroids, Comets, and Interplanetary Dust. Highlight: Risks from Asteroids - The Torino Scale. 18. THE UNIVERSE. The Celestial Sphere. The Sun: Our Closest Star. Classifying Stars. Highlight: Determining Astronomical Distances. The Life Cycle of Low-Mass Stars. The Life Cycle of High-Mass Stars. Galaxies. Cosmology. Highlight: The Age of the Universe. 19. THE ATMOSPHERE. Composition and Structure. Atmospheric Energy Content. Highlight: Blue Skies and Red Sunsets. Highlight: The Greenhouse Effect. Atmospheric Measurements and Observations. Air Motion. Clouds. A Spotlight On: Cloud Families and Types. 20. ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS. Condensation and Precipitation. Air Masses. Storms. Highlight: Wind Chill Temperature Index. Atmospheric Pollution. Highlight: Naming Hurricanes and That Was the Year That Was (2005). Climate and Pollution. Highlight: The Ozone Hole and Global Warming. 21. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND PLATE TECTONICS. The Earth's Interior Structure. Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading. Plate Tectonics. A Spotlight On: Plate Boundaries. Highlight: Crustal Motion on Other Planets and Moons. Plate Motion and Volcanoes. Earthquakes. Highlight: Earthquake Risk in North America. Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building. Highlight: Deadly Tsunamis. 22. MINERALS, ROCKS, AND VOLCANOES. Minerals. Rocks. Igneous Rocks. A Spotlight On: The Rock Cycle. Igneous Activity and Volcanoes. Highlight: Making Gold in an Active Volcano. Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks. 23. SURFACE PROCESSES. Weathering. Erosion. A Spotlight On: Weathering. Groundwater. Highlight: Earth's Largest Crystals. Shoreline and Seafloor Topography. Highlight: The Highest Tides in the World. 24. GEOLOGIC TIME. Fossils. Highlight: How Fossils Form. Relative Geologic Time. Radiometric Dating. The Age of the Earth. The Geologic Time Scale. A Spotlight On: The Geologic Time Scale. Highlight: The K-T Event: The Disappearance of the Dinosaurs. Appendixes. I.The Seven Base Units of the International System of Units (SI). II. Solving Mathematical Problems in Science. III. Equation Rearrangement. IV. Analysis of Units. V. Positive and Negative Numbers. VI. Powers-of-10 Notation. VII. Significant Figures. VIII. Psychrometric Tables. IX. Seasonal Star Charts. Glossary. Photo Credits. Index.