Cardiac Mapping

About the Companion Website and Companion Digital Edition xii List of Videos xiii List of Contributors xvi Editors of Previous Editions xxxiv Preface to the Fifth Edition xxxv Preface to the First Edition xxxvi Foreword by Douglas P. Zipes and A. John Camm xxxvii Part I Fundamentals of Cardiac Mapping 1 History of Cardiac Mapping 1 Stephan Zellerhoff, Lars Eckardt, and Gunter Breithardt 2 Embryology, Anatomy, and Pathology of Ventricular Outflow Tracts Related to Cardiac Mapping and Arrhythmias 7 Bastiaan J.D. Boukens, Cristina Basso, Federico Migliore, Stefania Rizzo, and Gaetano Thiene 3 Arrhythmogenic Venous Extremity of the Cardiac Tube 29 Marco Galeazzi 4 The Impact of Embryology and Anatomy on Cardiac Electrophysiology 37 Maxim Didenko and Fred Kusumoto 5 Cardiac Morphology Relevant to Mapping 46 Niyada Naksuk, Vaibhav R. Vaidya, Nirusha Lachman, and Samuel J. Asirvatham 6 Anatomy of the Outflow Tract Region: Relevance to Arrhythmias and Catheter Ablation 61 Andres Enriquez, Jason Bradfield, Kalyanam Shivkumar, and Fermin C. Garcia 7 Fundamentals of Cardiac Mapping 70 Fu Siong Ng, Caroline Roney, Chris D. Cantwell, and Nicholas S. Peters 8 Troubleshooting to Avoid Failed Ablation 84 Krishna Kancharla, Suraj Kapa, and Samuel J. Asirvatham Part II Imaging Technologies in Cardiac Mapping and Ablation 9 Intracardiac Echocardiography 95 Pasquale Santangeli, Mathew D. Hutchinson, and David J. Callans 10 Role of Cardiac Computed Tomography Imaging to Guide Catheter Ablation of Arrhythmias in Complex Cardiac Morphologies 104 Farhood Saremi 11 Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Relation to Arrhythmias in Different Cardiomyopathies 123 John Duell and Timm Dickfeld 12 Multimodal Imaging for Cardiac Mapping 136 Donald D. Hegland, Kevin P. Jackson, and James P. Daubert 13 Light and the Heart: Cardiac Optogenetics 152 Naim Shaheen, Amit Gruber, and Lior Gepstein 14 Cardiac Mapping and Imaging in Patient Selection for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: How to Identify Super-responders, Responders, and Non-responders 170 Bettina Kirstein and Christopher Piorkowski Part III Advances in Technology 15 Towards Non-invasive Mapping and Imaging of Cardiac Arrhythmias 180 Edgard A. Prihadi, Victoria Delgado, and Jeroen J. Bax 16 New High-Density and Automated Mapping Systems 197 Albert Y. Sun, Jonathan P. Piccini, and James P. Daubert 17 Non-invasive Body Surface Potential Mapping of Reentrant Drivers in Human Atrial Fibrillation 211 Ruairidh Martin, Meleze Hocini, Remi Dubois, Nicholas Derval, Pierre Jais, and Michel Haissaguerre 18 Electrophysiology of Heart Failure: Non-invasive Mapping of Substrate and Guidance of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy with Electrocardiographic Imaging 220 Yoram Rudy 19 Contact Mapping and Ablation of Complex Cardiac Arrhythmias 236 Sanjiv M. Narayan, Junaid A.B. Zaman, Chad Brodt, Fatemah Shenasa, Tina Baykaner, and Wouter-Jan Rappel 20 Advances in Atrial Fibrillation Ablation 252 Atul Verma and Mohammad Shenasa 21 Integration of Contact Force into Mapping and Ablation Systems: Does It Improve the Results? 289 Waqas Ullah and Richard Schilling 22 Advances in Molecular Imaging Relevant to Arrhythmias 300 Arnold F. Jacobson and Jagat Narula Part IV Mapping in Experimental Models of Cardiac Arrhythmias 23 Optical Mapping of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca^2+ and Transmembrane Potential in the Intact Heart: Insights into Ca^2+-mediated Arrhythmias 313 Lianguo Wang and Crystal M. Ripplinger 24 Electrophysiological Substrates for Gender Difference in the Incidence of Torsades de Pointes Arrhythmias 321 Nabil El-Sherif , Herman D. Himel, Yuan Yue, Mohamed Boutjdir , and Mark Restivo 25 Rotors in Animal Models of Atrial Fibrillation 330 Omer Berenfeld, David Filgueiras-Rama, and Makarand Deo 26 Atrial Fibrillation from a Unipolar, High-resolution Perspective 343 Natasja M.S. de Groot, Maurits A. Allessie, Lisette J.M.E. van der Does, and Ad J.J.C. Bogers 27 Mechanisms Underlying Arrhythmogenesis in the J-wave Syndromes 351 Eleonora Savio-Galimberti, Mariana Argenziano, and Charles Antzelevitch 28 Relationship Between Cardiac Alternans, Calcium Cycling, and Ventricular Arrhythmias 364 James N. Weiss and Zhilin Qu 29 Fibrosis and Arrhythmogenesis 375 Andre G. Kleber and Michiel J. Janse 30 Triggered Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias Initiated by Enhanced Late Inward Na and Ca Currents: Novel Therapeutic Targets 383 Hrayr S. Karagueuzian 31 Experimental VT: A New Porcine Model of Infarct-related Reentrant VT 398 Elad Anter, Andrew L. Wit, and Mark E. Josephson 32 Experimental Mapping of Ventricular Arrhythmias: Intramural Pathways and Substrate 408 Nigel A. Lever, Ian J. LeGrice, Darren A. Hooks, Mark L. Trew , Bryan J. Caldwell, and Bruce H. Smaill 33 The Molecular Basis of Long QT Type 2 (LQT2)-related Arrhythmias: How Sex Modifies the Risk of Torsades de Pointes 422 Jan Nmec, Jong J. Kim, and Guy Salama 34 Optical Mapping of Arrhythmogenic Remodeling in the Failing Human Heart 431 Fu Siong Ng, Jaclyn A. Brennan, and Igor R. Efimov 35 Optical Mapping of Successful and Failed Defibrillation 448 Kedar K. Aras, Bastiaan J.D. Boukens, Crystal M. Ripplinger, Christopher R. Gloschat, and Igor R. Efimov 36 Atrial Patterns of Neurally Induced Repolarization Changes: Neuroablative Studies in Canines 464 Rene Cardinal and Pierre Page Part V Mapping and Imaging in Atrial Fibrillation, Flutter, and Atrial Tachycardias 37 Clinical Relevance of Functional Models of Atrial Reentry and Fibrillation 473 Stanley Nattel and Vincent Algalorrondo 38 Rotor Mapping in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation 482 Sanjiv M. Narayan, Tina Baykaner, Chad Brodt, Junaid A.B. Zaman, Christopher A.B. Kowalewski, David Vidmar, and Wouter-Jan Rappel 39 Rotor Mapping and Ablation in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation 496 Yenn-Jiang Lin, Men-Tzung Lo, Li-Wei Lo, Fa-Po Chung, and Shih-Ann Chen 40 Mapping and Ablation of Atrial Flutter and its Variants 506 Gregory K. Feld, Jonathan Hsu, Gautam Lalani, and Amir Schricker 41 Mapping and Ablation of Left Atrial Flutter and Tachycardia: New Observations 530 Philipp Sommer and Gerhard Hindricks 42 Mapping and Ablation of Atrial Tachycardia 538 Karoly Kaszala, Jayanthi Koneru, and Kenneth A. Ellenbogen 43 Image-based Risk Stratification for Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation 553 Jorge Romero, David Briceno, Carola Gianni, Sanghamitra Mohanty , Andrea Natale, Mario Garcia, and Luigi Di Biase 44 Revisiting Non-pulmonary Vein Triggers 565 Carola Gianni, Javier E. Sanchez, Amin Al-Ahmad, Rodney P. Horton, Patrick M. Hranitzky, J. David Burkhardt, Sanghamitra Mohanty, Chintan Trivedi, Luigi Di Biase, and Andrea Natale 45 Mechanisms of Antifibrillatory Agents for Atrial Fibrillation: Evidence Obtained from Experimental Models 580 Gerrit Frommeyer and Lars Eckardt 46 Stepwise Approach to Atrial Fibrillation Mapping and Ablation in Persistent and Long-standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Short- and Long-term Results 587 Julia Vogler, Boris A. Hoffmann, Daniel Steven, Christian Meyer, Benjamin Schaeffer, Doreen Schreiber, Arian Sultan, Thomas Rostock, and Stephan Willems 47 Mapping and Ablation of the Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System to Treat Atrial Fibrillation 594 Stavros Stavrakis, Paul Garabelli, Benjamin J. Scherlag, and Sunny S. Po 48 Remodeling in Atrial Fibrillation: Novel Mapping Studies 604 Thomas H. Everett IV and Jeffrey E. Olgin 49 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mapping of Atrial Fibrosis and Atrial Fibrillation 618 Leenhapong Navaravong and Nassir F. Marrouche 50 Fibrotic Atrial Cardiomyopathy: Implications for Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation 628 Hans Kottkamp, Andreas Rieger, Fabian Moser, and Christian Poenisch 51 Mapping and Ablation of the Left Atrial Appendage 635 Anthony J. Choi and Moussa Mansour 52 Electrogram-based Mapping and Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation 643 Ayman A. Hussein and Walid Saliba 53 Phase Mapping of Human Atrial Fibrillation 652 Mohammed Saeed, Omer Berenfeld, and Hakan Oral 54 Trials on Atrial Fibrillation Mapping and Ablation 660 Antonio Sorgente and Riccardo Cappato Part VI Mapping of Supraventricular Arrhythmias 55 Entrainment Mapping in Supraventricular Tachycardias 665 John M. Miller, Rahul Jain, Gopi Dandamudi, Seeongwook Han, and Thomas R. Kambur 56 The Problematic Postpacing Interval 678 John M. Miller, Rahul Jain, Gopi Dandamudi, Seeongwook Han, and Thomas R. Kambur 57 Mapping and Ablation of Typical and Atypical Accessory Pathways 689 James P. Daubert and Edward Sze 58 Preexcited Atrioventricular Junctional Reentrant Tachycardia: Electrophysiological Characteristics of the Reentrant Circuits 717 Mohammad-Reza Jazayeri and Mohammad-Ali Jazayeri 59 Mapping and Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia and its Variants: Current Understanding and Controversies 751 Demosthenes G. Katritsis and Mark E. Josephson 60 Electrical Stimulation Maneuvers to Differentiate Different Forms of Supraventricular Tachycardias 766 Kevin Ng, George J. Klein, Allan C. Skanes, Lorne J. Gula, Raymond Yee, Jaimie Manlucu, and Peter Leong-Sit 61 Mechanisms of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: What Do the Clinical Mapping Studies Teach Us? 780 Tomos E. Walters, Geoffrey Lee, and Jonathan M. Kalman 62 Imaging and Mapping of Arrhythmias in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 798 Mark S. Link, Christopher Phelan, Mohamed Aljaabari, and N. A. Mark Estes, III 63 Mapping and Ablation of Supraventricular Arrhythmias in Congenital Heart Disease 809 Paul Khairy 64 Cardiac Mapping and Imaging: Arrhythmias in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease 824 Sabine Ernst Part VII Mapping and Imaging of Ventricular Arrhythmias 65 Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Normal Hearts 833 David J. Callans, Fermin C. Garcia, and Pasquale Santangeli 66 The Combination of a Basket Catheter and EnSite(TM) Mapping System Improves Catheter Ablation of Right Ventricle Outflow Premature Ventricular Contraction 843 Takashi Tokano and Yuji Nakazato 67 Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias: Patients with Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy 854 Roy M. John and William G. Stevenson 68 Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease 864 Elizabeth DeWitt and Edward P. Walsh 69 Substrate Ablation for Ventricular Tachycardia in Structural Heart Disease 881 Jorge Romero, David Briceno, Carola Gianni , Sanghamitra Mohanty , J. David Burkhardt , Soo Kim, Amin Al-Ahmad, Andrea Natale , and Luigi Di Biase 70 Coronary Mapping and Ablation of Arrhythmias 894 Sercan Okutucu and Ali Oto 71 Endocardial Catheter Pace Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardias 901 Mithilesh K. Das, John M. Miller, Deepak Bhakta, Gopi Dandamudi, and Thomas R. Kambur 72 Resetting and Entrainment Phenomena: Application to Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardia 911 Mark E. Josephson, Jesus Almendral, Eduardo Castellanos, Teresa Barrio-Lopez, and Mercedes Ortiz 73 Mapping and Ablation of Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation 922 Ghassen Cheniti, Meleze Hocini, Nathaniel Thompson, Arnaud Denis, Josselin Duchateau, Ruairidh Martin, Masateru Takigawa, Antonio Frontera, Gregoire Massoullie, Konstantinos Vlachos, Takeshi Kitamura, Michael Wolf, Nicolas Derval, Frederic Sacher, Pierre Jais, Remi Dubois, and Michel Haissaguerre 74 Mapping and Ablation in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy: Epicardial and Endocardial Mapping and Long-Term Results 934 Fabrizio Assis and Harikrishna Tandri 75 Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Cardiac Sarcoidosis 947 Matthew M. Zipse, Wendy S. Tzou, and William H. Sauer 76 Cardiac Mapping and Imaging in Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias in Chagas Disease Undergoing Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia 960 Cristiano Faria Pisani, Mauricio Scanavacca, and Andre D'Avila 77 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with Different Cardiomyopathies (Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia, Amyloidosis, etc.) 970 Jonathan Chrispin and Saman Nazarian 78 Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias of Unusual Sites 978 Srikant Duggirala and Edward P. Gerstenfeld 79 Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Coronary Artery Disease 992 Tanyanan Tanawuttiwat and Joseph E. Marine 80 Epicardial Mapping in Different Ventricular Tachycardia Substrates: Technique and Instrumentation, Short- and Long-term Results 1007 Henry H. Hsia and Zhenning Nie 81 Usefulness of the 12-Lead ECG to Identify Epicardial Ventricular Substrate and Epicardial Ventricular Tachycardia Site of Origin 1028 Victor Bazan and Francis E. Marchlinski 82 Mapping and Imaging of Fascicular Ventricular Tachycardia 1050 Rakesh Latchamsetty and Frank Bogun 83 Scar-Related Ventricular Tachycardia Mapping and Ablation Using Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1062 Antonio Berruezo, Juan Fernandez-Armenta, Diego Penela, Juan Acosta, Josep Brugada, Lluis Mont , and Beatriz Jauregui Part VIII Future Directions and Technologies in Cardiac Mapping and Imaging of Cardiac Arrhythmias 84 Myocardial Elastography 1073 Elisa Konofagou 85 Electromechanical Wave Imaging 1083 Elisa Konofagou 86 Principles of Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Myocardium: Clinical Applications 1096 Mohammad Shenasa, Hossein Shenasa, and Javad Rahimian 87 Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tractography of the Heart 1113 Choukri Mekkaoui and David E. Sosnovik 88 Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cardiac Electrophysiology 1124 David E. Sosnovik 89 Real-Time MRI Mapping and Ablation 1132 Sebastian Hilbert, Philipp Sommer, Ingo Paetsch, Cosima Jahnke, and Gerhard Hindricks 90 Robotic Navigation for Atrial Fibrillation: Mapping and Ablation 1137 Jonathan S. Steinberg and Robert Altman 91 Mapping and Ablation in Patients with VT Storm: Role of Neuraxial Therapeutics 1140 Olujimi A. Ajijola, Kalyanam Shivkumar, and Marmar Vaseghi 92 Appropriateness of Mapping and Imaging Modalities in Interventional Electrophysiology 1152 Emily P. Zeitler and Sana M. Al-Khatib 93 How to Avoid Complications of Mapping and Ablation 1161 David E. Haines 94 Summary and Consensus of Guidelines for Cardiac Mapping and Ablation 1174 David Spragg and Hugh Calkins 95 A Roadmap to a Non-invasive Radiosurgical Approach to Ablate the Pulmonary Vein Antra for an Effective Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation: Basic and Technical Principles 1182 Javad Rahimian, Artour Torossian, and Mohammad Shenasa 96 Future of Cardiac Mapping 1193 Douglas L. Packer and Deepak Padmanabhan 97 The Evolution of Cardiac Mapping: Past, Present, Future 1212 Mohammad Shenasa, Atul Verma, and Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar Epilogue by Denis Noble 1228 Index 1229