Spirituality

Preface xi 1 What is Spirituality? 1 Origins of the Word "Spirituality" 2 Contemporary Meaning 3 What is Christian Spirituality? 6 Spirituality and Mysticism 7 The Study of Spirituality 9 Spirituality and History 11 Interpretation 12 Types of Spirituality 15 Periods and Traditions 17 Conclusion: Criteria of Judgment 18 2 Foundations: Scriptures and Early Church 23 Christian Spirituality and the Scriptures 24 Scriptural Markers 25 Spirituality in the New Testament 27 Spirituality and the Early Church 30 Liturgy 31 Spirituality and Martyrdom 32 Shrines, Devotion, and Pilgrimage 33 Spirituality and Doctrine 34 Origen 35 Evagrius 36 The Cappadocians 36 Augustine 37 Pseudo-Dionysius 38 Christian Spirituality as Transformation and Mission 39 Theories of Spiritual Transformation 41 Conclusion 43 3 Monastic Spiritualities: 300-1150 47 The Emergence of Monasticism 50 Widows and Virgins 50 Syrian Ascetics 51 Egyptian Monasticism 52 Wisdom of the Desert 53 Monastic Rules 56 Benedictine Expansion 59 The New Hermits 61 The Cistercians 63 The Spiritual Values of Monasticism 65 Spirituality and the Conversion of Europe 67 Local Spiritualities: Ireland 68 Spirituality in the East 70 Syriac Spirituality 73 Conclusion 74 4 Spirituality in the City: 1150-1450 79 The Gregorian Reform 80 Apocalyptic Movements 81 The Vita Evangelica 82 Twelfth-Century Renaissance 83 The Rebirth of Cities 84 Cathedrals and Urban Vision 85 The City as Sacred 86 Universities as Sacred Space 87 Vita Evangelica and Urban Sensibilities 88 The Mendicant Movement 89 Dominic, Francis, Clare, and Bonaventure 90 The Beguines 94 Fourteenth-Century Mysticism 96 Julian of Norwich 98 Crossing Spiritual Boundaries: The Influence of Islam 100 Devotional Spirituality 101 Spirituality and Eastern Christianity 102 The Renaissance 104 Conclusion 106 5 Spiritualities in the Age of Reformations: 1450-1700 110 Seeds of Reform: The Devotio Moderna and Christian Humanism 113 The Crisis of Medieval Spirituality 114 Spirituality and the Lutheran Reformation 115 John Calvin and Reformed Spirituality 117 The Radical Reformation: Anabaptist Spirituality 118 Anglican Spirituality 120 George Herbert 121 Puritan Spirituality 124 Early Quakers 125 The Catholic Reformation 126 The New Orders 126 Ignatius Loyola and Early Ignatian Spirituality 126 Spirituality Beyond Europe 131 Carmelite Mysticism 133 Lay Devotion 135 Seventeenth-Century French Spirituality 137 Russian Spirituality 140 Conclusion 141 6 Spirituality in an Age of Reason: 1700-1900 145 Spirituality in the Roman Catholic Tradition 148 Pietism 150 Wesleyan Spirituality 151 American Puritanism and the Great Awakening 153 Shaker Spirituality 154 Orthodox Spirituality 156 Post-Revolutionary Catholicism 159 The English Evangelicals 161 The Oxford Movement 164 John Henry Newman 166 A Distinctive "American Spirituality" 167 Conclusion 170 7 Modernity to Postmodernity: 1900-2000 173 The Impact on Spirituality 175 The Prophetic-Critical Type 175 Charles de Foucauld (1858-1916) 176 Evelyn Underhill (1875-1941) 177 Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945) 179 Simone Weil (1909-1943) 181 Dorothy Day (1897-1980) 183 Thomas Merton (1915-1968) 184 Spiritualities of Liberation 186 Gustavo Gutiérrez (1928-) 186 Feminist Spirituality 188 Spiritualities of Reconciliation 190 Ecumenical Spirituality: The Example of Taizé 192 Spirituality and Inter-Religious Dialogue: Bede Griffiths 193 Eastern Orthodox Spirituality 195 Making Spirituality Democratic: The Retreat Movement 197 Making Spirituality Democratic: Pentecostal and Charismatic Spirituality 199 Conclusion 200 8 Twenty-First Century Trajectories 203 Will Christian Spiritualities Survive? 203 A Globalized World 205 Cyberspace 206 Inter-Religious Encounter 208 Christian Spirituality and Secular Spirituality 210 Spirituality, Business, and Economics 210 Spirituality and Healthcare 213 Spirituality and the Meaning of Cities 216 The Spiritual and the Spatial 217 The Spiritual and Urban Virtues 218 Other Factors? 219 The Contemporary Turn to Practice 220 Conclusion 222 Select Bibliography 223 Select Glossary 232 Index 240