Fine Chemicals through Heterogeneous Catalysis

Introduction BASIC PRINCIPLES General considerations and types of catalysts Preparation of solid catalysts Characterization of solid catalysts SOLID ACID CATALYSTS: GENERAL Acidic clays Zeolithes Sulfonated polysiloxanes Silica-occluded heteropolyacids Hybrid sulfonated mesoporous systems The use of nafion and nafion/silica composites in solid acid catalysis SOLID ACID CATALYSTS: AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION Nitration of aromatics Halogenation over solid catalysts Friedel-Crafts alkylation Friedel-Crafts acylation Hydroxyalkylations Fischer indole synthesis SOLID ACID CATALYSTS: REARRANGEMENT & ISOMERIZATIONS Beckmann rearrangement Benzamine rearrangement Fries rearrangement Rearrangement of epoxides Pinacol rearrangement Terpene rearrangement/isomerization SOLID ACID CATALYSIS: MISCELLANEOUS Selective N-alkylation of amines with alcohols over gamma-alumina Alkylation of carbohydrates Heterocyclic synthesis Heterogeneous catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions Dehydration of alcohols SOLID BASE CATALYSIS Zeolithes and related materials in Knoevenagel condensations and Michael additions Hydrotalcite catalyzed aldol condensations Organic bases attached to mesoporous silicas as solid catalysts CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION AND DEHYDROGENATION Alkynes Aldehydes and ketones Carboxylic acids and derivatives Carbohydrates Aromatic nitro compounds Catalytic hydrogenation of aromatic rings Hydrogenolysis of C-O, C-N and C-X bonds Dehydrogenation Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction, Oppenauer Oxidation and related reactions Enantioselective hydrogenation with solid catalysts Metal-catalyzed amination of alcohols OXIDATION Epoxidation Oxidation of carbohydrates an metal catalysts Allylic and benzylic oxidation Ammoxidation of aromatic side-chains Aromatic ring hydroxylation C-C BOND FORMATION Carbon-carbon bond formation via surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC) Olefin metathesis Heck coupling Future Outlook