Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Contents ; 1. Fundamental Concepts ; 1.1 Introduction ; 1.2 Gases. Liquids and Solids ; 1.3 Methods of Description ; 1.4 Dimensions and Unit Sytems ; 1.5 Problem Solving ; 2. Fluid Properties ; 2.1 Introduction ; 2.2 Mass, Weight and Density ; 2.3 Pressure ; 2.4 Temperature and Other Thermal Properties ; 2.5 The Perfect Gas Law ; 2.6 Bulk Compressibility Modules ; 2.7 Viscosity ; 2.8 Surface Tension ; 2.9 Fluid Energy ; 3. Case Studies in Fluid Mechanics ; 3.1 Introduction ; 3.2 Common Dimensionless Groups ; 3.3 Case Studies ; 4. Fluid Forces ; 4.1 Introduction ; 4.2 Classification of Fluid Forces ; 4.3 The Orgins of Body and Surface Forces ; 4.4 Body Forces ; 4.5 Surface Forces ; 4.6 Stress in a Fluid ; 4.7 Forces Balance in a Fluid ; 5. Fluid Statics ; 5.1 Introduction ; 5.2 Hydrostatic Stress ; 5.3 Hydrostatic Equation ; 5.4 Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution ; 5.5 Hydrostatic Force ; 5.6 Hydrostatic Moment ; 5.7 Resultant Force and Point of Application ; 5.8 Buoyancy and Archimedes ; 5.9 Equilibrium and Stability of Immerseed Bodies ; 6. The Velocity Field and Fluid Transport ; 6.1 Introduction ; 6.2 The Fluid Velocity Field ; 6.3 Fluid Acceleration ; 6.4 The Substantial Derivative ; 6.5 Classification of Flows ; 6.6 No-Slip, No-Penetration Boundary Condition ; 6.7 Fluid Transport ; 6.8 Average Velocity and Flowrate ; 7.0 Control Volume Analysis ; 7.1 Introduction ; 7.2 Basic Concepts: System and Control Volume ; 7.3 System and Control Volume Analysis ; 7.4 Reynolds Transport Theorem for a System ; 7.5 Reynolds Transport Theorem for a Control Volume ; 7.6 Control Volume Analysis ; 8. Flow of an Invicid Fluid: The Bernoulli Equation ; 8.1 Introduction ; 8.2 Friction Flow along a Streamline ; 8.3 Bernoulli Equation ; 8.4 Static, Dynamic, Stagnation and Total Pressure ; 8.5 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation ; 8.6 Relationship to the Energy Equation ; 9. Dimensional Analysis and Similitude ; 9.1 Introduction ; 9.2 Buckingham PI Theorem ; 9.3 Repeating Variables Method ; 9.4 Similitude and Model Development ; 9.5 Correlation of Experimental Data ; 9.6 Application to Case Studies ; 10. Elements of Flow Visualisation and Flow Structure ; 10.1 Introduction ; 10.2 Lagrangian Kinematics ; 10.3 The Eulerian-Langrangian Connection ; 10.4 Material Lines, Surfaces and Volumes ; 10.5 Pathlines and Streaklines ; 10.6 Streamlines and Streamtubes ; 10.7 Motion and Deformation ; 10.8 Velocity ; 10.9 Rate of Rotation ; 10.10 Rate of Expansion ; 10.11 Rate of Shear Deformation ; 11. Governing Equations of Fluid Dynamics ; 11.1 Introduction ; 11.2 Continuity Equation ; 11.3 Momentum Equation ; 11.4 Constitutive Model for a Newtonian Fluid ; 11.5 Navier-Stokes Equations ; 11.6 Euler Equations ; 11.7 Energy Equation ; 11.8 Discussion ; 12. Analysis of Incompressive Flow ; 12.1 Introduction ; 12.2 Steady Viscous Flow ; 12.3 Unsteady Viscous Flow ; 12.4 Turbulent ; 12.5 Inviscid Irrotational Flow ; 13. Flow in Pipes and Ducts ; 13.1 Introduction ; 13.2 Steady Fully Developed Flow in a Pipe or Duct ; 13.3 Analysis of Flow in Single Path Pipe and Duct Systems ; 13.4 Analysis of Flow in Multiple Path Pipe and Duct Systems ; 13.5 Elements of Pipe and Duct Systems Design ; 14. External Flow ; 14.1 Introduction ; 14.2 Boundary Layers: Basic Concepts ; 14.3 Drag: Basic Concepts ; 14.4 Drag Coefficients ; 14.5 Life and Drag of Airfoils ; 15. Open Channel Flow ; 15.1 Introduction ; 15.2 Basic Concepts in Open Channel Flow ; 15.3 The Importance of the Froude Number ; 15.4 Energy Conservation in Open Channel Flow ; 15.5 Flow in a Channel with Uniform Depth ; 15.6 Flow in a Channel with Gradually-Varying Depth ; 15.7 Flow Under a Sluice Gate ; 15.8 Flow over a Weir