Solved and Unsolved Problems in Number Theory

Chapter I: From Perfect Numbers to the Quadratic Reciprocity Law: 1 Perfect numbers 2 Euclid 3 Euler's converse proved 4 Euclid's algorithm 5 Cataldi and others 6 The prime number theorem 7 Two useful theorems 8 Fermat and others 9 Euler's generalization proved 10 Perfect numbers, II 11 Euler and $M_{31}$ 12 Many conjectures and their interrelations 13 Splitting the primes into equinumerous classes 14 Euler's criterion formulated 15 Euler's criterion proved 16 Wilson's theorem 17 Gauss's criterion 18 The original Legendre symbol 19 The reciprocity law 20 The prime divisors of $n^2 +a$ Chapter II: The Underlying Structure: 21 The residue classes as an invention 22 The residue classes as a tool 23 The residue classes as a group 24 Quadratic residues 25 Is the quadratic reciprocity law a deep theorem? 26 Congruential equations with a prime modulus 27 Euler's $\phi$ function 28 Primitive roots with a prime modulus 29 $\mathfrak{M}_{p}$ as a cyclic group 30 The circular parity switch 31 Primitive roots and Fermat numbers 32 Artin's conjectures 33 Questions concerning cycle graphs 34 Answers concerning cycle graphs 35 Factor generators of $\mathfrak{M}_{m}$ 36 Primes in some arithmetic progressions and a general divisibility theorem 37 Scalar and vector indices 38 The other residue classes 39 The converse of Fermat's theorem 40 Sufficient conditions for primality Chapter III: Pythagoreanism and Its Many Consequences: 41 The Pythagoreans 42 The Pythagorean theorem 43 The $\sqrt 2$ and the crisis 44 The effect upon geometry 45 The case for Pythagoreanism 46 Three Greek problems 47 Three theorems of Fermat 48 Fermat's last "Theorem" 49 The easy case and infinite descent 50 Gaussian integers and two applications 51 Algebraic integers and Kummer's theorem 52 The restricted case, Sophie Germain, and Wieferich 53 Euler's "Conjecture" 54 Sum of two squares 55 A generalization and geometric number theory 56 A generalization and binary quadratic forms 57 Some applications 58 The significance of Fermat's equation 59 The main theorem 60 An algorithm 61 Continued fractions for $\sqrt N$ 62 From Archimedes to Lucas 63 The Lucas criterion 64 A probability argument 65 Fibonacci numbers and the original Lucas test Appendix to Chapters I-III: Supplementary comments, theorems, and exercises Chapter IV: Progress: 66 Chapter I fifteen years later 67 Artin's conjectures, II 68 Cycle graphs and related topics 69 Pseudoprimes and primality 70 Fermat's last "Theorem," II 71 Binary quadratic forms with negative discriminants 72 Binary quadratic forms with positive discriminants 73 Lucas and Pythagoras 74 The progress report concluded 75 The second progress report begins 76 On judging conjectures 77 On judging conjectures, II 78 Subjective judgement, the creation of conjectures and inventions 79 Fermat's last "Theorem," III 80 Computing and algorithms 81 $\scr{C}(3)\times\scr{C}(3)\times\scr{C}(3)\times\scr{C}(3)$ and all that 82 1993 Appendix: Statement on fundamentals Table of definitions References Index.