Microgrids
Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control
1st Edition
Published on 12. December 2023
Book
Hardback
448 pages
978-1-119-90620-9 (ISBN)
Description
Presents microgrid methodologies in modeling, stability, and control, supported by real-time simulations and experimental studies
Microgrids: Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control, provides comprehensive coverage of microgrid modeling, stability, and control, alongside new relevant perspectives and research outcomes, with vital information on several microgrid modeling methods, stability analysis methodologies and control synthesis approaches that are supported by real-time simulations and experimental studies for active learning in professionals and students alike.
This book is divided into two parts: individual microgrids and interconnected microgrids. Both parts provide individual chapters on modeling, stability, and control , providing comprehensive information on the background, concepts, and architecture, supported by several examples and corresponding source codes/simulation files. Communication based control and cyber security of microgrids are addressed and new outcomes and advances in interconnected microgrids are discussed.
Summarizing the outcome of more than 15 years of the authors' teaching, research, and projects, Microgrids: Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control covers specific sample topics such as:
Microgrid dynamic modeling, covering microgrid components modeling, DC and AC microgrids modeling examples, reduced-order models, and model validation
Microgrid stability analysis, covering stability analysis methods, islanded/grid connected/interconnected microgrid stability
Microgrids control, covering hierarchical control structure, communication-based control, cyber-resilient control, advanced control theory applications, virtual inertia control and data-driven control
Modeling, analysis of stability challenges, and emergency control of large-scale interconnected microgrids,
Synchronization stability of interconnected microgrids, covering control requirements of synchronous microgrids and inrush power analysis.
With comprehensive, complete, and accessible coverage of the subject, Microgrids: Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control is the ideal reference for professionals (engineers, developers) and students working with power/smart grids, renewable energy, and power systems, to enable a more effective use of their microgrids or interconnected microgrids.
Microgrids: Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control, provides comprehensive coverage of microgrid modeling, stability, and control, alongside new relevant perspectives and research outcomes, with vital information on several microgrid modeling methods, stability analysis methodologies and control synthesis approaches that are supported by real-time simulations and experimental studies for active learning in professionals and students alike.
This book is divided into two parts: individual microgrids and interconnected microgrids. Both parts provide individual chapters on modeling, stability, and control , providing comprehensive information on the background, concepts, and architecture, supported by several examples and corresponding source codes/simulation files. Communication based control and cyber security of microgrids are addressed and new outcomes and advances in interconnected microgrids are discussed.
Summarizing the outcome of more than 15 years of the authors' teaching, research, and projects, Microgrids: Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control covers specific sample topics such as:
Microgrid dynamic modeling, covering microgrid components modeling, DC and AC microgrids modeling examples, reduced-order models, and model validation
Microgrid stability analysis, covering stability analysis methods, islanded/grid connected/interconnected microgrid stability
Microgrids control, covering hierarchical control structure, communication-based control, cyber-resilient control, advanced control theory applications, virtual inertia control and data-driven control
Modeling, analysis of stability challenges, and emergency control of large-scale interconnected microgrids,
Synchronization stability of interconnected microgrids, covering control requirements of synchronous microgrids and inrush power analysis.
With comprehensive, complete, and accessible coverage of the subject, Microgrids: Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control is the ideal reference for professionals (engineers, developers) and students working with power/smart grids, renewable energy, and power systems, to enable a more effective use of their microgrids or interconnected microgrids.
More details
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
John Wiley & Sons Inc
Target group
Professional and scholarly
College/higher education
Dimensions
Height: 254 mm
Width: 178 mm
Thickness: 25 mm
Weight
984 gr
ISBN-13
978-1-119-90620-9 (9781119906209)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Additional editions
E-Book
12/2023
1st Edition
Wiley
€126.99
Available for download
E-Book
12/2023
1st Edition
Wiley
€123.99
Available for download
Persons
Qobad Shafiee is an Associate Professor at the University of Kurdistan, Faculty of Engineering. He earned his PhD in Electrical Engineering from Aalborg University in 2014 and is an IEEE Senior Member.
Mobin Naderi received his PhD in Control of Modern Power Systems from the University of Kurdistan in 2019, where he is currently a postdoctoral scholar.
Hassan Bevrani is a Professor and Head of Smart/Micro Grids Research Center at the University of Kurdistan.
Mobin Naderi received his PhD in Control of Modern Power Systems from the University of Kurdistan in 2019, where he is currently a postdoctoral scholar.
Hassan Bevrani is a Professor and Head of Smart/Micro Grids Research Center at the University of Kurdistan.
Content
Acronyms
About the authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Microgrid Concept and Capabilities 3
1.3 Microgrid Structure 5
1.4 Microgrids in the Future Smart Grids 9
1.5 Microgrids-integrated Power Grids 12
1.6 Current Trends and Future Directions 14
1.7 The Book Content and Organization 18
Bibliography 22
2 Microgrids Dynamic Modeling: Concepts and Fundamentals 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Dynamics and Modeling 35
2.3 Fundamental Analysis Tools and Requirements 36
2.3.1 State-space (Small-signal) Modeling 37
2.3.2 Detailed Modeling 49
2.3.3 Simplification Methods 50
2.3.4 Prony Analysis 58
2.3.5 Large-signal Modeling 61
2.4 Small-signal Modeling of Microgrid Components 62
2.4.1 DC-AC Converter (Inverter) 62
2.4.2 AC-DC Converter (Rectifier) 64
2.4.3 DC-DC Converter (Chopper) 65
2.4.4 LC Filter 69
2.4.5 Power Network 69
2.4.6 Loads 74
2.4.7 Energy Resources and Storages 82
2.5 Small-signal Modeling of Microgrid Controllers 102
2.5.1 Primary Control Strategies 102
2.5.2 Secondary Control 114
2.5.3 Higher Control Levels 117
2.6 Large-signal Modeling: An Example 118
2.6.1 Governing Equations on Synchronverter 118
2.6.2 Nonlinear State-space Representation 122
2.7 Summary 123
Bibliography 124
3 Microgrids Overall Modeling and Case Studies 139
3.1 Introduction 139
3.2 Overall Microgrid Dynamic Modeling 141
3.2.1 Common Reference Frame 142
3.2.2 Microgrid General State-space Model 143
3.2.3 Grid Model 144
3.3 Small-signal Modeling of DC and AC Microgrids 145
3.3.1 Grid-Connected PV 145
3.3.2 Grid-connected AC Microgrids 147
3.3.3 Isolated AC Microgrids: Detailed Models 149
3.3.4 Isolated AC Microgrids: Sensitivity Analysis-based
Simplified Model 151
3.3.5 Isolated AC Microgrids: Aggregated Single-order Model 158
3.3.6 Islanded DC Microgrid 162
3.4 Large-signal Modeling of Microgrids 167
3.4.1 Model Validation 170
3.4.2 Time-domain Simulations 171
3.5 Summary 172
Bibliography 174
4 Microgrids Stability 181
4.1 Introduction 181
4.2 Stability Definition and Classification 183
4.3 Basic Requirements 188
4.3.1 Eigenvalue Analysis 188
4.3.2 Participation Matrix 189
4.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis 191
4.4 Small-signal Stability Analysis 192
4.4.1 Grid-Connected PV 194
4.4.2 Grid-connected AC Microgrids 203
4.4.3 Islanded AC Microgrids 206
4.4.4 Islanded DC Microgrids 227
4.5 Transient Stability 230
4.5.1 Power Sharing Stability in AC Microgrids 231
4.5.2 Synchronverter Stabilization 235
4.6 Summary 241
Bibliography 245
5 Microgrids Control: Concepts and Fundamentals 255
5.1 Introduction 255
5.2 Fundamentals and Requirements 256
5.2.1 Introduction to Control Systems 256
5.2.2 Control Objectives and Challenges 258
5.2.3 Control Architectures 262
5.3 Control Strategies for Power Converters 266
5.3.1 Introduction 266
5.3.2 Grid-Following Power Converters 269
5.3.3 Grid-Forming Power Converters 275
5.4 Hierarchical Control 278
5.4.1 The Control Hierarchy 278
5.4.2 Control Layers 280
5.5 Primary Control 283
5.5.1 Droop Control 286
5.5.2 Virtual Impedance 303
5.5.3 A Simulation Study for Primary Control of AC Microgrids
305
5.6 Secondary Control 309
5.6.1 Secondary Control Functions and Strategies 310
5.6.2 Centralized Secondary Control 315
5.6.3 Distributed Secondary Control 316
5.6.4 Decentralized Secondary Control 322
5.6.5 A Simulation Study for Secondary Control of AC
Microgrids 327
5.7 Central Control 331
5.8 Global Control 333
5.9 Summary 334
Bibliography 335
6 Advances in Microgrid Control 357
6.1 Introduction 357
6.2 Advanced Control Synthesis 359
6.2.1 Advanced Control Techniques 361
6.2.2 Model Predictive Control 365
6.2.3 Model Predictive Control of DC Microgrids with
Constant Power Loads 371
6.2.4 Hybrid Fuzzy Predictive Control for Smooth Transition
of AC Microgrids 383
6.3 Virtual Dynamic Control 396
6.3.1 Concept and Structure 397
6.3.2 Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) 399
6.3.3 Virtual Dynamic Control of DC Microgrids 405
6.4 Resilient and Cybersecure Control 413
6.4.1 Microgrid as a Cyber-physical System 413
6.4.2 Communication Requirements 415
6.4.3 Cyber Security 417
6.4.4 Event-triggered Control 428
6.5 Summary 438
Bibliography 439
7 Interconnected Microgrids: Opportunities and Challenges 473
7.1 Introduction 473
7.2 An Overview 477
7.3 Architectures of Interconnected Microgrids 480
7.4 Benefits, Challenges and Research Fields 484
7.5 Operation of Interconnected Microgrids 487
7.6 Vacancies for Future Research 489
7.6.1 IMG Dynamic Modeling 489
7.6.2 IMG Stability Analysis 490
7.6.3 IMG Control 491
7.7 Summary 492
Bibliography 492
8 Modeling of Interconnected Microgrids 515
8.1 Introduction 515
8.2 Interconnection Method 517
8.3 Module Modeling 521
8.3.1 Microgrid Modeling 522
8.3.2 Interlinking Line Modeling 533
8.3.3 Back-to-back Converter Modeling 535
8.3.4 Circuit Breaker Modeling 544
8.4 Overall IMG Modeling 545
8.4.1 Comprehensive Modeling of CB-IMGs 545
8.4.2 Comprehensive Modeling of BTBC-IMGs 547
8.5 Model Validation 550
8.5.1 Model Validation Procedure 550
8.5.2 Real-time Simulator 552
8.5.3 Validation of CB-IMG Modeling 554
8.5.4 Validation of BTBC-IMG Modeling 559
8.6 Reduced-order Models 560
8.6.1 Simplified Model Application in CB-IMG Frequency
Control 562
8.6.2 Simplified Model of MGs and CB-IMGs 563
8.6.3 Comparing Detailed and Single-order Models 564
8.7 Summary 567
Bibliography 569
9 Stability of Interconnected Microgrids 579
9.1 Introduction 579
9.2 IMG Stability Review 581
9.3 Small-signal Stability Analysis 582
9.3.1 Eigenvalue Analysis of CB-IMGs 583
9.3.2 Frequency Stability of CB-IMGs 585
9.3.3 Eigenvalue Analysis of BTBC-IMGs 588
9.4 Sensitivity Analysis 593
9.4.1 CB-IMGs 593
9.4.2 BTBC-IMGs 594
9.5 Transient Stability of BTBC-IMGs:
BTBC DC Voltage 602
9.5.1 Energy-based Transient Stability Analysis 602
9.5.2 Minimum Stabilizing DC Voltage Criterion 604
9.5.3 Grid Strength Impact 609
9.5.4 BTBC Power Flow Direction 610
9.5.5 Time-domain Simulations 611
9.6 Summary 618
Bibliography 620
10 Control of Interconnected Microgrids 625
10.1 Introduction 625
10.2 Overview on IMG Control 628
10.2.1 CB-IMGs 630
10.2.2 BTBC-IMGs 631
10.2.3 DC-IMGs 634
10.3 Frequency Control for CB-IMGs 634
10.3.1 Tuning of Secondary Control Gains 636
10.3.2 Virtual Inertia Control 637
10.4 Power sharing Control for CB-IMGs 640
10.5 Power Exchange Control for BTBC-IMGs 644
10.5.1 Prerequisites of Individual Microgrid Control 644
10.5.2 Interlinking Back-to-back Converter Control 651
10.5.3 Simulation Results for Planned BTBC-IMG Power
Exchange 653
10.6 Emergency Control for BTBC-IMGs 661
10.6.1 Logical Control 665
10.6.2 Generalized Droop Control 669
10.6.3 Coordination of BTBC Emergency Controls 672
10.6.4 Real-time Simulation Results 673
10.7 Summary 682
Bibliography 684
11 Synchronization in Interconnected Microgrids 695
11.1 Introduction 695
11.2 Synchronization Control Requirements 697
11.2.1 Basic Control of CB-IMGs 698
11.2.2 Synchronization Control of CB-IMGs 700
11.3 Inrush Power Analysis 702
11.3.1 Modeling of Inrush Power 702
11.3.2 Impact of PCC Voltage Parameters on the Inrush
Power 705
11.3.3 Impact of X/R Ratio and Impedance Value on the
Inrush Power 706
11.4 Small-signal Modeling and Stability Analysis 709
11.4.1 Small-signal Modeling of IMGs 709
11.4.2 Small-signal Stability Analysis 712
11.5 Transient Stability Assessment 715
11.5.1 Transition During Synchronization 715
11.5.2 Time-domain Simulations 717
11.6 Summary 721
Bibliography 724
?
About the authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Microgrid Concept and Capabilities 3
1.3 Microgrid Structure 5
1.4 Microgrids in the Future Smart Grids 9
1.5 Microgrids-integrated Power Grids 12
1.6 Current Trends and Future Directions 14
1.7 The Book Content and Organization 18
Bibliography 22
2 Microgrids Dynamic Modeling: Concepts and Fundamentals 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Dynamics and Modeling 35
2.3 Fundamental Analysis Tools and Requirements 36
2.3.1 State-space (Small-signal) Modeling 37
2.3.2 Detailed Modeling 49
2.3.3 Simplification Methods 50
2.3.4 Prony Analysis 58
2.3.5 Large-signal Modeling 61
2.4 Small-signal Modeling of Microgrid Components 62
2.4.1 DC-AC Converter (Inverter) 62
2.4.2 AC-DC Converter (Rectifier) 64
2.4.3 DC-DC Converter (Chopper) 65
2.4.4 LC Filter 69
2.4.5 Power Network 69
2.4.6 Loads 74
2.4.7 Energy Resources and Storages 82
2.5 Small-signal Modeling of Microgrid Controllers 102
2.5.1 Primary Control Strategies 102
2.5.2 Secondary Control 114
2.5.3 Higher Control Levels 117
2.6 Large-signal Modeling: An Example 118
2.6.1 Governing Equations on Synchronverter 118
2.6.2 Nonlinear State-space Representation 122
2.7 Summary 123
Bibliography 124
3 Microgrids Overall Modeling and Case Studies 139
3.1 Introduction 139
3.2 Overall Microgrid Dynamic Modeling 141
3.2.1 Common Reference Frame 142
3.2.2 Microgrid General State-space Model 143
3.2.3 Grid Model 144
3.3 Small-signal Modeling of DC and AC Microgrids 145
3.3.1 Grid-Connected PV 145
3.3.2 Grid-connected AC Microgrids 147
3.3.3 Isolated AC Microgrids: Detailed Models 149
3.3.4 Isolated AC Microgrids: Sensitivity Analysis-based
Simplified Model 151
3.3.5 Isolated AC Microgrids: Aggregated Single-order Model 158
3.3.6 Islanded DC Microgrid 162
3.4 Large-signal Modeling of Microgrids 167
3.4.1 Model Validation 170
3.4.2 Time-domain Simulations 171
3.5 Summary 172
Bibliography 174
4 Microgrids Stability 181
4.1 Introduction 181
4.2 Stability Definition and Classification 183
4.3 Basic Requirements 188
4.3.1 Eigenvalue Analysis 188
4.3.2 Participation Matrix 189
4.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis 191
4.4 Small-signal Stability Analysis 192
4.4.1 Grid-Connected PV 194
4.4.2 Grid-connected AC Microgrids 203
4.4.3 Islanded AC Microgrids 206
4.4.4 Islanded DC Microgrids 227
4.5 Transient Stability 230
4.5.1 Power Sharing Stability in AC Microgrids 231
4.5.2 Synchronverter Stabilization 235
4.6 Summary 241
Bibliography 245
5 Microgrids Control: Concepts and Fundamentals 255
5.1 Introduction 255
5.2 Fundamentals and Requirements 256
5.2.1 Introduction to Control Systems 256
5.2.2 Control Objectives and Challenges 258
5.2.3 Control Architectures 262
5.3 Control Strategies for Power Converters 266
5.3.1 Introduction 266
5.3.2 Grid-Following Power Converters 269
5.3.3 Grid-Forming Power Converters 275
5.4 Hierarchical Control 278
5.4.1 The Control Hierarchy 278
5.4.2 Control Layers 280
5.5 Primary Control 283
5.5.1 Droop Control 286
5.5.2 Virtual Impedance 303
5.5.3 A Simulation Study for Primary Control of AC Microgrids
305
5.6 Secondary Control 309
5.6.1 Secondary Control Functions and Strategies 310
5.6.2 Centralized Secondary Control 315
5.6.3 Distributed Secondary Control 316
5.6.4 Decentralized Secondary Control 322
5.6.5 A Simulation Study for Secondary Control of AC
Microgrids 327
5.7 Central Control 331
5.8 Global Control 333
5.9 Summary 334
Bibliography 335
6 Advances in Microgrid Control 357
6.1 Introduction 357
6.2 Advanced Control Synthesis 359
6.2.1 Advanced Control Techniques 361
6.2.2 Model Predictive Control 365
6.2.3 Model Predictive Control of DC Microgrids with
Constant Power Loads 371
6.2.4 Hybrid Fuzzy Predictive Control for Smooth Transition
of AC Microgrids 383
6.3 Virtual Dynamic Control 396
6.3.1 Concept and Structure 397
6.3.2 Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) 399
6.3.3 Virtual Dynamic Control of DC Microgrids 405
6.4 Resilient and Cybersecure Control 413
6.4.1 Microgrid as a Cyber-physical System 413
6.4.2 Communication Requirements 415
6.4.3 Cyber Security 417
6.4.4 Event-triggered Control 428
6.5 Summary 438
Bibliography 439
7 Interconnected Microgrids: Opportunities and Challenges 473
7.1 Introduction 473
7.2 An Overview 477
7.3 Architectures of Interconnected Microgrids 480
7.4 Benefits, Challenges and Research Fields 484
7.5 Operation of Interconnected Microgrids 487
7.6 Vacancies for Future Research 489
7.6.1 IMG Dynamic Modeling 489
7.6.2 IMG Stability Analysis 490
7.6.3 IMG Control 491
7.7 Summary 492
Bibliography 492
8 Modeling of Interconnected Microgrids 515
8.1 Introduction 515
8.2 Interconnection Method 517
8.3 Module Modeling 521
8.3.1 Microgrid Modeling 522
8.3.2 Interlinking Line Modeling 533
8.3.3 Back-to-back Converter Modeling 535
8.3.4 Circuit Breaker Modeling 544
8.4 Overall IMG Modeling 545
8.4.1 Comprehensive Modeling of CB-IMGs 545
8.4.2 Comprehensive Modeling of BTBC-IMGs 547
8.5 Model Validation 550
8.5.1 Model Validation Procedure 550
8.5.2 Real-time Simulator 552
8.5.3 Validation of CB-IMG Modeling 554
8.5.4 Validation of BTBC-IMG Modeling 559
8.6 Reduced-order Models 560
8.6.1 Simplified Model Application in CB-IMG Frequency
Control 562
8.6.2 Simplified Model of MGs and CB-IMGs 563
8.6.3 Comparing Detailed and Single-order Models 564
8.7 Summary 567
Bibliography 569
9 Stability of Interconnected Microgrids 579
9.1 Introduction 579
9.2 IMG Stability Review 581
9.3 Small-signal Stability Analysis 582
9.3.1 Eigenvalue Analysis of CB-IMGs 583
9.3.2 Frequency Stability of CB-IMGs 585
9.3.3 Eigenvalue Analysis of BTBC-IMGs 588
9.4 Sensitivity Analysis 593
9.4.1 CB-IMGs 593
9.4.2 BTBC-IMGs 594
9.5 Transient Stability of BTBC-IMGs:
BTBC DC Voltage 602
9.5.1 Energy-based Transient Stability Analysis 602
9.5.2 Minimum Stabilizing DC Voltage Criterion 604
9.5.3 Grid Strength Impact 609
9.5.4 BTBC Power Flow Direction 610
9.5.5 Time-domain Simulations 611
9.6 Summary 618
Bibliography 620
10 Control of Interconnected Microgrids 625
10.1 Introduction 625
10.2 Overview on IMG Control 628
10.2.1 CB-IMGs 630
10.2.2 BTBC-IMGs 631
10.2.3 DC-IMGs 634
10.3 Frequency Control for CB-IMGs 634
10.3.1 Tuning of Secondary Control Gains 636
10.3.2 Virtual Inertia Control 637
10.4 Power sharing Control for CB-IMGs 640
10.5 Power Exchange Control for BTBC-IMGs 644
10.5.1 Prerequisites of Individual Microgrid Control 644
10.5.2 Interlinking Back-to-back Converter Control 651
10.5.3 Simulation Results for Planned BTBC-IMG Power
Exchange 653
10.6 Emergency Control for BTBC-IMGs 661
10.6.1 Logical Control 665
10.6.2 Generalized Droop Control 669
10.6.3 Coordination of BTBC Emergency Controls 672
10.6.4 Real-time Simulation Results 673
10.7 Summary 682
Bibliography 684
11 Synchronization in Interconnected Microgrids 695
11.1 Introduction 695
11.2 Synchronization Control Requirements 697
11.2.1 Basic Control of CB-IMGs 698
11.2.2 Synchronization Control of CB-IMGs 700
11.3 Inrush Power Analysis 702
11.3.1 Modeling of Inrush Power 702
11.3.2 Impact of PCC Voltage Parameters on the Inrush
Power 705
11.3.3 Impact of X/R Ratio and Impedance Value on the
Inrush Power 706
11.4 Small-signal Modeling and Stability Analysis 709
11.4.1 Small-signal Modeling of IMGs 709
11.4.2 Small-signal Stability Analysis 712
11.5 Transient Stability Assessment 715
11.5.1 Transition During Synchronization 715
11.5.2 Time-domain Simulations 717
11.6 Summary 721
Bibliography 724
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