Introduction to Materials Science Engineers, Global Edition + Mastering Engineering with Pearson eText

Preface vii About the Author xii 1 Materials for Engineering 1 1.1 The Material World 1 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2 1.3 Six Materials That Changed Your World 3 Steel Bridges-Introducing Metals 3 Lucalox Lamps- Introducing Ceramics 5 Optical Fibers- Introducing Glasses 9 Nylon Parachutes- Introducing Polymers 11 Kevlar(R)-Reinforced Tires- Introducing Composites 13 Silicon Chips- Introducing Semiconductors 14 1.4 Processing and Selecting Materials 15 1.5 Looking at Materials by Powers of Ten 17 Part I The Fundamentals 2 Atomic Bonding 23 2.1 Atomic Structure 23 2.2 The Ionic Bond 29 Coordination Number 33 2.3 The Covalent Bond 41 2.4 The Metallic Bond 47 2.5 The Secondary, or van der Waals, Bond 49 2.6 Materials- The Bonding Classification 52 3 Crystalline Structure-Perfection 59 3.1 Seven Systems and Fourteen Lattices 59 3.2 Metal Structures 63 3.3 Ceramic Structures 67 3.4 Polymeric Structures 76 3.5 Semiconductor Structures 77 3.6 Lattice Positions, Directions, and Planes 81 3.7 X-Ray Diffraction 93 4 Crystal Defects and Noncrystalline Structure-Imperfection 104 4.1 The Solid Solution- Chemical Imperfection 104 4.2 Point Defects- Zero- Dimensional Imperfections 110 4.3 Linear Defects, or Dislocations-One-Dimensional Imperfections 112 4.4 Planar Defects-Two-DimensionalImperfections 114 4.5 Noncrystalline Solids-Three-Dimensional Imperfections 118 5 Diffusion 126 5.1 Thermally Activated Processes 126 5.2 Thermal Production of Point Defects 130 5.3 Point Defects and Solid-State Diffusion 132 5.4 Steady-State Diffusion 142 5.5 Alternate Diffusion Paths 146 6 Mechanical Behavior 152 6.1 Stress Versus Strain 153 Metals 153 Ceramics and Glasses 164 Polymers 168 6.2 Elastic Deformation 173 6.3 Plastic Deformation 174 6.4 Hardness 181 6.5 Creep and Stress Relaxation 185 6.6 Viscoelastic Deformation 192 Inorganic Glasses 194 Organic Polymers 196 Elastomers 199 7 Thermal Behavior 210 7.1 Heat Capacity 210 7.2 Thermal Expansion 213 7.3 Thermal Conductivity 216 7.4 Thermal Shock 221 8 Failure Analysis and Prevention 227 8.1 Impact Energy 228 8.2 Fracture Toughness 233 8.3 Fatigue 237 8.4 Nondestructive Testing 246 8.5 Failure Analysis and Prevention 249 9 Phase Diagrams-Equilibrium Microstructural Development 257 9.1 The Phase Rule 258 9.2 The Phase Diagram 261 Complete Solid Solution 262 Eutectic Diagram with No Solid Solution 265 Eutectic Diagram with Limited Solid Solution 267 Eutectoid Diagram 270 Peritectic Diagram 271 General Binary Diagrams 275 9.3 The Lever Rule 281 9.4 Microstructural Development During Slow Cooling 285 10 Kinetics- Heat Treatment 304 10.1 Time-The Third Dimension 304 10.2 The TTT Diagram 309 Diffusional Transformations 310 Diffusionless (Martensitic) Transformations 311 Heat Treatment of Steel 316 10.3 Hardenability 324 10.4 Precipitation Hardening 327 10.5 Annealing 331 Cold Work 331 Recovery 332 Recrystallization 332 Grain Growth 334 10.6 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations for Nonmetals 335 Part II Materials and Their Applications 11 Structural Materials- Metals, Ceramics, and Glasses 349 11.1 Metals 349 Ferrous Alloys 350 Nonferrous Alloys 356 11.2 Ceramics and Glasses 360 Ceramics-Crystalline Materials 361 Glasses-Noncrystalline Materials 362 Glass- Ceramics 364 11.3 Processing the Structural Materials 366 Processing of Metals 367 Processing of Ceramics and Glasses 374 12 Structural Materials-Polymers and Composites 383 12.1 Polymers 383 Polymerization 384 Structural Features of Polymers 389 Thermoplastic Polymers 393 Thermosetting Polymers 394 Additives 396 12.2 Composites 398 Fiber-Reinforced Composites 398 Aggregate Composites 404 Property Averaging 406 Mechanical Properties of Composites 412 12.3 Processing the Structural Materials 417 Processing of Polymers 417 Processing of Composites 420 13 Electronic Materials 429 13.1 Charge Carriers and Conduction 430 13.2 Energy Levels and Energy Bands 434 13.3 Conductors 440 Thermocouples 443 Superconductors 444 13.4 Insulators 452 Ferroelectrics 453 Piezoelectrics 456 13.5 Semiconductors 460 Intrinsic, Elemental Semiconductors 461 Extrinsic, Elemental Semiconductors 466 Compound Semiconductors 478 Processing of Semiconductors 482 Semiconductor Devices 485 13.6 Composites 495 13.7 Electrical Classification of Materials 496 14 Optical and Magnetic Materials 504 14.1 Optical Materials 505 Optical Properties 508 Optical Systems and Devices 518 14.2 Magnetic Materials 526 Ferromagnetism 530 Ferrimagnetism 536 Metallic Magnets 540 Ceramic Magnets 546 15 Materials in Engineering Design 557 15.1 Material Properties-Engineering Design Parameters 557 15.2 Selection of Structural Materials-Case Studies 562 Materials for Hip-and Knee-Joint Replacement 563 Metal Substitution with Composites 566 15.3 Selection of Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Materials-Case Studies 567 Light-Emitting Diode 568 Glass for Smart Phone and Tablet Touch Screens 571 Amorphous Metal for Electric-Power Distribution 572 15.4 Materials and Our Environment 573 Environmental Degradation of Materials 573 Environmental Aspects of Design 589 Recycling 592 Appendix 1 Physical and Chemical Data for the Elements A-1 Appendix 2 Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements A-4 Appendix 3 Constants and Conversion Factors A- 7 Appendix 4 Properties of the Structural Materials A-8 Appendix 5 Properties of the Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Materials A-17 Appendix 6 Glossary A-22 Answers to Practice Problems (PP) and Odd-Numbered Problems Index