Read, Reason, Write

CONTENTSPrefaceSECTION 1CRITICAL READING AND ANALYSISChapter 1WRITERS AND THEIR SOURCES

Reading, Writing, and the Contexts of Argument
Responding to Sources
Abraham Lincoln, "The Gettysburg Address"
The Response to Content
The Analytic Response
The Evaluation Response
The Research Response
Deborah Tannen, "Who Does the Talking Here?"
Writing Summaries
Guidelines for Writing Summaries
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Guidelines for Active Reading
Susan Cain, "The Rise of the New Groupthink"
Using Paraphrase
Acknowledging Sources Informally
Referring to People and Sources
Joel Achenbach, "The Future Is Now: It's Heading Right at Us, But We Never See It Coming"
Presenting Direct Quotations: A Guide for Form and Style
Reasons for Using Quotation Marks
A Brief Guide to Quoting
For Reading and Analysis
Alex Knapp, "Five Leadership Lessons from James. T. Kirk"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 2 RESPONDING CRITICALLY TO SOURCES

Traits of the Critical Reader/Thinker
Examining the Rhetorical Context of a Source
Who Is the Author?
What Type-or Genre-of Source Is It?
What Kind of Audience Does the Author Anticipate?
What Is the Author's Primary Purpose?
What Are the Author's Sources of Information?
Analyzing the Style of a Source
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Tone
Level of Diction
Sentence Structure
Metaphors
Organization and Examples
Repetition
Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Quotation Marks, Italics, and Capital Letters
Dave Barry, "In a Battle of Wits with Kitchen Appliances, I'm Toast"
Writing about Style
Understanding Your Purpose and Audience
Planning the Essay
Drafting the Style Analysis
A Checklist for Revision
Ellen Goodman, "In Praise of a Snail's Pace"
Student Essay: James Goode, "A Convincing Style"
Analyzing Two or More Sources
Guidelines for Preparing a Contrast Essay
Arthur Bright, "Algerian Hostage Crisis Heightens as Scores Are Reported Dead"
Jamie Dettmer, "Hostages Reportedly Dead in Algerian Oil Field Siege"
For Reading and Analysis
Firoozeh Dumas, "The F Word"
Alexandra Petri, "Love to Read, Kids? Your Time Is Almost Up"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

SECTION 2THE WORLD OF ARGUMENTChapter 3UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF ARGUMENTSTATISTICS IN ARGUMENT

Characteristics of Argument
Argument Is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes a Topic's Complexity
The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Aristotle
Ethos (About the Writer/Speaker)
Logos (About the Logic of the Argument)
Pathos (About Appeals to the Audience)
Karios (About the Occasion or Situation)
The Language of Argument
Facts
Inferences
Judgments
Sam Wang and Sandra Aamodt, "Your Brain Lies to You"
The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Toulmin
Claims
Grounds (or Data or Evidence)
Warrants
Backing
Qualifiers
Rebuttals
Using Toulmin's Terms to Analyze Arguments
Jeffrey Mateer and Erin Leu, "Cheering Free Speech"
William Saletan, "How Can We Ban Insults against Jews but Not Muslims?"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 4WRITING EFFECTIVE ARGUMENTS

Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Understand Your Writing Purpose
What Type (Genre) of Argument Am I Preparing?
What Is My Goal?
Will the Rogerian or Conciliatory Approach Work for Me?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Planning the Approach
Draft Your Argument
Guidelines for Drafting
Revise Your Draft
Rewriting
Editing
A Few Words about Words and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision
For Analysis and Debate
Darius Rejali, "Five Myths about Torture and Truth"
M. Gregg Bloche, "Torture Is Wrong-But It Might Work"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 5READING, ANALYZING, AND USING VISUALS AND

Responding to Visual Arguments
Guidelines for Reading Photographs
Guidelines for Reading Political Cartoons
Guidelines for Reading Advertisements
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Guidelines for Reading Graphics
The Use of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Sources
Guidelines for Evaluating Statistics
Guidelines for Evaluating Statistics
Writing the Investigative Argument
Gathering and Analyzing Evidence
Planning and Drafting the Essay
Guidelines for Writing an Investigative Argument
Analyzing Evidence: The Key to an Effective Argument
Preparing Graphics for Your Essay
A Checklist for Revision
Student Essay: Garrett Berger, "Buying Time"
For Reading and Analysis
Joe Navarro, "Every Body's Talking"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 6LEARNING MORE ABOUT ARGUMENT: INDUCTION, DEDUCTION, ANALOGY, AND LOGICAL FALLACIES

Induction
Deduction
"The Declaration of Independence"
Analogy
Logical Fallacies
Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
Fallacies That Result from Avoiding the Real Issue
Christian Brahmstedt, "Help Those Who Help, Not Hurt, Themselves"
For Reading and Analysis
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Declaration of Sentiments"
Neil de Grasse Tyson, "Things People Say"

SECTION 3STUDYING SOME ARGUMENTS BY GENREChapter 7DEFINITION ARGUMENTS

Defining as Part of an Argument
When Defining Is the Argument
Strategies for Developing an Extended Definition
Guidelines for Evaluating Definition Arguments
Preparing a Definition Argument
A Checklist for Revision
Student Essay: Laura Mullins, "Paragon or Parasite?"
For Analysis and Debate
Robin Givhan, "Glamour, That Certain Something"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 8EVALUATION ARGUMENTS

Characteristics of Evaluation Arguments
Types of Evaluation Arguments
Guidelines for Analyzing an Evaluation Argument
Preparing an Evaluation Argument
A Checklist for Revision
Student Review: Ian Habel, "Winchester's Alchemy: Two
Men and a Book"
Evaluating an Argument: The Rebuttal or Refutation Essay
Guidelines for Preparing a Refutation or Rebuttal Argument
Steven Pinker, "Mind Over Mass Media"
For Analysis and Debate
Thomas Sowell, "Christmas-Tree Totalitarians"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 9THE POSITION PAPER: CLAIMS OF VALUE

Characteristics of the Position Paper
Guidelines for Analyzing a Claim of Value
Preparing a Position Paper
A Checklist for Revision
Student Essay: Chris Brown, "Examining the Issue of Gun Control"
David Pogue, "To Track My Thief"
Gregory M. Kennedy SJ, "Trash Talk: Reflections on Our Throwaway Society"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 10ARGUMENTS ABOUT CAUSE

Characteristics of Causal Arguments
An Example of Causal Complexity: Lincoln's Election and the Start of the Civil War
Mill's Methods for Investigating Causes
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
Preparing a Causal Argument
A Checklist for Revision
For Analysis and Debate
Emily Matchar, "Why Your Office Needs More Bratty Millennials"
Caroline Simard, " 'Daring to Discuss Women in Science': A Response to John Tierney"

Chapter 11PRESENTING PROPOSALS: THE PROBLEM/SOLUTION

Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
Priya Natarajan, "Want More Scientists? Turn Grade Schools into Laboratories"
Preparing a Problem/Solution Argument
A Checklist for Revision
For Analysis and Debate
Peter Edelman, "Poverty in America: Why Can't We End It"
Jonathan Swift, "A Modest Proposal"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 12LOCATING, EVALUATING, AND PREPARING TO USE SOURCES

Selecting a Good Topic
What Type of Paper Am I Preparing?
Who Is My Audience?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Locating Sources
The Book Catalog
The Reference Collection
Electronic Databases
Guidelines for Using Online Dat
abases
The Internet
Guidelines for Searching the Web
Field Research
Evaluating Sources, Maintaining Credibility
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, DVDs, Television
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
Evaluating Sources, Maintaining Credibility
Guidelines for Evaluating Sources
Preparing an Annotated Bibliography

Chapter 13WRITING THE RESEARCHED ESSAY

Guidelines for Studying Sources
Avoiding Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Using Signal Phrases to Avoid Confusion
Guidelines for Appropriately Using Sources
Organizing the Paper
Drafting the Essay
Plan Your Time
Handle In-Text Documentation as You Draft
Choose an Appropriate Writing Style
Write Effective Beginnings
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Write Effective Conclusions
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Rewriting
Editing
Proofreading
The Completed Paper
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style: David Donaldson, "Tell Us What You Really Are: The Debate over Labeling Genetically Modified Food"

Chapter 14FORMAL DOCUMENTATION: MLA STYLE, APA STYLE

Guidelines for Using Parenthetical Documentation
The Simplest Patterns of Parenthetical Documentation
Placement of Parenthetical Documentation
Parenthetical Citations of Complex Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a Works Cited List
Forms for Books: Citing the Complete Book
Forms for Books: Citing Part of a Book
Forms for Periodicals: Articles in Journals and Magazines Accessed in Print
Forms for Periodicals: Articles in Newspapers Accessed in Print
Forms for Web Sources
Forms for Other Print and Nonprint Sources
Author/Year or APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Form for Books
Form for Articles
Form for Electronic Sources
Sample Student Essay in APA Style: Carissa Ervine, "The Relationship Between Depression and Marital Status"

SECTION 5A COLLECTION OF READINGSChapter 15THE MEDIA: IMAGE AND REALITY

Derrick Speight, "Of Losers and Moles: You Think Reality TV Just Writes Itself?"
Ann Hornaday, "Zero Dark Thirty and the New Reality of Reported Filmmaking"
Katherine Ellison, "What's Up, Doc? A Bloody Outrage, That's What"
Student Essay: Sienna Walker, "Big Pun's Prophesy"
Frank Luntz, "Words We Remember"

Chapter 16 THE INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA: THEIR IMPACT ON OUR LIVES

Peggy Orenstein, "I Tweet, Therefore I Am"
Susan B. Crawford, "The New Digital Divide"
Daniel M. Wegner, "Do Not Fear the Cybermind"
Eugeny Morozov, "The Death of the Cyberflaneur"
Lori B. Andrews, "Facebook Is Using You"

Chapter 17 MARRIAGE AND GENDER ISSUES: THE DEBATES CONTINUE

Michael Kinsley, "Abolish Marriage"
Andrew Sullivan, "My Big Fat Straight Wedding"
Stephanie Coontz, "The Myth of Male Decline"
Meg Jay, "The Downside of Living Together"
Kathleen Parker, "Un-hitching the Middle Class"
Gloria Steinem, "Supremacy Crimes"

Chapter 18 SPORTS TALK-SPORTS BATTLES

John Feinstein, "The Lesson of Penn State"
Donald Yee, "Show Them the Money"
Sally Jenkins, "Rather Than Pay Athletes, Show Them Respect"
Ruth Marcus, "Privilege Unchecked in the U-Va. Case?"
Megan Greenwell, "Where Have All the Good Coaches Gone?"
Jonathan Vaughters, "How To Get Doping Out of Sports"
Branden Allenby, "After Armstrong's Fall, the Case for Performance Enhancement"

Chapter 19 EDUCATION IN AMERICA: PROBLEMS AT ALL LEVELS

Richard Kalenberg, "5 Myths about Who Gets into College"
Naomi Schaefer Riley, "What's a College Education Really Worth? Not Enough"
Derek Thompson, "What's More Expensive Than College? Not Going to College"
Danielle Allen, "Helping Students Find Their Place in the World"
Howard Gardner, "Why Kids Cheat at Harvard"
George Will, "The Closed American Mind"

Chapter 20 THE ENVIRONMENT: HOW DO WE SUSTAIN IT?

Michael Novacek, "The Sixth Extinction: It Happened to Him. It's Happening to You."
Daniel T. Willingham, "Trust Me, I'm a Scientist"
James R. Lee, "Global Warming Is Just the Tip of the Iceberg"
Art Carden, "On Climate Change, Government Is Not the Answer"
Kristen Sheeran and Mindy Lubber, "The Cost of Climate Inaction"

Chapter 21 LAWS AND RIGHTS: GUN CONTROL AND IMMIGRATIONDEBATES

Katha Pollitt, "Gun Control? Dream On"
Petula Dvorak, "We Can't Afford the True Cost of Gun Crime"
Jay Dickey and Mark Rosenberg, " 'Senseless' Is Not Studying Gun Violence"
Amy Chua, "Immigrate, Assimilate"
Roberto Suro, "Legal, Illegal"
Patricia B. Strait, "When Societies Collide: Part Three: Finding the Best Fit Immigration Model"

Chapter 22 AMERICA: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE

Abraham Lincoln, "Second Inaugural Address"
Zainab Chaudary, "Your Most Powerful Currency: Your Vote"
Thomas L. Friedman, "Do You Want the Good News First?"
Fareed Zakaria, "The Emerging America"
Colbert I. King, "We Still Aren't Good Enough"
Kwame Anthony Appiah, "How the Future Will Judge Us"
Barack H. Obama, "We Made Ourselves Anew, and Vowed to Move Forward Together"

APPENDIX: UNDERSTANDING LITERATURE

Getting the Facts: Active Reading, Summary, and Paraphrase
Paul Lawrence Dunbar, "Promise"
Kate Chopin, "The Story of an Hour"
Summary of "The Story of an Hour"
William Shakespeare, "Sonnet 116"
Paraphrase of "Sonnet 116"
Seeing Connection: Analysis
Analysis of Narrative Structure
Analysis of Character
Analysis of Elements of Style and Tone
Drawing Conclusions: Interpretation
Writing about Literature
Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress"
Christopher Marlowe, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love"
Sir Walter Raleigh, "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd"
A.E. Housman, "Is My Team Ploughing"
Amy Lowell, "Taxi"
Ursula K. Le Guin, "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas"
Susan Glaspell, "Trifles"
Sample Student Literary Analysis: Alan Peterson "Faulkner's Realistic Initiation Theme"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing