Read, Reason, Write

SECTION I Critical Reading and Analysis CHAPTER 1 Writers and Their Sources Visual: Young woman with computer, older man with newspaper Reading, Writing, and the Contexts of Argument Responses to Sources Abraham Lincoln, "The Gettysburg Address" The Response to Content (Summary) The Analytic Response The Judgment or Evaluation Response The Research Response Ellen Goodman, "In Praise of a Snail's Pace" Active Reading: Use Your Mind! Guidelines for Active Reading Exercise: Active Reading: Richard Morin, "Political Ads and the Voters They Attract" Understanding Your Sources Writing Summaries Guidelines for Writing Summaries Exercise: Summary Sample Longer Summary Writing Paraphrases Sample Paraphrase: from Bertrand Russell's "A Free Man's Worship" Acknowledging Sources Informally Referring to People and Sources Lev Grossman, "The Geek Shall Inherit the Earth" Presenting Direct Quotations: A Guide to Form and Style Reasons for Using Quotation Marks Guidelines for Quoting For Debate: Robert J. Samuelson, "A Century of Freedom" David Rieff, "Their Hearts and Minds?" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing CHAPTER 2 Responding Critically to Sources Visual: Reading Wall Drawings Cartoon Traits of the Critical Reader/Thinker Examining the Context of a Source Who Is the Author? What Kind of Audience Is Addressed? What Is the Author's Purpose in Writing? What Are the Writer's Sources of Information? Understanding Attitude Denotative and Connotative Word Choice Recognizing Tone Analyzing Style Word Choice Sentence Structure Metaphors Organization and Examples Repetition Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony Quotation Marks, Italics, and Capital Letters Dave Barry, "Remote Control" Writing about Style Understanding Purpose and Audience Planning the Essay Developing Paragraphs Revising and Editing Manuscript Form Checklist for Revision Ellen Goodman, "Choosing Families" Student Essay: "Goodman's Feast of Style" Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Review Annotated Review: Lynda Ransdell, "More Than a Game: One Woman's Fight For Gender Equity in Sport" Student Review: "Winchester's Alchemy: Two Men and a Book" by Ian Habel Analyzing Two or More Sources Guidelines for Preparing a Contrast Essay Peter Rainer, "Knightley, in Shining Armour" For Reading and Analysis: Andrew Vachss, "Watch Your Language" Catherine Getches, "I Have a Chip, but It's Not on My Shoulder" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing SECTION II The World of Argument CHAPTER 3 Understanding the Basics of Argument Visual: Dilbert "Presentation" cartoon Characteristics of Argument Argument Is Conversation with a Goal Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence Argument Incorporates Values Argument Recognizes the Topic's Complexity The Shape of Argument: The Aristotelian Model The Shape of Argument: The Toulmin Model The Language of Claims and Support Facts False Facts Inferences Judgments Exercise on the Language of Argument: Richard Morin, "Paradise Lost" Learning More about the Toulmin Model of Argument Claims Grounds (or Data or Evidence) Warrants Backing Qualifiers Rebuttals Using Toulmin's Terms to Analyze Argument Annotated Essay: Les Schobert, "Let the Zoo's Elephants Go" Using Toulmin's Terms as a Guide to Structuring Arguments Exercises: Using Toulmin's Terms to Plan Arguments For Debate: Barrett Seaman, "How Bingeing Became the New College Sport" Joseph A. Califano, Jr., "Don't Make Teen Drinking Easier" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing CHAPTER 4 Writing Effective Arguments Visual: Martin Luther King, Jr., Writing Know Your Audience Understand Your Writing Purpose Find a Topic Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support Selecting a Topic Drafting a Claim Listing Possible Grounds Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument Planning Your Approach Draft Your Argument Revise Your Draft Rewriting Editing A Few Words about Words and Tone Proofreading A Checklist for Revision For Analysis and Debate: Deborah Tannen, "We Need Higher Quality Outrage" Sidney Hook, "In Defense of Voluntary Euthanasia" Peter A. Singer and Mark Siegler, "Euthanasia: A Critique" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing CHAPTER 5 Learning More about Argument: Logical Fallacies, Induction, and Deduction Visual: Roger's cartoon: "I've Got Him Right Where I Want Him!" Induction Example of Induction: from Mark A. Norell and Xu Xing, "The Varieties of Tyrannosaurs" Deduction Example of Deduction: "The Declaration of Independence" Analogy Example of Analogy: Zbigniew Brzezinski, "War and Football" Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic Fallacies Resulting from Oversimplifying Fallacies Resulting from Ignoring the Issue Evaluating the Arguments of Others: The Refutation Essay Sample Refutation Annotated: David Sadker, "Gender Games" Exercise on Refutation: Robert H. Bork, "Addicted to Health" For Debate and Analysis: Colbert I. King, "'Judicial Activism' to Be Thankful For" Ruth Marcus, "Diversity Gets Benched" Suggestions for Class Discussion and Writing CHAPTER 6 Reading, Analyzing, and Writing Definition Arguments and Position Papers Visual: Dana Summers cartoon about the Declaration of Independence The Definition Argument: Debating the Meanings of Words When to Use Definition Analyzing Definition Arguments Preparing a Definition Argument Annotated Student Essay: Laura Mullins, "Paragon or Parasite?" The Position Paper: Examining Claims of Value Characteristics of the Position Paper Analyzing a Position Paper Supporting a Claim of Value Using the Rogerian or Conciliatory Approach Annotated Student Essay: Chris Brown, "Examining the Issue of Gun Control" For Debate: Charles Krauthammer, "Setting Limits on Tolerance" Colbert I. King, "You Can't Fight Terrorism with Racism" Suggestions for Class Discussion and Writing CHAPTER 7 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument Visual: Photo of police and dogs attacking blacks Responding to Visual Arguments "They'd Rather Be in Colorado" (Advertisement) "Visionary" (Advertisement) Reading Graphics Exercises: Reading and Analyzing Graphics The Uses of Authority and Statistics Judging Authorities Understanding and Analyzing Statistics Writing the Investigative Argument Gathering and Analyzing Evidence Planning and Drafting the Essay Guidelines for Writing an Investigative Argument Preparing Graphics Analyzing Evidence: The Key to an Effective Argument A Checklist for Revision Student Essay: Garrett Berger, "Buying Time" For Reading and Analysis: Gregory Rodriguez, "Mongrel America" Annette Fuentes, "Discipline and Punish" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing Color insert Electoral Votes per State for 2004 Election (Map) Scott Adams, Dilbert cartoon "Search for:" (Expedia.com ad) "Technology that gets flowers from ..." (ftd/hp ad) Pierce Brosnan's Choice (Omega ad) Got Milk? Ad CHAPTER 8 Reading, Analyzing, and Writing Causal and Problem/Solution Arguments Visual: Herblock Cartoon on Guns Arguments about Cause Characteristics of Causal Arguments Mill's Methods for Investigating Causes Exercise: Understanding Causal Patterns Analyzing Causal Arguments Preparing a Causal Argument Annotated Causal Argument: Eugene Robinson, "A Specious 'Experiment'" The Problem-Solution Argument: Exploring Public-Policy Issues Characteristics of Problem-Solution Arguments Analyzing Problem-Solution Arguments Preparing a Problem-Solution Argument Annotated Problem-Solution Essay: James Q. Wilson, "A New Strategy for the War on Drugs" For Analysis and Debate: Lester Thurow, "Why Women Are Paid Less Than Men" Beth Shulman, "Four Myths, 30 Million Potential Votes" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing SECTION III THE RESEARCHED AND FORMALLY DOCUMENTED ARGUMENT CHAPTER 9 Getting Started and Locating Sources (in the Library, Online, in the Field) Visual: Three Photos of Students Working; First One Framed by Color Types of Research Projects Finding a Workable Topic What Type of Paper Am I Preparing? Who Is My Audience? What Are the Assignment's Time and Length Constraints? What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid? How Can I Select a Good Topic? How Do I Get Started When There Are Few Restrictions? What Is the "Right" Size for a Topic? Writing a Tentative Thesis (Claim) or Research Proposal Preparing a Working Bibliography Basic Form for Books Ba sic Form for Articles Knowing Your Library Locating Books Using the Reference Collection Basic Reference Tools Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online The Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature The New York Times Index Online Databases Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online Searching the Internet Doing Field Research Federal, State, and Local Government Documents Correspondence Interviews Lectures Films, Tapes, Television Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research CHAPTER 10 Exploring Sources, Selecting Support, and Documenting (Using MLA) Visual: Three Photos of Students Working, Second One Framed by Color Using Sources Effectively Evaluating Sources, Maintaining Credibility Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism Taking Notes on Sources Guidelines for Taking Notes Should I Quote or Paraphrase or Use Photocopies of Sources? Using "Tags" or "Signal Phrases" to Avoid Misleading Documentation MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation The Simplest Patterns of Parenthetical Documentation Placement of Parenthetical Documentation Parenthetical Citations of Complex Sources Additional Information Footnotes or Endnotes "See Also" Footnotes or Endnotes Preparing MLA Citations for a "Works Cited" Page Forms for Books: Citing the Complete Book Forms for Books: Citing Part of a Book Forms for Periodicals: Articles in Journals Forms for Periodicals: Articles in Magazines Forms for Periodicals: Newspapers Citing Other Print and Nonprint Sources Citing Electronic Sources CHAPTER 11 Writing the Researched Essay Visual: Three Photos of Students Working, Third One Framed by Color Organizing the Paper The Formal Outline Drafting the Paper Plan Your Time Handle Documentation As You Draft Choose an Appropriate Writing Style Avoid Excessive Quoting Write Effective Beginnings Avoid Ineffective Openings Choose Solid, Unified Paragraphs Write Effective Conclusions Avoid Ineffective Conclusions Choose an Effective Title Revising the Paper: A Checklist Rewriting Editing Proofreading The Completed Paper Sample Student Research Essay CHAPTER 12 Using Other Styles of Documentation Visual: Three Photos of Students Working, Third One Framed by Color Author/Year or APA Style APA Style: In-Text Citations APA Style: Preparing a List of References Form for Books Form for Articles Electronic Sources Sample Student Essay in APA Style Footnote or Endnote Style In-Text Citations Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference Sample Footnotes/Endnotes Footnote/Endnote Form: Short Forms SECTION IV A COLLECTION OF READINGS CHAPTER 13 The Media: Image and Reality Visual: JFK photo-The Loneliest Job Jean Kilbourne, "In Your Face ... All Over the Place!" Rob Walker, "Social Lubricant: How a Marketing Campaign Became the Catalyst for a Societal Debate" Robin Givhan, "Dove Look Is Real, but Does It Inspire?" Michelle Cottle, "Turning Goys into Girls" Peggy Noonan, "The Blogs Must Be Crazy" Eugene Robinson, "Instant Revisionism" Derrick Speight, "Of Losers and Moles: You Think Reality TV Just Writes Itself?" Color insert Photo: Children fleeing from napalm in Vietnam Photo: Challenger burning up in the sky Photo: Arthur Ashe holding winning trophy at Wimbledon Photo: Protestor in front of tanks in China Photo: AIDS quilts spread over the Mall Photo: Twin Towers burning behind Statue of Liberty CHAPTER 14 Society and Values in an iPod World Visual: "Great PowerPoint, Kevin, but the Answer Is No" cartoon Patricia Dalton, "We're Only Human: And None of Us Are Made to Run Like Machines" Simson Garfinkel, "Privacy Under Attack" Cary Sherman, "The Issue Is Priacy, Not Privacy" George Will, "IPod's Missed Manners" Ruth Marcus, "PowerPoint: Killer App?" Andrew Sullivan, "Society Is Dead: We Have Retreated into the iWorld" Joel Achenbach, "Out of the Woods: Today's Kids Can't See the Forest for the MTV" CHAPTER 15 Violence and American Society Visual: Photo of boy with gun watching TV Karen Wright, "Guns, Lies, and Video" Richard Rhodes, "Hollow Claims About Fantasy Violence" Katherine Ellison, "What's Up Doc? A Bloody Outrage, That's What" Brent Staples, "How Hip-Hop Music Lost Its Way and Betrayed Its Fans" Gloria Steinem, "Supremacy Crimes" Robert F. Drinan, "Small Weapons Pose a Global Threat" Jonathan Cowan, "False Choices on Gun Safety" CHAPTER 16 Sports Talk--Sports Battles Visual: Oliphant cartoon, "Hell! I Didn't Even Know They Played Golf, Did you, Hootie?" David Oliver Relin, "Who's Killing Kids' Sports?" Gordon Gee, "My Plan to Put the College Back in College Sports" Sally Jenkins, "Education, Athletics: The Odd Couple" Rick Reilly, "Disadvantage, Women" Frank Deford, "Solving the Title IX Problem" Charles Krauthammer, "The Greatness Gap" John Feinstein, "Farewell to a True Champion" CHAPTER 17 Quality and Fairness in the American Classroom Visual: Toles cartoon: "No Child Left Behind" Daniel Henninger, "Doing the Numbers on Public Schools Adds Up to Zero" Diane Ravitch, "Put Teachers to the Test" Bob Herbert, "Left Behind, Way Behind" The Daily Howler, "Back-to-School Blues (Part 1)!" James P. Pinkerton, "A Grand Compromise" Mary Sue Coleman, "The Digital Library Plan: Riches We Must Share" Nick Taylor, "The Digital Library Plan: But Not at Writers' Expense" CHAPTER 18 Censorship and Free Speech Debates Visual: Handwritten version of the Constitution Mark Mathabane, "If you Assign My Book, Don't Censor It" Ken Dautrich and John Bare, "Why the First Amendment (and Journalism)Might Be in Trouble" Mark Davis, "A Little Civility, Please" Robert O'Neil, "What Limits Should Campus Networks Place on Pornography?" Andrew J. McClurg, "Online Lessons on Unprotected Sex" Anne Applebaum, "Let a Thousand Filters Bloom" David McHardy Reid, "Business Is Business" CHAPTER 19 Ethics and the Law-Current and Enduring Debates Visual: "What is legal is not always moral" demonstrator photo Molly Ivins, "Congress Should Stay out of Private Family Matters" Wesley J. Smith, "The Case Heard Round the Web" Linda J. Collier, "Adult Crime, Adult Time" Richard Cohen, "Kids Who Kill Are Still Kids" Joseph Bernstein, "Animal Rights v. Animal Research: A Modest Proposal" Timothy Sprigge, "A Reply to Joseph Bernstein" Ernest van den Haag, "The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense" Hugo Adam Bedau, "Death Is Different" CHAPTER 20 Marriage and Gender Issues: The Debates Continue Visual: Tom Armstrong, Marvin cartoon: "Speciesists" Linda J. Waite, "Social Science Finds: 'Marriage Matters'" Michael Kinsely, "Abolish Marriage" Andrew Sullivan, "The Conservative Case for Gay Marriage" Lisa Schiffren, "Gay Marriage, an Oxymoron" Amanda Ripley, "Who Says a Woman Can't Be Einstein?" Susan E. Reed, "Lawsuits Won't Break That Glass Ceiling" Judith D. Auerbach, "The Overlooked Victims of AIDS" CHAPTER 21 Science-and the Politics of Science Visual: Bob Thaves cartoon: "Don't Worry. We Have a Disaster Plan" Laura K. Donohue, "Censoring Science Won't Make Us Any Safer" Glenn D. Shean, "Psychology and the Environment" Anna Quindlen, "Don't Mess with Mother" President's Council on Bioethics, "Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry" Jody Bottum, "The Horror" Lee M. Silver, "The Virtual Child" Patricia J. Williams, "Genes, Genius, Genies" Daniel C. Dennett, "Show Me the Science" CHAPTER 22 Storm Clouds over America: Where Are We Headed? Visual: New Orleans jazz photo Tunku Varadarajan, "That Feeling of Being under Suspicion" Karina Robbins, "No Compromises: Why We Are Going to Lose the War on Terror-and How We Could Win" Irshad Manji, "When Denial Can Kill" Wynton Marsalis, "Saving America's Soul Kitchen" David Brooks, "The Bursting Point" E. J. Dionne, "When Government Is Good" Katha Pollitt, "Intelligible Design" CHAPTER 23 Some Classic Arguments Visual: Photo of front of Supreme Court Building Jonathan Swift, "A Modest Proposal" Henry David Thoreau, "Civil Disobedience" Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Declaration of Sentiments" John Stuart Mill, from "On Liberty" George Orwell, "A Hanging" Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dream" APPENDIX Understanding Literature Getting the Facts: Active Reading, Summary, and Paraphrase Paul Lawrence Dunbar, "Promise" Langston Hughes, "Early Autumn" Summary of "Early Autumn" William Shakespeare, "Sonnet 116" Paraphrase of "Sonnet 116" Seeing Connections: Analysis Analysis of Narrative Structure Analysis of Character Analysis of Elements of Style and Tone Drawing Conclusions: Interpretation Writing about Literature Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress" Christopher Marlowe, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" Sir Walter Raleigh, 'The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" A. E. Housman, "Is My Team Ploughing" Amy Lowell, "Taxi" Kate Chopin, "The Story of an Hour" Ursula K. LeGuin, "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" Susan Glaspell, Trifles Sample Student Literary Analysis Suggestions for Discussion and Writing Glossary Index