Read Reason Write

CONTENTS Preface SECTION 1CRITICAL READING AND ANALYSIS Chapter 1WRITERS AND THEIR SOURCES Reading, Writing, and the Contexts of Argument Responses to Sources Abraham Lincoln, "The Gettysburg Address" The Response to Content The Analytic Response The Judgment or Evaluation Response The Research Response Deborah Tannen, "Who Does the Talking Here?" Active Reading: Use Your Mind! Guidelines for Active Reading Richard Morin, "Political Ads and the Voters They Attract" Understanding Your Sources Writing Summaries Guidelines for Writing Summaries Acknowledging Sources Informally References to People References to Sources Joel Achenbach, "The Future Is Now" Presenting Direct Quotations: A Guide for Form and Style Reasons for Using Quotation Marks A Brief Guide to Quoting For Reading and Analysis Anna Quindlen, "Turning the Page" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing Chapter 2 RESPONDING CRITICALLY TO SOURCES Traits of the Critical Reader/Thinker Examining the Rhetorical Context of a Source Who is the Author? What type of source-or genre-is it? What Is the Author's Primary Purpose? What Are the Author's Sources of Information? Analyzing the Style of a Source Denotative and Connotative Word Choice Tone Sentence Structure Metaphors Organization and Examples Repetition Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony Quotation Marks, Italics, and Capital Letters Dave Barry, "In a Battle of Wits with Kitchen Appliances, I'm Toast" Writing about Style Understanding Your Purpose and Audience Planning the Essay Drafting the Style Analysis A Checklist for Revision Ellen Goodman, "In Praise of a Snail's Pace" Student Essay (on Goodman's essay) Analyzing Two or More Sources Guidelines for Preparing a Contrast Essay The Miami Herald, "Juan Williams Fired for Comments" Patrik Jonsson, "Juan Williams Fired: Pitfalls of the Insta-opinion Age" For Reading and Analysis Firoozeh Dumas, "The F Word" Catherine Getches, "Husband Hal" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing SECTION 2THE WORLD OF ARGUMENT Chapter 3UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF ARGUMENT Characteristics of Argument Argument Is Conversation with a Goal Argument Debates an Arguable Issue Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence Argument Incorporates Values Argument Recognizes a Topic's Complexity The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Aristotle Ethos (About the Writer/Speaker) Logos (About the Logic of the Argument) Pathos (About Appeals to the Audience) Karios (About the Occasion or Situation) The Language of Argument Facts Inferences Judgments Sam Wang and Sandra Aamodt, "Your Brain Lies to You" The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Toulmin Claims Grounds (or Data or Evidence) Warrants Backing Qualifiers Rebuttals Using Toulmin's Terms to Analyze Arguments Les Schobert, "Let the Zoo's Elephants Go" Using Toulmin's Terms as a Guide to Organizing Arguments For Debate T. R. Reid, "Let My Teenager Drink" Joseph A. Califano, Jr., 'Don't Make Teen Drinking Easier" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing Chapter 4WRITING EFFECTIVE ARGUMENTS Know Your Audience Who Is My Audience? What Will My Audience Know about My Topic? Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue? How Should I Address My Audience? Understand Your Writing Purpose What Type (Genre) of Work Am I Preparing? What Is My Goal? Will the Rogerian or Conciliatory Approach Work for Me? Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support Selecting a Topic Drafting a Claim Listing Possible Grounds Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective Planning the Approach Draft Your Argument Guidelines for Drafting Revise Your Draft Rewriting Editing A Few Words about Words and Tone Proofreading A Checklist for Revision For Analysis and Debate Steven Pearlstein, "Understanding the Costs of Rising Inequality" E.J. Dionne Jr., "Political Stupidity, U.S. Style" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing Chapter 5READING, ANALYZING, AND USING VISUALS AND STATISTICS IN ARGUMENT Responding to Visual Arguments Reading Graphics Understanding How Graphics Differ Guidelines for Reading Graphics Exercises The Use of Authority and Statistics Judging Authorities Understanding and Evaluating Sources Guidelines for Evaluating Sources Exercises Writing the Investigative Argument Gathering and Analyzing Evidence Planning and Drafting the Essay Guidelines for Writing an Investigative Argument Analyzing Evidence: The Key to an Effective Argument Preparing Graphics for Your Essay A Checklist for Revision Student Essay: "Buying Time" by Garrett Berger For Reading and Analysis Joe Navarro, "Every Body's Talking: Nonverbals Speak Loudly" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing Chapter 6LEARNING MORE ABOUT ARGUMENT: INDUCTION, DEDUCTION, ANALOGY, AND LOGICAL FALLACIES Induction Deduction "The Declaration of Independence" Analogy Zbigniew Brzezinski, "War and Football" Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic Fallacies of Oversimplifying (Problems with Logos) Fallacies of Avoiding the Issue (Problems with Ethos or Pathos) For Analysis Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Declaration of Sentiments" Neil de Grasse Tyson, "Things People Say" SECTION 3STUDYING SOME ARGUMENTS BY GENRE Chapter 7DEFINITION ARGUMENTS Defining as Part of an Argument When Defining Is the Argument Strategies for Developing an Extended Definition Guidelines for Evaluating Definition Arguments Preparing a Definition Argument A Checklist for Revision Student Essay: "Laura Mullins, "Paragon or Parasite?" For Analysis and Debate Susan Jacoby, "Best Is the New Worst" Robin Givhan, "Glamour, That Certain Something" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing Chapter 8EVALUATION ARGUMENTS Types of Evaluation Arguments Guidelines for Analyzing an Evaluation Argument Preparing an Evaluation Argument A Checklist for Revision Student Review: Ian Habel, "Winchester's Alchemy: Two Men and a Book" Evaluating an Argument: The Rebuttal or Refutation Essay Guidelines for Preparing a Refutation Annotated Refutation: David Sadker, "Gender Games" For Analysis and Debate Robert H. Bork, "Addicted to Health" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing Chapter 9THE POSITION PAPER: CLAIMS OF VALUE Characteristics of the Position Paper Guidelines for Analyzing a Claim of Value Preparing a Position Paper A Checklist for Revision For Analysis and Debate Ronald Bailey, "The Battle for Your Brain" Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dream" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing Chapter 10ARGUMENTS ABOUT CAUSE Characteristics of Causal Arguments Mill's Methods for Investigating Causes Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments Preparing a Causal Argument A Checklist for Revision For Analysis and Debate Lester C. Thurow, "Why Women Are Paid Less Than Men" Tyler Cowen, "How Immigrants Create More Jobs" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing Chapter 11PRESENTING PROPOSALS: THE PROBLEM/SOLUTION ARGUMENT Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments James Q. Wilson, "A New Strategy for the War on Drugs" Jonathan Swift, "A Modest Proposal" Suggestions for Discussion and Writing SECTION 4THE RESEARCHED AND FORMALLY DOCUMENTED ARGUMENT Chapter 12LOCATING, EVALUATING, AND PREPARING TO USE SOURCES Selecting a Good Topic What Type of Research Essay Am I Preparing? Who Is My Audience? How Can I Select a Good Topic? What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid? Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal Preparing a Working Bibliography Basic Form for Books Basic Form for Articles Locating Sources The Book Catalog The Reference Collection Electronic Databases The Internet Field Research Evaluating Sources, Maintaining Credibility Guidelines for Evaluating Sources Chapter 13WRITING THE RESEARCHED ESSAY Avoiding Plagiarism What Is Common Knowledge? Using Signal Phrases to Avoid Misleading Readers Guidelines for Appropriately Using Sources Organizing the Paper The Formal Outline Drafting the Paper Revising the Paper: A Checklist The Completed Paper Sample Student Research Essay Chapter 14FORMAL DOCUMENTATION: MLA STYLE, APA STYLE OF DOCUMENTATION MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation MLA Citations for a "Works Cited" Page APA In-Text Documentation APA Citations for a "References" Page SECTION 5A COLLECTION OF READINGS Chapter 15THE MEDIA: IMAGE AND REALITY Derrick Speight, "Of Losers and Moles: You Think Reality TV Just Writes Itself?") Howard Kurtz, "Press and Pund Stampede Tramples Good Judgment and Often the Facts, Too" Jean Kilbourne, "In Your Face... All Over the Place" Katherine Ellison, "What's Up, Doc? A Bloody Outrage, That's What" Fred von Lohmann, "Copyright Silliness on Campus" Rebecca Davis O'Brien, "The Social Network's Female Props" Chapter 16THE INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA: THEIR IMPACT ON OUR LIVES Nicola Carr, "Is Google Making Us Stupid?" Steven Pinker, "Mind over Mass Media" David Brooks, "The Medium Is the Medium" Yasheng Huang, "Why Google Should Stay in China" Mona Eltahay, "In Egypt Twitter Trumps Torture" Peggy Orenstein, "I Tweet, Therefore I Am" Elias Aboujaoude, "A Violin Requiem for Privacy" Chapter 17 THE ENVIRONMENT: HOW DO WE COPE WITH CLIMAGE CHANGE? Michael Novacek, "The Sixth Extinction: It Happened to him. It's Happening to You." David Fahrenthold, "It's Natural to Behave Irrationally" Kristen Sheeran and Mindy Lubber, "The Cost of Climate Inaction" Daniel Goleman, "How Marketplace Economics Can Help Build a Greener World" "Wecansolveit" ad James R. Lee, "Global Warming Is Just the Tip of the Iceberg" Graeme Wood, "Moving Heaven and Earth" Chapter 18SPORTS TALK-SPORTS BATTLES Donald Yee, "Show Them the Money" Sally Jenkins, "Education, Athletics: The Odd Couple" Ruth Marcus, "Privilege Unchecked in the U-Va. Case?" William Saletan, "The Beam in Your Eye: If Steroids Are Cheating, Why Isn't LASIK?" Jordan Mamorsky, "Houston: We Have a Problem" Tracee Hamilton, "It's Only a Letdown If You Expected Something Better" Chapter 19 MARRIAGE AND GENDER ISSUES: THE DEBATES CONTINUE Linda Waite, "Socail Science Finds: Marriage Matters" Michael Kinsley, "Abolish Marriage" Andrew Sullivan, "My Big Fat Straight Wedding" Chong-Suk Ham, "Gay Asian-American Male Seeks Home" Naomi Cahn and June Carbone, "5 Myths about Working Mothers" Jessica, Valenti, "For Women in America, Equality Is Still an Illusion" Gloria Steinem, "Supremacy Crimes" Chapter 20 EDUCATION IN AMERICA: PROBLEMS AT ALL LEVELS Gretchen Reynolds, "The Fittest Brains George Will, "A Daunting Children's Divide" William Brock, Ray Marshall, and Marc Tucker, "10 Steps to World-Class Schools" Richard Kalenberg, "5 Myths about Who Gets into College" Ted Gup, "So Much for the Information Age"David Cole, "Laptops vs. Learning" Chapter 21CENSORSHIP AND FREE SPEECH DEBATES Katha Pollitt, "Ground Zero for Free Speech" Ken Dautrich and John Bare, "Why the First Amendment (and Journalism) Might Be in Trouble" Anne Applebaum, "Chipping Away at Free Speech" Doug Gansler, "Limits of Free Speech" Andrew J. McClurg, "Online Lessons on Unprotected Sex" Daniel Greenberg, "Virtual Violence Is Free Speech" Chapter 22 ETHICS AND THE LAW: CURRENT AND ENDURING DEBATES Arthur Kellerman, "Guns for Safety? Dream on, Scalia" Darius Rejali, "5 Myths about Torture and Truth" Eugene Robinson, "First They Did Harm" Marianne Mollmann, "Ending Impunity for Rape" Kathleen Parker, "Crush Animal Cruelty" Ruben Navarette, Jr., "At the Cliff's Edge on Immigration" Chapter 23AMERICA: EMBRACING THE FUTURE -- OR DIVIDED BY CONFLICT? Arthur C. Brooks, "The New Culture War" Colbert King, "Faces We've Seen Before" Bob Hebert, "America Is Better Than This" Jennifer Granholm, "The Cure for Public Anger" David Kennedy, "Throwing the Bums Out for 140 Years" Virginia Postrel, "The Design of Your Life" Kwame Anthony Appiah, "How the Future Will Judge Us" APPENDIX: UNDERSTANDING LITERATURE Getting the Facts: Active Reading, Summary, and Paraphrase Paul Lawrence Dunbar, "Promise" Kate Chopin, "The Story of an Hour" Summary of "The Story of an Hour" William Shakespeare, "Sonnet 116" Paraphrase of "Sonnet 116" Seeing Connection: Analysis Analysis of Narrative Structure Analysis of Character Analysis of Elements of Style and Tone Drawing Conclusions: Interpretation Writing about LIreature Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress" Christopher Marlowe, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" Sir Walter Raleigh, "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" A.E. Housman, "Is My Team Ploughing" Amy Lowell, "Taxi" Ursula K. Le Guin, "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" Susan Glaspell, "Trifles" Sample Student Literary Analysis Suggestions for Discussion and Writing