LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution

Editors' Biographies List of Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgements List of Acronyms 1 Introduction and Background 1 Thomas Sälzer and Matthew Baker 1.1 The Context for the Long Term Evolution of UMTS 1 1.2 Requirements and Targets for the Long Term Evolution 7 1.3 Technologies for the Long Term Evolution 14 1.4 From Theory to Practice 20 References 21 Part I Network Architecture and Protocols 23 2 Network Architecture 25 Sudeep Palat and Philippe Godin 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Overall Architectural Overview 26 2.3 Protocol Architecture 32 2.4 Quality of Service and EPS Bearers 34 2.5 The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: S1 Interface 40 2.6 The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: X2 Interface 49 2.7 Summary 55 References 55 3 Control Plane Protocols 57 Himke van der Velde 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 58 3.3 PLMN and Cell Selection 78 3.4 Paging 84 3.5 Summary 86 References 86 4 User Plane Protocols 87 Patrick Fischer, SeungJune Yi, SungDuck Chun and YoungDae Lee 4.1 Introduction to the User Plane Protocol Stack 87 4.2 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 89 4.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) 98 4.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) 108 4.5 Summary of the User Plane Protocols 120 References 120 Part II Physical Layer for Downlink 121 5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 123 Andrea Ancora, Issam Toufik, Andreas Bury and Dirk Slock 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 OFDM 125 5.3 OFDMA 137 5.4 Parameter Dimensioning 139 5.5 Summary 142 References 142 6 Introduction to Downlink Physical Layer Design 145 Matthew Baker 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Transmission Resource Structure 145 6.3 Signal Structure 148 6.4 Introduction to Downlink Operation 149 References 150 7 Synchronization and Cell Search 151 Fabrizio Tomatis and Stefania Sesia 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Synchronization Sequences and Cell Search in LTE 151 7.3 Coherent Versus Non-Coherent Detection 161 References 163 8 Reference Signals and Channel Estimation 165 Andrea Ancora, Stefania Sesia and Alex Gorokhov 8.1 Introduction 165 8.2 Design of Reference Signals in the LTE Downlink 167 8.2.1 Cell-Specific Reference Signals 168 8.3 RS-Aided Channel Modelling and Estimation 174 8.4 Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation 178 8.5 Time-Domain Channel Estimation 181 8.6 Spatial-Domain Channel Estimation 184 8.7 Advanced Techniques 185 References 186 9 Downlink Physical Data and Control Channels 189 Matthew Baker and Tim Moulsley 9.1 Introduction 189 9.2 Downlink Data-Transporting Channels 189 9.3 Downlink Control Channels 196 References 214 10 Link Adaptation and Channel Coding 215 Brian Classon, Ajit Nimbalker, Stefania Sesia and Issam Toufik 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Link Adaptation and CQI Feedback 217 10.3 Channel Coding 223 10.4 Conclusions 245 References 246 11 Multiple Antenna Techniques 249 Thomas Sälzer, David Gesbert, Cornelius van Rensburg, Filippo Tosato, Florian Kaltenberger and Tetsushi Abe 11.1 Fundamentals of Multiple Antenna Theory 249 11.2 MIMO Schemes in LTE 262 11.3 Summary 276 References 277 12 Multi-User Scheduling and Interference Coordination 279 Issam Toufik and Raymond Knopp 12.1 Introduction 279 12.2 General Considerations for Resource Allocation Strategies 280 12.3 Scheduling Algorithms 283 12.4 Considerations for Resource Scheduling in LTE 286 12.5 Interference Coordination and Frequency Reuse 287 12.6 Summary 291 References 292 13 Broadcast Operation 293 Himke van der Velde, Olivier Hus and Matthew Baker 13.1 Introduction 293 13.2 Broadcast Modes 293 13.3 Overall MBMS Architecture 295 13.4 MBMS Single Frequency Network Transmission 297 13.5 MBMS Characteristics 303 13.6 Radio Access Protocol Architecture and Signalling 304 13.7 Public Warning Systems 312 13.8 Comparison of Mobile Broadcast Modes 312 References 314 Part III Physical Layer for Uplink 315 14 Uplink Physical Layer Design 317 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 14.1 Introduction 317 14.2 SC-FDMA Principles 318 14.3 SC-FDMA Design in LTE 321 14.4 Summary 325 References 326 15 Uplink Reference Signals 327 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 15.1 Introduction 327 15.2 RS Signal Sequence Generation 328 15.3 Sequence-Group Hopping and Planning 332 15.4 Cyclic Shift Hopping 333 15.5 Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) 335 15.6 Uplink Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) 337 15.7 Summary 340 References 341 16 Uplink Physical Channel Structure 343 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 16.1 Introduction 343 16.2 Physical Uplink Shared Data Channel Structure 344 16.3 Uplink Control Channel Design 348 16.4 Multiplexing of Control Signalling and UL-SCH Data on PUSCH 365 16.5 ACK/NACK Repetition 367 16.6 Multiple-Antenna Techniques 367 16.7 Summary 369 References 369 17 Random Access 371 Pierre Bertrand and Jing Jiang 17.1 Introduction 371 17.2 Random Access Usage and Requirements in LTE 371 17.3 Random Access Procedure 372 7.4 Physical Random Access Channel Design 376 17.5 PRACH Implementation 396 17.6 Time Division Duplex (TDD) PRACH 404 17.7 Concluding Remarks 405 References 406 18 Uplink Transmission Procedures 407 Matthew Baker 18.1 Introduction 407 18.2 Uplink Timing Control 407 18.3 Power Control 411 References 420 Part IV Practical Deployment Aspects 421 19 User Equipment Positioning 423 Karri Ranta-aho and Zukang Shen 19.1 Introduction 423 19.2 Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS) Positioning 425 19.3 Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) Positioning 426 19.4 Cell-ID-based Positioning 431 19.5 LTE Positioning Protocols 433 19.6 Summary and Future Techniques 435 References 436 20 The Radio Propagation Environment 437 Juha Ylitalo and Tommi Jämsä 20.1 Introduction 437 20.2 SISO and SIMO Channel Models 438 20.3 MIMO Channel Models 441 20.4 Radio Channel Implementation for Conformance Testing 454 20.5 Concluding Remarks 455 References 455 21 Radio Frequency Aspects 457 Moray Rumney, Takaharu Nakamura, Stefania Sesia, Tony Sayers and Adrian Payne 21.1 Introduction 457 21.2 Frequency Bands and Arrangements 459 21.3 Transmitter RF Requirements 462 21.4 Receiver RF Requirements 474 21.5 RF Impairments 492 21.6 Summary 500 References 501 22 Radio Resource Management 503 Muhammad Kazmi 22.1 Introduction 503 22.2 Cell Search Performance 505 22.3 Mobility Measurements 513 22.4 UE Measurement Reporting Mechanisms and Requirements 516 22.5 Mobility Performance 518 22.6 RRC Connection Mobility Control Performance 525 22.7 Radio Link Monitoring Performance 526 22.8 Concluding Remarks 528 References 529 23 Paired and Unpaired Spectrum 531 Nicholas Anderson 23.1 Introduction 531 23.2 Duplex Modes 532 23.3 Interference Issues in Unpaired Spectrum 533 23.4 Half-Duplex System Design Aspects 544 23.5 Reciprocity 552 24 Picocells, Femtocells and Home eNodeBs 563 Philippe Godin and Nick Whinnett 24.1 Introduction 563 24.2 Home eNodeB Architecture 564 24.3 Interference Management for Femtocell Deployment 569 24.4 RF Requirements for Small Cells 574 24.5 Summary 580 References 580 25 Self-Optimizing Networks 581 Philippe Godin 25.1 Introduction 581 25.2 Automatic Neighbour Relation Function (ANRF) 582 25.3 Self-Configuration of eNodeB and MME 584 25.4 Automatic Configuration of Physical Cell Identity 587 25.5 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization 587 25.6 Mobility Robustness Optimization 591 25.7 Random Access CHannel (RACH) Self-Optimization 595 25.8 Energy Saving 596 25.9 Emerging New SON Use Cases 597 References 598 26 LTE System Performance 599 Tetsushi Abe 26.1 Introduction 599 26.2 Factors Contributing to LTE System Capacity 599 26.3 LTE Capacity Evaluation 603 26.4 LTE Coverage and Link Budget 608 26.5 Summary 610 References 611 Part V LTE-Advanced 613 27 Introduction to LTE-Advanced 615 Dirk Gerstenberger 27.1 Introduction and Requirements 615 27.2 Overview of the Main Features of LTE-Advanced 618 27.3 Backward Compatibility 619 27.4 Deployment Aspects 620 27.5 UE Categories for LTE-Advanced 621 References 622 28 Carrier Aggregation 623 Juan Montojo and Jelena Damnjanovic 28.1 Introduction 623 28.2 Protocols for Carrier Aggregation 624 28.3 Physical Layer Aspects 631 28.4 UE Transmitter and Receiver Aspects 648 28.5 Summary 650 References 650 29 Multiple Antenna Techniques for LTE-Advanced 651 Alex Gorokhov, Amir Farajidana, Kapil Bhattad, Xiliang Luo and Stefan Geirhofer 29.1 Downlink Reference Signals 651 29.2 Uplink Reference Signals 657 29.3 Downlink MIMO Enhancements 659 29.4 Uplink Multiple Antenna Transmission 666 29.5 Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP) Transmission and Reception 669 29.6 Summary 671 References 671 30 Relaying 673 Eric Hardouin, J. Nicholas Laneman, Alexander Golitschek, Hidetoshi Suzuki, Osvaldo Gonsa 30.1 Introduction 673 30.2 Theoretical Analysis of Relaying 679 30.3 Relay Nodes in LTE-Advanced 684 30.4 Summary 699 References 699 31 Additional Features of LTE Release 10 701 Teck Hu, Philippe Godin and Sudeep Palat 31.1 Introduction 701 31.2 Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 701 31.3 Minimization of Drive Tests 710 31.4 Machine-Type Communications 712 References 714 32 LTE-Advanced Performance and Future Developments 715 Takehiro Nakamura and Tetsushi Abe 32.1 LTE-Advanced System Performance 715 32.2 Future Developments 718 References 720 Index 721