Hormonal Regulation of Development II

1 Hormonal Regulatory Systems in Plants.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.1 The Concept of the Plant Hormone as a Chemical Messenger.- 1.1.2 Types of Hormones.- 1.2 Hormone Messenger Systems.- 1.2.1 Common Difficulties with Single Hormonal Controls.- 1.2.2 Is a Hormone Always a Hormone?.- 1.2.3 Further Complications in the Hormone Concept.- 1.2.4 Regulatory Sites in Hormonal Controls.- 1.2.5 Patterns in Multiple Hormonal Control.- 1.2.6 Complications Arising from Compartmentation.- 1.3 Analysis of Hormonal Controls.- 1.3.1 Two Major Approaches from the Past.- 1.3.2 Analyses of Hormone Systems.- 1.4 Conclusions.- 1.4.1 The Complexity of Hormonal Controls.- 1.4.2 Nonhormonal Correlative Controls.- 1.4.3 Evolutionary Plasticity of Hormonal Controls.- 1.4.4 The Future.- References.- 2 Functions of Hormones at the Cellular Level of Organization.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Promotive and Inhibitory Classes of Plant Hormones.- 2.3 Modes of Hormone Interaction.- 2.3.1 Interaction and Independence in Hormone Action.- 2.3.2 Synergism and Antagonism in Hormone Action.- 2.3.2.1 Synergism.- 2.3.2.2 Antagonism.- 2.3.3 Hormone Effects on Endogenous Hormone Levels.- 2.3.3.1 Hormonal Modification of Endogenous Auxin.- 2.3.3.2 Hormonal Modification of Endogenous Gibberellin.- 2.3.3.3 Hormonal Modification of Endogenous Ethylene.- 2.3.3.4 Hormonal Modification of Endogenous Abscisic Acid.- 2.3.3.5 Hormonal Modification of Endogenous Cytokinin.- 2.3.3.6 Summary.- 2.3.4 Influence of Environmental Parameters on Endogenous Hormones.- 2.3.4.1 Light.- 2.3.4.2 Water Stress.- 2.3.4.3 Temperature.- 2.3.4.4 Mechanical Stimulation.- 2.3.4.5 Summary.- 2.4 Hormonal Regulation.- 2.4.1 The Cell Cycle.- 2.4.1.1 Effect of Cytokinins.- 2.4.1.2 Effect of Auxins.- 2.4.1.3 Effects of Other Growth Regulators.- 2.4.2 Endomitosis.- 2.4.3 Meiosis.- 2.4.4 Summary.- 2.5 Hormone Effects on the Plane of Cell Division.- 2.6 Relationship of Cell Multiplication to Cell Expansion.- 2.7 Hormonal Regulation of Cell Expansion.- 2.7.1 Stem Cells.- 2.7.1.1 Effects of Auxin.- 2.7.1.2 Effects of Gibberellin.- 2.7.1.3 Effects of Cytokinin, Ethylene, and Abscisic Acid.- 2.7.2 Root Cells.- 2.7.2.1 Effects of Auxin.- 2.7.2.2 Effects of Gibberellin.- 2.7.2.3 Effects of Ethylene.- 2.7.2.4 Effects of Abscisic Acid.- 2.7.2.5 Effects of Cytokinin.- 2.7.3 Leaf Cells.- 2.7.3.1 Effects of Auxin.- 2.7.3.2 Effects of Gibberellin.- 2.7.3.3 Effects of Ethylene.- 2.7.3.4 Effects of Abscisic Acid.- 2.7.3.5 Effects of Cytokinin.- 2.7.4 Other Cell Types.- 2.7.4.1 Pollen Tubes.- 2.7.4.2 Epidermal Hairs.- 2.7.5 Lower Plants.- 2.7.5.1 Algae.- 2.7.5.2 Fungi.- 2.7.6 Summary.- References.- 3 Transport and Other Modes of Movement of Hormones (Mainly Auxins).- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Historical Sketch.- 3.2.1 Indirect Evidence for Hormone Translocation.- 3.2.2 Direct Evidence for Hormone Translocation.- 3.2.3 Hormone Transport Experiments.- 3.2.3.1 The Early Period.- 3.2.3.2 The Period of Confirmation, Extension, and Criticism.- 3.2.3.3 The "Modern" Period.- 3.3 General Remarks on Hormone Movement.- 3.3.1 Terminology and the Transport Equation.- 3.3.2 Methods to Estimate Hormone Translocation Characteristics.- 3.3.2.1 Intercept Method of van der Weij.- 3.3.2.2 Short-Term Collecting Method.- 3.3.2.3 Pulse Experiments.- 3.3.2.4 Penetration-Depletion Method.- 3.3.2.5 Electric Potential Wave Method.- 3.3.3 Evaluation of Estimation and Interpretation of Hormone Movement.- 3.3.3.1 Does Auxin Move in a Stream?.- 3.3.3.2 Loading of the Transport System.- 3.3.3.3 Validity of Velocity Estimations.- 3.3.3.4 Fluctuations of Transport Velocity.- 3.3.3.5 Flexibility of the Transport System.- 3.3.4 Models for Transport Mechanisms.- 3.3.4.1 Conveyor Belt Model.- 3.3.4.2 Electrical Polarity Hypothesis.- 3.3.4.3 Polar Secretion Theory.- 3.3.4.4 Theory of Chemiosmotic Polar Diffusion.- 3.3.5 Binding Sites.- 3.3.6 Pathways of Hormone Movement.- 3.3.6.1 Shoots.- 3.3.6.2 Roots.- 3.4 Evidence of Hormone Translocation.- 3.4.1 Hormone Movement in Vascular Systems.- 3.4.2 Hormone Translocation in Shoot Sections.- 3.4.2.1 Auxins.- 3.4.2.2 Hormones Other than Auxins.- 3.4.3 Hormone Translocation in Root Sections.- 3.4.3.1 Auxins.- 3.4.3.2 Hormones Other than Auxins.- References.- 4 Functions of Hormones at Tissue Level of Organization.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Role of Hormones in Differentiation of Vascular Tissues.- 4.2.1 Regeneration in Shoots.- 4.2.1.1 Xylem.- 4.2.1.2 Sieve-Tube Elements.- 4.2.1.3 Fibers.- 4.2.2 Differentiation During Normal Development in Shoots.- 4.2.2.1 Xylem.- 4.2.2.2 Sieve-Tube Elements.- 4.2.2.3 Fibers.- 4.2.2.4 Cambium.- 4.2.3 Control of Differentiation in Roots.- 4.2.4 Evidence of Differentiation from Tissue Cultures.- 4.3 General Discussion.- References.- 5 Functions of Hormones at the Organ Level of Organization.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Embryogeny- Establishment of Polarity.- 5.3 Hormonal Relations of the Developing Embryo.- 5.4 Vascular Development-Spatial Arrangement.- 5.5 Regeneration.- 5.6 Flower Initiation.- 5.7 Flower Development.- 5.8 Fruit Setting and Development.- 5.9 Seed Development.- 5.10 Seed Dormancy-Germination Inhibitors.- 5.11 Conclusions.- References.- 6 Functions of Hormones at the Whole Plant Level of Organization.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Some Perspectives on the Nature of Hormones.- 6.3 A General View of the Role of Hormones in the Whole Plant.- 6.4 Some Considerations Regarding Experimental Design.- 6.5 Some Considerations Regarding Research Strategies.- 6.6 Conclusion.- References.- 7 Auxin Waves and Plant Morphogenesis.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Polar Transport of Auxin and Positional Information.- 7.3 The Origin of a New Concept.- 7.4 Some Experimental Evidence.- 7.5 The Proposed Model.- 7.6 Further Implications.- References.- Author Index.