Physics of the Inner Heliosphere II

6. Magnetic Clouds.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Definition and Properties of Magnetic Clouds.- 6.3 Origin and Composition of Magnetic Clouds.- 6.4 Model of the Local Structure of Magnetic Clouds.- 6.5 Large-Scale Structure of Magnetic Clouds.- 6.6 Motion and Stability of Magnetic Clouds.- 6.7 Nonthermal Particles and Magnetic Clouds.- 6.8 Effects of Magnetic Clouds on Geomagnetic Activity.- 6.9 Effects of Magnetic Clouds on Galactic Cosmic Rays.- 6.10 Magnetic Clouds and Compound Streams.- 6.11 Questions Concerning Magnetic Clouds.- References.- 7. Interplanetary Slow Shocks.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Generation of Interplanetary Slow Shocks.- 7.2.1 Steepening of Slow-Mode Waves.- 7.2.2 Magnetic Field Line Merging.- 7.2.3 Interaction of Interplanetary Discontinuities.- 7.2.4 Summary.- 7.3 Solar Wind Constraints on the Development and Evolution of Interplanetary Slow Shocks.- 7.3.1 Constraints on the Development.- 7.3.2 Constraints on the Evolution and Propagation.- 7.3.3 Summary.- 7.4 Constraints on the Unique Identification of Interplanetary Slow Shocks from Space Observations.- 7.4.1 The Classical Way.- 7.4.2 Additional Conditions.- 7.4.3 Implications of Checking Against Tangential Discontinuities.- 7.4.4 Examples.- 7.4.5 Summary.- 7.5 Summary.- References.- 8. Kinetic Physics of the Solar Wind Plasma.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.1.1 General Remarks.- 8.1.2 The Importance of Kinetic Physics.- 8.1.3 Outline of the Article and Previous Reviews.- 8.2 Particle Velocity Distributions.- 8.2.1 Introduction.- 8.2.2 Ion Velocity Distributions.- 8.2.3 Electron Velocity Distributions.- 8.3 Coulomb Collisions and Nonclassical Transport.- 8.3.1 General Remarks.- 8.3.2 Observations on the Role of Coulomb Collisions.- 8.3.3 Kinetic Modeling of the Effects of Coulomb Collisions.- 8.3.4 Towards a Nonclassical Collisional Transport Theory.- 8.4 Wave-Particle Interactions and Anomalous Transport.- 8.4.1 General Remarks.- 8.4.2 Electrostatic Waves and Plasma Instability.- 8.4.3 Electromagnetic Waves and Plasma Instability.- 8.4.4 Electron Heat Flux Regulation.- 8.4.5 Regulation of the Ion Temperature Anisotropy and Heat Flux.- 8.4.6 Regulation of the Electromagnetic Ion-Beam Instability.- 8.4.7 Some Nonlinear Aspects of Wave-Particle Interactions.- 8.5 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics.- 8.5.1 Introduction.- 8.5.2 Differences Between Ion Parameters.- 8.5.3 The Equation of State and Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics.- 8.5.4 Radial Gradients of Heat Fluxes.- 8.5.5 Radial Gradients of Ion and Electron Temperatures.- 8.6 Dissipation of MHD Turbulence and Particle Heating.- 8.6.1 Kinetic Damping of MHD Waves.- 8.6.2 Damping of Alfvénic Turbulence by a Nonlinear Cascade.- 8.6.3 Particle Heating by Wave Dissipation.- 8.7 Energy, Momentum, and Mass Input into the Solar Wind.- 8.7.1 Coronal Boundary Conditions.- 8.7.2 A Brief Account of Coronal Structures and Associated Interplanetary Phenomena.- 8.7.3 Interplanetary and Coronal Energy Fluxes and Solar Wind Constants of Motion.- 8.7.4 Physics of the Thermal Potential.- 8.8 Conclusions.- References.- 9. Waves and Instabilities.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Electrostatic Waves.- 9.2.1 Electron Plasma Oscillations.- 9.2.2 Ion Acoustic Waves.- 9.3 Electromagnetic Waves.- 9.3.1 MHD Waves and Ion Cyclotron Waves.- 9.3.2 Whistler-Mode Waves.- 9.4 Conclusion.- References.- 10. MHD Turbulence in the Solar Wind.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.1.1 General and Historical Remarks.- 10.1.2 The Importance of MHD Turbulence for Space Plasma Physics.- 10.1.3 Outline and Scope of the Article and Its Relation to Previous Reviews.- 10.2 Structures and Fluctuations in the Inner Heliosphere.- 10.2.1 Large-Scale Solar Wind Structures.- 10.2.2 Mesoscale Structures and Fluctuations.- 10.3 MHD Theory and Turbulence Diagnostics.- 10.3.1 Basic Equations.- 10.3.2 Alfvén Waves and Magnetosonic Waves.- 10.3.3 Analysis of Random MHD Fields.- 10.3.4 Integral Invariants of Incompressible MHD.- 10.3.5 Turbulence Spectra.- 10.3.6 Analysis Techniques in the Time Domain.- 10.4 Nature and Morphology of MHD Fluctuations.- 10.4.1 Power Spectra in Terms of Elsässer Variables.- 10.4.2 Stream-Structure Dependence of Alfvénic Fluctuations.- 10.4.3 Compressive Fluctuations.- 10.5 Origin and Evolution of Solar Wind MHD Turbulence.- 10.5.1 Sources of Interplanetary Fluctuations.- 10.5.2 Radial Evolution of Alfvénicity.- 10.5.3 Radial Evolution of Spectra.- 10.5.4 Self-similarity and Origin of Turbulence.- 10.5.5 Evidence for the Dissipation of Turbulence.- 10.6 Theoretical Concepts of Turbulence Generation and Evolution.- 10.6.1 Numerical Simulations as a Guide to Interpreting Observations.- 10.6.2 Models of Turbulence for Inhomogeneous Media.- 10.6.3 Nonlinearities and Cascading.- 10.6.4 Compressibility and Pseudosound.- 10.7 Summary and Conclusions.- 10.7.1 Left-Out Topics.- 10.7.2 Observational Summary.- 10.7.3 Conclusions and Recommendations.- References.- 11. Energetic Particles in the Inner Solar System.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Radiation.- 11.2.1 Model Concepts.- 11.2.2 Observations.- 11.3 Interplanetary Propagation of Solar Energetic Particles.- 11.3.1 Transport Models.- 11.3.2 Magnetic Field Properties and Pitch-Angle Scattering.- 11.3.3 Observations of the Mean Free Path.- 11.3.4 The ?-dependence of the Scattering Coefficient.- 11.3.5 Summary, Open Questions, and Suggestions for Further Studies.- 11.4 Coronal Propagation.- 11.4.1 Brief Overview of Early Observations.- 11.4.2 Models.- 11.4.3 Recent Observations.- 11.4.4 Discussion.- 11.5 Particle Acceleration in Solar Flares.- 11.5.1 Acceleration Mechanisms.- 11.5.2 Selected Observations.- 11.5.3 3He-Rich Solar Particle Events.- 11.6 Particle Acceleration in Corotating Interplanetary Regions.- 11.6.1 Features of Corotating Events and Their Relation to the Solar Wind.- 11.6.2 Corotating Events Throughout the Solar System and Solar Cycle Dependence.- 11.6.3 Models of Corotating Event Generation and Transport.- References.