Problem Solving with C++
International Edition
8th Edition
Published on 13. May 2011
Book
Mixed media product
1056 pages
978-0-273-75218-9 (ISBN)
Description
The Eighth Edition ofProblem Solving with C++ continues to be the most widely used textbook by students and instructors in the introduction to programming and C++ language course. Through each edition, hundreds and thousands of students have valued Walt Savitch's approach to programming, which emphasizes active reading through the use of well-placed examples and self-test examples. Created for the beginner, this book focuses on cultivating strong problem-solving and programming techniques while introducing students to the C++ programming language.
MyProgrammingLab, Pearson's new online homework and assessment tool, is available with this edition.
MyProgrammingLab, Pearson's new online homework and assessment tool, is available with this edition.
More details
Edition
8th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
Harlow
United Kingdom
Target group
College/higher education
Dimensions
Height: 229 mm
Width: 186 mm
Thickness: 34 mm
Weight
1350 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-273-75218-9 (9780273752189)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
New editions
Walter Savitch
Problem Solving with C++, Global Edition
Book
11/2014
9th Edition
Pearson Education Limited
€74.27
Article exhausted; check for reprint
Previous edition
Book
03/2008
7th Edition
Pearson
€69.17
Article exhausted; check for reprint
Person
Walter Savitch is Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at the University of California San Diego. He received his PhD in mathematics from the University of California Berkeley in 1969. Since that time he has been on the faculty of the University of California San Diego (UCSD). He served as director of the UCSD Interdisciplinary PhD program in cognitive science for over ten years. He has served as a visiting researcher at the computer science departments of the University of Washington in Seattle and at the University of Colorado in Boulder, and has been a visiting scholar at the Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica in Amsterdam.
Contributing author, Kenrick Mock, is an Associate Professor at the University of Alaska Anchorage. He has also taught at Washington State University, Portland State University, and the University of California Davis. He teaches undergraduate computer science courses across the curriculum including introductory C++, Java , Visual Basic (R) for non-programmers, algorithms, computer security, and artificial intelligence. With the Coastal Marine Institute at UAA, he helped develop a computer system to aid in research about Alaska sea ice and the atmosphere. Before becoming a teacher, Mock was a research scientist and software engineer at Intel . He received a PhD in computer science from UC Davis.
Contributing author, Kenrick Mock, is an Associate Professor at the University of Alaska Anchorage. He has also taught at Washington State University, Portland State University, and the University of California Davis. He teaches undergraduate computer science courses across the curriculum including introductory C++, Java , Visual Basic (R) for non-programmers, algorithms, computer security, and artificial intelligence. With the Coastal Marine Institute at UAA, he helped develop a computer system to aid in research about Alaska sea ice and the atmosphere. Before becoming a teacher, Mock was a research scientist and software engineer at Intel . He received a PhD in computer science from UC Davis.
Content
Table of Location of VideoNotes
Inside front cover and inside back cover
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and C++ Programming 1
1.1 Computer Systems 2
Hardware 2
Software 7
High-Level Languages 8
Compilers 9
History Note
12
1.2 Programing and Problem-Solving 12
Algorithms 12
Program Design 15
Object-Oriented Programming 16
The Software Life Cycle 17
1.3 Introduction to C++ 18
Origins of the C++ Language 18
A Sample C++ Program 19
Pitfall: Using the Wrong Slash in \n 23
Programming Tip: Input and Output Syntax 23
Layout of a Simple C++ Program 24
Pitfall: Putting a Space Before the include File Name 26
Compiling and Running a C++ Program 26
Programming Tip: Getting Your Program to Run 27
1.4 Testing and Debugging 29
Kinds of Program Errors 30
Pitfall: Assuming Your Program Is Correct 31
Chapter Summary 31
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 32
Programming Projects 35
Chapter 2 C++ Basics 39
2.1 Variables and Assignments 40
Variables 40
Names: Identifiers 42
Variable Declarations 44
Assignment Statements 45
Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables 47
Programming Tip: Use Meaningful Names 49
2.2 Input and Output 50
Output Using cout 50
Include Directives and Namespaces 52
Escape Sequences 53
Programming Tip: End Each Program with a \n or endl 54
Formatting for Numbers with a Decimal Point 55
Input Using cin 56
Designing Input and Output 58
Programming Tip: Line Breaks in I/O 58
2.3 Data Types and Expresions 60
The Types int and double 60
Other Number Types 62
The Type char 63
The Type bool 64
Introduction to the Class string 65
Type Compatibilities 66
Arithmetic Operators and Expressions 68
Pitfall: Whole Numbers in Division 71
More Assignment Statements 73
2.4 Simple Flow of Control 73
A Simple Branching Mechanism 74
Pitfall: Strings of Inequalities 79
Pitfall: Using = in place of == 80
Compound Statements 81
Simple Loop Mechanisms 83
Increment and Decrement Operators 86
Programming Example: Charge Card Balance 88
Pitfall: Infinite Loops 89
2.5 Program Style 92
Indenting 92
Comments 92
Naming Constants 94
Chapter Summary 97
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 97
Programming Projects 102
Chapter 3 More Flow of Control 109
3.1 Using Boolean Expresions 110
Evaluating Boolean Expressions 110
Pitfall: Boolean Expressions Convert to int Values 114
Enumeration Types (Optional) 117
3.2 Multiway Branches 118
Nested Statements 118
Programming Tip: Use Braces in Nested Statements 119
Multiway if-else Statements 121
Programming Example: State Income Tax 123
The switch Statement 126
Pitfall: Forgetting a break in a switch Statement 130
Using switch Statements for Menus 131
Blocks 133
Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables 136
3.3 More About C++ Loop Statements 137
The while Statements Reviewed 137
Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited 139
The for Statement 142
Pitfall: Extra Semicolon in a for Statement 147
What Kind of Loop to Use 148
Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables and Infinite Loops 150
The break Statement 151
Pitfall: The break Statement in Nested Loops 152
3.4 Designing Loops 153
Loops for Sums and Products 153
Ending a Loop 155
Nested Loops 158
Debugging Loops 160
Chapter Summary 163
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 164
Programming Projects 170
Chapter 4 Procedural Abstraction and Functions That Return a Value 177
4.1 Top-Down Design 178
4.2 Predefined Functions 179
Using Predefined Functions 179
Random Number Generation 184
Type Casting 186
Older Form of Type Casting 188
Pitfall: Integer Division Drops the Fractional Part 188
4.3 Programer-Defined Functions 189
Function Definitions 189
Functions That Return a Boolean Value 195
Alternate Form for Function Declarations 195
Pitfall: Arguments in the Wrong Order 196
Function Definition Syntax Summary 197
More About Placement of Function Definitions 198
Programming Tip: Use Function Calls in Branching Statements 199
4.4 Procedural Abstraction 200
The Black-Box Analogy 200
Programming Tip: Choosing Formal Parameter Names 203
Programming Tip: Nested Loops 204
Case Study: Buying Pizza 207
Programming Tip: Use Pseudocode 213
4.5 Scope and Local Variables 214
The Small Program Analogy 214
Programming Example: Experimental Pea Patch 217
Global Constants and Global Variables 217
Call-by-Value Formal Parameters Are Local Variables 220
Block Scope 222
Namespaces Revisited 223
Programming Example: The Factorial Function 226
4.6 Overloading Function Names 228
Introduction to Overloading 228
Programming Example: Revised Pizza-Buying Program 231
Automatic Type Conversion 234
Chapter Summary 236
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 236
Programming Projects 241
Chapter 5 Functions for All Subtasks 247
5.1 void Functions 248
Definitions of void Functions 248
Programming Example: Converting Temperatures 251
return Statements in void Functions 251
5.2 Call-By-Reference Parameters 255
A First View of Call-by-Reference 255
Call-by-Reference in Detail 258
Programming Example: The swap_values Function 263
Mixed Parameter Lists 264
Programming Tip: What Kind of Parameter to Use 265
Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables 266
5.3 Using Procedural Abstraction 269
Functions Calling Functions 269
Preconditions and Postconditions 271
Case Study: Supermarket Pricing 272
5.4 Testing and Debugging Functions 277
Stubs and Drivers 278
5.5 General Debugging Techniques 283
Keep an Open Mind 283
Check Common Errors 283
Localize the Error 284
The assert Macro 286
Chapter Summary 288
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 289
Programming Projects 292
Chapter 6 I/O Streams as an Introduction to Objects and Classes 301
6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 302
Why Use Files for I/O? 303
File I/O 304
Introduction to Classes and Objects 308
Programming Tip: Check Whether a File Was Opened Successfully 310
Techniques for File I/O 312
Appending to a File (Optional) 316
File Names as Input (Optional) 317
6.2 Tools for Stream I/O 319
Formatting Output with Stream Functions 319
Manipulators 325
Streams as Arguments to Functions 328
Programming Tip: Checking for the End of a File 328
A Note on Namespaces 331
Programming Example: Cleaning Up a File Format 332
6.3 Character I/O 334
The Member Functions get and put 334
The putback Member Function (Optional) 338
Programming Example: Checking Input 339
Pitfall: Unexpected '\n' in Input 341
Programming Example: Another new_line Function 343
Default Arguments for Functions (Optional) 344
The eof Member Function 349
Programming Example: Editing a Text File 351
Predefined Character Functions 352
Pitfall: toupper and tolower Return Values 354
Chapter Summary 356
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 357
Programming Projects 364
Chapter 7 Arrays 373
7.1 Introduction to Arrays 374
Declaring and Referencing Arrays 374
Programming Tip: Use for Loops with Arrays 376
Pitfall: Array Indexes Always Start with Zero 376
Programming Tip: Use a Defined Constant for the
Size of an Array 376
Arrays in Memory 378
Pitfall: Array Index Out of Range 379
Initializing Arrays 381
7.2 Arrays in Functions 383
Indexed Variables as Function Arguments 383
Entire Arrays as Function Arguments 385
The const Parameter Modifier 388
Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const Parameters 391
Functions That Return an Array 391
Case Study: Production Graph 392
7.3 Programing with Arrays 405
Partially Filled Arrays 405
Programming Tip: Do Not Skimp on Formal Parameters 408
Programming Example: Searching an Array 408
Programming Example: Sorting an Array 411
7.4 Multidimensional Arrays 415
Multidimensional Array Basics 416
Multidimensional Array Parameters 416
Programming Example: Two-Dimensional Grading Program 418
Pitfall: Using Commas Between Array Indexes 422
Chapter Summary 423
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 424
Programming Projects 428
Chapter 8 Strings and Vectors 441
8.1 An Array Type for Strings 443
C-String Values and C-String Variables 443
Pitfall: Using = and == with C Strings 446
Other Functions in 448
C-String Input and Output 453
C-String-to-Number Conversions and Robust Input 455
8.2 The Standard string Clas 461
Introduction to the Standard Class string 461
I/O with the Class string 464
Programming Tip: More Versions of getline 467
Pitfall: Mixing cin >> variable; and getline 468
String Processing with the Class string 469
Programming Example: Palindrome Testing 473
Converting Between string Objects and C Strings 476
8.3 Vectors 477
Vector Basics 477
Pitfall: Using Square Brackets Beyond the Vector Size 480
Programming Tip: Vector Assignment Is Well Behaved 481
Efficiency Issues 481
Chapter Summary 483
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 484
Programming Projects 486
Chapter 9 Pointers and Dynamic Arrays 493
9.1 Pointers 494
Pointer Variables 495
Basic Memory Management 502
Pitfall: Dangling Pointers 503
Static Variables and Automatic Variables 504
Programming Tip: Define Pointer Types 504
9.2 Dynamic Arrays 507
Array Variables and Pointer Variables 507
Creating and Using Dynamic Arrays 508
Pointer Arithmetic (Optional) 514
Multidimensional Dynamic Arrays (Optional) 516
Chapter Summary 518
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 518
Programming Projects 519
Chapter 10 Defining Classes 525
10.1 Structures 526
Structures for Diverse Data 526
Pitfall: Forgetting a Semicolon in a Structure Definition 531
Structures as Function Arguments 532
Programming Tip: Use Hierarchical Structures 533
Initializing Structures 535
10.2 Classes 538
Defining Classes and Member Functions 538
Public and Private Members 543
Programming Tip: Make All Member Variables Private 551
Programming Tip: Define Accessor and Mutator Functions 551
Programming Tip: Use the Assignment Operator with Objects 553
Programming Example: BankAccount Class Version 1 554
Summary of Some Properties of Classes 558
Constructors for Initialization 560
Programming Tip: Always Include a Default Constructor 568
Pitfall: Constructors with No Arguments 569
10.3 Abstract Data Types 571
Classes to Produce Abstract Data Types 572
Programming Example: Alternative Implementation of a Class 576
10.4 Introduction to Inheritance 581
Derived Classes 582
Defining Derived Classes 583
Chapter Summary 587
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 588
Programming Projects 594
Chapter 11 Friends, Overloaded Operators, and Arrays in Classes 601
11.1 Friend Functions 602
Programming Example: An Equality Function 602
Friend Functions 606
Programming Tip: Define Both Accessor Functions and Friend Functions 608
Programming Tip: Use Both Member and Nonmember Functions 610
Programming Example: Money Class (Version 1) 610
Implementation of digit_to_int (Optional) 617
Pitfall: Leading Zeros in Number Constants 618
The const Parameter Modifier 620
Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const 621
11.2 Overloading Operators 625
Overloading Operators 626
Constructors for Automatic Type Conversion 629
Overloading Unary Operators 631
Overloading >> and << 632
11.3 Arrays and Classes 642
Arrays of Classes 642
Arrays as Class Members 646
Programming Example: A Class for a Partially Filled Array 647
11.4 Classes and Dynamic Arrays 649
Programming Example: A String Variable Class 650
Destructors 653
Pitfall: Pointers as Call-by-Value Parameters 656
Copy Constructors 657
Overloading the Assignment Operator 662
Chapter Summary 665
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 665
Programming Projects 675
Chapter 12 Separate Compilation and Namespaces 685
12.1 Separate Compilation 686
ADTs Reviewed 687
Case Study: DigitalTime A Class Compiled Separately 688
Using #ifndef 697
Programming Tip: Defining Other Libraries 700
12.2 Namespaces 701
Namespaces and using Directives 701
Creating a Namespace 703
Qualifying Names 706
A Subtle Point About Namespaces (Optional) 707
Unnamed Namespaces 708
Programming Tip: Choosing a Name for a Namespace 713
Pitfall: Confusing the Global Namespace and the Unnamed Namespace 714
Chapter Summary 715
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 716
Programming Projects 718
Chapter 13 Pointers and Linked Lists 721
13.1 Nodes and Linked Lists 722
Nodes 722
Linked Lists 728
Inserting a Node at the Head of a List 729
Pitfall: Losing Nodes 732
Searching a Linked List 733
Pointers as Iterators 735
Inserting and Removing Nodes Inside a List 737
Pitfall: Using the Assignment Operator with Dynamic Data Structures 740
Variations on Linked Lists 741
Linked Lists of Classes 744
13.2 Stacks and Queues 747
Stacks 747
Programming Example: A Stack Class 748
Queues 753
Programming Example: A Queue Class 754
Chapter Summary 758
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 758
Programming Projects 761
Chapter 14 Recursion 769
14.1 Recursive Functions for Tasks 771
Case Study: Vertical Numbers 771
A Closer Look at Recursion 777
Pitfall: Infinite Recursion 779
Stacks for Recursion 780
Pitfall: Stack Overflow 782
Recursion Versus Iteration 782
14.2 Recursive Functions for Values 784
General Form for a Recursive Function That Returns a Value 784
Programming Example: Another Powers Function 784
14.3 Thinking Recursively 789
Recursive Design Techniques 789
Case Study: Binary Search An Example of Recursive Thinking 790
Programming Example: A Recursive Member Function 798
Chapter Summary 802
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 802
Programming Projects 807
Chapter 15 Inheritance 811
15.1 Inheritance Basics 812
Derived Classes 813
Constructors in Derived Classes 821
Pitfall: Use of Private Member Variables from the Base Class 824
Pitfall: Private Member Functions Are Effectively Not Inherited 826
The protected Qualifier 826
Redefinition of Member Functions 829
Redefining Versus Overloading 832
Access to a Redefined Base Function 834
15.2 INHERITANCE DETAILS 835
Functions That Are Not Inherited 835
Assignment Operators and Copy Constructors in Derived Classes 836
Destructors in Derived Classes 837
15.3 Polymorphism 838
Late Binding 839
Virtual Functions in C++ 840
Virtual Functions and Extended Type Compatibility 845
Pitfall: The Slicing Problem 849
Pitfall: Not Using Virtual Member Functions 850
Pitfall: Attempting to Compile Class Definitions Without Definitions for Every Virtual Member Function 851
Programming Tip: Make Destructors Virtual 851
Chapter Summary 853
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 853
Programming Projects 857
Chapter 16 Exception Handling 867
16.1 Exception-Handling Basics 869
A Toy Example of Exception Handling 869
Defining Your Own Exception Classes 878
Multiple Throws and Catches 878
Pitfall: Catch the More Specific Exception First 882
Programming Tip: Exception Classes Can Be Trivial 883
Throwing an Exception in a Function 883
Exception Specification 885
Pitfall: Exception Specification in Derived Classes 887
16.2 Programing Techniques for Exception Handling 888
When to Throw an Exception 888
Pitfall: Uncaught Exceptions 890
Pitfall: Nested try-catch Blocks 890
Pitfall: Overuse of Exceptions 890
Exception Class Hierarchies 891
Testing for Available Memory 891
Rethrowing an Exception 892
Chapter Summary 892
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 892
Programming Projects 894
Chapter 17 Templates 899
17.1 Templates for Algorithm Abstraction 900
Templates for Functions 901
Pitfall: Compiler Complications 905
Programming Example: A Generic Sorting Function 907
Programming Tip: How to Define Templates 911
Pitfall: Using a Template with an Inappropriate Type 912
17.2 Templates for Data Abstraction 913
Syntax for Class Templates 913
Programming Example: An Array Class 916
Chapter Summary 922
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 922
Programming Projects 925
Chapter 18 Standard Template Library 931
18.1 Iterators 933
using Declarations 933
Iterator Basics 934
Pitfall: Compiler Problems 938
Kinds of Iterators 940
Constant and Mutable Iterators 944
Reverse Iterators 945
Other Kinds of Iterators 946
18.2 Containers 947
Sequential Containers 948
Pitfall: Iterators and Removing Elements 952
Programming Tip: Type Definitions in Containers 953
Container Adapters stack and queue 953
Associative Containers set and map 957
Efficiency 964
18.3 Generic Algorithms 965
Running Times and Big-O Notation 965
Container Access Running Times 970
Nonmodifying Sequence Algorithms 971
Container Modifying Algorithms 975
Set Algorithms 977
Sorting Algorithms 978
Chapter Summary 979
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 979
Programming Projects 981
Appendices
1 C++ Keywords 987
2 Precedence of Operators 988
3 The ASCII Character Set 990
4 Some Library Functions 991
5 Inline Functions 998
6 Overloading the Array Index Square Brackets 999
7 The this Pointer 1001
8 Overloading Operators as Member Operators 1004
Index 1006
Inside front cover and inside back cover
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and C++ Programming 1
1.1 Computer Systems 2
Hardware 2
Software 7
High-Level Languages 8
Compilers 9
History Note
12
1.2 Programing and Problem-Solving 12
Algorithms 12
Program Design 15
Object-Oriented Programming 16
The Software Life Cycle 17
1.3 Introduction to C++ 18
Origins of the C++ Language 18
A Sample C++ Program 19
Pitfall: Using the Wrong Slash in \n 23
Programming Tip: Input and Output Syntax 23
Layout of a Simple C++ Program 24
Pitfall: Putting a Space Before the include File Name 26
Compiling and Running a C++ Program 26
Programming Tip: Getting Your Program to Run 27
1.4 Testing and Debugging 29
Kinds of Program Errors 30
Pitfall: Assuming Your Program Is Correct 31
Chapter Summary 31
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 32
Programming Projects 35
Chapter 2 C++ Basics 39
2.1 Variables and Assignments 40
Variables 40
Names: Identifiers 42
Variable Declarations 44
Assignment Statements 45
Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables 47
Programming Tip: Use Meaningful Names 49
2.2 Input and Output 50
Output Using cout 50
Include Directives and Namespaces 52
Escape Sequences 53
Programming Tip: End Each Program with a \n or endl 54
Formatting for Numbers with a Decimal Point 55
Input Using cin 56
Designing Input and Output 58
Programming Tip: Line Breaks in I/O 58
2.3 Data Types and Expresions 60
The Types int and double 60
Other Number Types 62
The Type char 63
The Type bool 64
Introduction to the Class string 65
Type Compatibilities 66
Arithmetic Operators and Expressions 68
Pitfall: Whole Numbers in Division 71
More Assignment Statements 73
2.4 Simple Flow of Control 73
A Simple Branching Mechanism 74
Pitfall: Strings of Inequalities 79
Pitfall: Using = in place of == 80
Compound Statements 81
Simple Loop Mechanisms 83
Increment and Decrement Operators 86
Programming Example: Charge Card Balance 88
Pitfall: Infinite Loops 89
2.5 Program Style 92
Indenting 92
Comments 92
Naming Constants 94
Chapter Summary 97
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 97
Programming Projects 102
Chapter 3 More Flow of Control 109
3.1 Using Boolean Expresions 110
Evaluating Boolean Expressions 110
Pitfall: Boolean Expressions Convert to int Values 114
Enumeration Types (Optional) 117
3.2 Multiway Branches 118
Nested Statements 118
Programming Tip: Use Braces in Nested Statements 119
Multiway if-else Statements 121
Programming Example: State Income Tax 123
The switch Statement 126
Pitfall: Forgetting a break in a switch Statement 130
Using switch Statements for Menus 131
Blocks 133
Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables 136
3.3 More About C++ Loop Statements 137
The while Statements Reviewed 137
Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited 139
The for Statement 142
Pitfall: Extra Semicolon in a for Statement 147
What Kind of Loop to Use 148
Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables and Infinite Loops 150
The break Statement 151
Pitfall: The break Statement in Nested Loops 152
3.4 Designing Loops 153
Loops for Sums and Products 153
Ending a Loop 155
Nested Loops 158
Debugging Loops 160
Chapter Summary 163
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 164
Programming Projects 170
Chapter 4 Procedural Abstraction and Functions That Return a Value 177
4.1 Top-Down Design 178
4.2 Predefined Functions 179
Using Predefined Functions 179
Random Number Generation 184
Type Casting 186
Older Form of Type Casting 188
Pitfall: Integer Division Drops the Fractional Part 188
4.3 Programer-Defined Functions 189
Function Definitions 189
Functions That Return a Boolean Value 195
Alternate Form for Function Declarations 195
Pitfall: Arguments in the Wrong Order 196
Function Definition Syntax Summary 197
More About Placement of Function Definitions 198
Programming Tip: Use Function Calls in Branching Statements 199
4.4 Procedural Abstraction 200
The Black-Box Analogy 200
Programming Tip: Choosing Formal Parameter Names 203
Programming Tip: Nested Loops 204
Case Study: Buying Pizza 207
Programming Tip: Use Pseudocode 213
4.5 Scope and Local Variables 214
The Small Program Analogy 214
Programming Example: Experimental Pea Patch 217
Global Constants and Global Variables 217
Call-by-Value Formal Parameters Are Local Variables 220
Block Scope 222
Namespaces Revisited 223
Programming Example: The Factorial Function 226
4.6 Overloading Function Names 228
Introduction to Overloading 228
Programming Example: Revised Pizza-Buying Program 231
Automatic Type Conversion 234
Chapter Summary 236
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 236
Programming Projects 241
Chapter 5 Functions for All Subtasks 247
5.1 void Functions 248
Definitions of void Functions 248
Programming Example: Converting Temperatures 251
return Statements in void Functions 251
5.2 Call-By-Reference Parameters 255
A First View of Call-by-Reference 255
Call-by-Reference in Detail 258
Programming Example: The swap_values Function 263
Mixed Parameter Lists 264
Programming Tip: What Kind of Parameter to Use 265
Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables 266
5.3 Using Procedural Abstraction 269
Functions Calling Functions 269
Preconditions and Postconditions 271
Case Study: Supermarket Pricing 272
5.4 Testing and Debugging Functions 277
Stubs and Drivers 278
5.5 General Debugging Techniques 283
Keep an Open Mind 283
Check Common Errors 283
Localize the Error 284
The assert Macro 286
Chapter Summary 288
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 289
Programming Projects 292
Chapter 6 I/O Streams as an Introduction to Objects and Classes 301
6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 302
Why Use Files for I/O? 303
File I/O 304
Introduction to Classes and Objects 308
Programming Tip: Check Whether a File Was Opened Successfully 310
Techniques for File I/O 312
Appending to a File (Optional) 316
File Names as Input (Optional) 317
6.2 Tools for Stream I/O 319
Formatting Output with Stream Functions 319
Manipulators 325
Streams as Arguments to Functions 328
Programming Tip: Checking for the End of a File 328
A Note on Namespaces 331
Programming Example: Cleaning Up a File Format 332
6.3 Character I/O 334
The Member Functions get and put 334
The putback Member Function (Optional) 338
Programming Example: Checking Input 339
Pitfall: Unexpected '\n' in Input 341
Programming Example: Another new_line Function 343
Default Arguments for Functions (Optional) 344
The eof Member Function 349
Programming Example: Editing a Text File 351
Predefined Character Functions 352
Pitfall: toupper and tolower Return Values 354
Chapter Summary 356
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 357
Programming Projects 364
Chapter 7 Arrays 373
7.1 Introduction to Arrays 374
Declaring and Referencing Arrays 374
Programming Tip: Use for Loops with Arrays 376
Pitfall: Array Indexes Always Start with Zero 376
Programming Tip: Use a Defined Constant for the
Size of an Array 376
Arrays in Memory 378
Pitfall: Array Index Out of Range 379
Initializing Arrays 381
7.2 Arrays in Functions 383
Indexed Variables as Function Arguments 383
Entire Arrays as Function Arguments 385
The const Parameter Modifier 388
Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const Parameters 391
Functions That Return an Array 391
Case Study: Production Graph 392
7.3 Programing with Arrays 405
Partially Filled Arrays 405
Programming Tip: Do Not Skimp on Formal Parameters 408
Programming Example: Searching an Array 408
Programming Example: Sorting an Array 411
7.4 Multidimensional Arrays 415
Multidimensional Array Basics 416
Multidimensional Array Parameters 416
Programming Example: Two-Dimensional Grading Program 418
Pitfall: Using Commas Between Array Indexes 422
Chapter Summary 423
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 424
Programming Projects 428
Chapter 8 Strings and Vectors 441
8.1 An Array Type for Strings 443
C-String Values and C-String Variables 443
Pitfall: Using = and == with C Strings 446
Other Functions in 448
C-String Input and Output 453
C-String-to-Number Conversions and Robust Input 455
8.2 The Standard string Clas 461
Introduction to the Standard Class string 461
I/O with the Class string 464
Programming Tip: More Versions of getline 467
Pitfall: Mixing cin >> variable; and getline 468
String Processing with the Class string 469
Programming Example: Palindrome Testing 473
Converting Between string Objects and C Strings 476
8.3 Vectors 477
Vector Basics 477
Pitfall: Using Square Brackets Beyond the Vector Size 480
Programming Tip: Vector Assignment Is Well Behaved 481
Efficiency Issues 481
Chapter Summary 483
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 484
Programming Projects 486
Chapter 9 Pointers and Dynamic Arrays 493
9.1 Pointers 494
Pointer Variables 495
Basic Memory Management 502
Pitfall: Dangling Pointers 503
Static Variables and Automatic Variables 504
Programming Tip: Define Pointer Types 504
9.2 Dynamic Arrays 507
Array Variables and Pointer Variables 507
Creating and Using Dynamic Arrays 508
Pointer Arithmetic (Optional) 514
Multidimensional Dynamic Arrays (Optional) 516
Chapter Summary 518
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 518
Programming Projects 519
Chapter 10 Defining Classes 525
10.1 Structures 526
Structures for Diverse Data 526
Pitfall: Forgetting a Semicolon in a Structure Definition 531
Structures as Function Arguments 532
Programming Tip: Use Hierarchical Structures 533
Initializing Structures 535
10.2 Classes 538
Defining Classes and Member Functions 538
Public and Private Members 543
Programming Tip: Make All Member Variables Private 551
Programming Tip: Define Accessor and Mutator Functions 551
Programming Tip: Use the Assignment Operator with Objects 553
Programming Example: BankAccount Class Version 1 554
Summary of Some Properties of Classes 558
Constructors for Initialization 560
Programming Tip: Always Include a Default Constructor 568
Pitfall: Constructors with No Arguments 569
10.3 Abstract Data Types 571
Classes to Produce Abstract Data Types 572
Programming Example: Alternative Implementation of a Class 576
10.4 Introduction to Inheritance 581
Derived Classes 582
Defining Derived Classes 583
Chapter Summary 587
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 588
Programming Projects 594
Chapter 11 Friends, Overloaded Operators, and Arrays in Classes 601
11.1 Friend Functions 602
Programming Example: An Equality Function 602
Friend Functions 606
Programming Tip: Define Both Accessor Functions and Friend Functions 608
Programming Tip: Use Both Member and Nonmember Functions 610
Programming Example: Money Class (Version 1) 610
Implementation of digit_to_int (Optional) 617
Pitfall: Leading Zeros in Number Constants 618
The const Parameter Modifier 620
Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const 621
11.2 Overloading Operators 625
Overloading Operators 626
Constructors for Automatic Type Conversion 629
Overloading Unary Operators 631
Overloading >> and << 632
11.3 Arrays and Classes 642
Arrays of Classes 642
Arrays as Class Members 646
Programming Example: A Class for a Partially Filled Array 647
11.4 Classes and Dynamic Arrays 649
Programming Example: A String Variable Class 650
Destructors 653
Pitfall: Pointers as Call-by-Value Parameters 656
Copy Constructors 657
Overloading the Assignment Operator 662
Chapter Summary 665
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 665
Programming Projects 675
Chapter 12 Separate Compilation and Namespaces 685
12.1 Separate Compilation 686
ADTs Reviewed 687
Case Study: DigitalTime A Class Compiled Separately 688
Using #ifndef 697
Programming Tip: Defining Other Libraries 700
12.2 Namespaces 701
Namespaces and using Directives 701
Creating a Namespace 703
Qualifying Names 706
A Subtle Point About Namespaces (Optional) 707
Unnamed Namespaces 708
Programming Tip: Choosing a Name for a Namespace 713
Pitfall: Confusing the Global Namespace and the Unnamed Namespace 714
Chapter Summary 715
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 716
Programming Projects 718
Chapter 13 Pointers and Linked Lists 721
13.1 Nodes and Linked Lists 722
Nodes 722
Linked Lists 728
Inserting a Node at the Head of a List 729
Pitfall: Losing Nodes 732
Searching a Linked List 733
Pointers as Iterators 735
Inserting and Removing Nodes Inside a List 737
Pitfall: Using the Assignment Operator with Dynamic Data Structures 740
Variations on Linked Lists 741
Linked Lists of Classes 744
13.2 Stacks and Queues 747
Stacks 747
Programming Example: A Stack Class 748
Queues 753
Programming Example: A Queue Class 754
Chapter Summary 758
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 758
Programming Projects 761
Chapter 14 Recursion 769
14.1 Recursive Functions for Tasks 771
Case Study: Vertical Numbers 771
A Closer Look at Recursion 777
Pitfall: Infinite Recursion 779
Stacks for Recursion 780
Pitfall: Stack Overflow 782
Recursion Versus Iteration 782
14.2 Recursive Functions for Values 784
General Form for a Recursive Function That Returns a Value 784
Programming Example: Another Powers Function 784
14.3 Thinking Recursively 789
Recursive Design Techniques 789
Case Study: Binary Search An Example of Recursive Thinking 790
Programming Example: A Recursive Member Function 798
Chapter Summary 802
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 802
Programming Projects 807
Chapter 15 Inheritance 811
15.1 Inheritance Basics 812
Derived Classes 813
Constructors in Derived Classes 821
Pitfall: Use of Private Member Variables from the Base Class 824
Pitfall: Private Member Functions Are Effectively Not Inherited 826
The protected Qualifier 826
Redefinition of Member Functions 829
Redefining Versus Overloading 832
Access to a Redefined Base Function 834
15.2 INHERITANCE DETAILS 835
Functions That Are Not Inherited 835
Assignment Operators and Copy Constructors in Derived Classes 836
Destructors in Derived Classes 837
15.3 Polymorphism 838
Late Binding 839
Virtual Functions in C++ 840
Virtual Functions and Extended Type Compatibility 845
Pitfall: The Slicing Problem 849
Pitfall: Not Using Virtual Member Functions 850
Pitfall: Attempting to Compile Class Definitions Without Definitions for Every Virtual Member Function 851
Programming Tip: Make Destructors Virtual 851
Chapter Summary 853
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 853
Programming Projects 857
Chapter 16 Exception Handling 867
16.1 Exception-Handling Basics 869
A Toy Example of Exception Handling 869
Defining Your Own Exception Classes 878
Multiple Throws and Catches 878
Pitfall: Catch the More Specific Exception First 882
Programming Tip: Exception Classes Can Be Trivial 883
Throwing an Exception in a Function 883
Exception Specification 885
Pitfall: Exception Specification in Derived Classes 887
16.2 Programing Techniques for Exception Handling 888
When to Throw an Exception 888
Pitfall: Uncaught Exceptions 890
Pitfall: Nested try-catch Blocks 890
Pitfall: Overuse of Exceptions 890
Exception Class Hierarchies 891
Testing for Available Memory 891
Rethrowing an Exception 892
Chapter Summary 892
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 892
Programming Projects 894
Chapter 17 Templates 899
17.1 Templates for Algorithm Abstraction 900
Templates for Functions 901
Pitfall: Compiler Complications 905
Programming Example: A Generic Sorting Function 907
Programming Tip: How to Define Templates 911
Pitfall: Using a Template with an Inappropriate Type 912
17.2 Templates for Data Abstraction 913
Syntax for Class Templates 913
Programming Example: An Array Class 916
Chapter Summary 922
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 922
Programming Projects 925
Chapter 18 Standard Template Library 931
18.1 Iterators 933
using Declarations 933
Iterator Basics 934
Pitfall: Compiler Problems 938
Kinds of Iterators 940
Constant and Mutable Iterators 944
Reverse Iterators 945
Other Kinds of Iterators 946
18.2 Containers 947
Sequential Containers 948
Pitfall: Iterators and Removing Elements 952
Programming Tip: Type Definitions in Containers 953
Container Adapters stack and queue 953
Associative Containers set and map 957
Efficiency 964
18.3 Generic Algorithms 965
Running Times and Big-O Notation 965
Container Access Running Times 970
Nonmodifying Sequence Algorithms 971
Container Modifying Algorithms 975
Set Algorithms 977
Sorting Algorithms 978
Chapter Summary 979
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 979
Programming Projects 981
Appendices
1 C++ Keywords 987
2 Precedence of Operators 988
3 The ASCII Character Set 990
4 Some Library Functions 991
5 Inline Functions 998
6 Overloading the Array Index Square Brackets 999
7 The this Pointer 1001
8 Overloading Operators as Member Operators 1004
Index 1006