Problem Solving with C++
9th Edition
Published on 28. November 2014
Book
Paperback/Softback
1088 pages
978-0-13-359174-3 (ISBN)
Description
Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MyProgrammingLab does not come packaged with this content. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and MyProgrammingLab search for ISBN-10: 0133862216/ISBN-13: 9780133862218. That package includes ISBN-10: 0133591743/ISBN-13: 9780133591743 and ISBN-10: 0133834417 /ISBN-13: 9780133834413.
MyProgrammingLab is not a self-paced technology and should only be purchased when required by an instructor.
Problem Solving with C++ is intended for use in the C++ introductory programming course. Created for the beginner, it is also suitable for readers interested in learning the C++ programming language.
Problem Solving with C++ continues to be the most widely used textbook by students and instructors in the introduction to programming and C++ language course. Through each edition, hundreds and thousands of students have valued Walt Savitch's approach to programming, which emphasizes active reading through the use of well-placed examples and self-test examples. Created for the beginner, this book focuses on cultivating strong problem-solving and programming techniques while introducing students to the C++ programming language.
MyProgrammingLab for Problem Solving with C++ is a total learning package. MyProgrammingLab is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program that truly engages students in learning. It helps students better prepare for class, quizzes, and exams-resulting in better performance in the course-and provides educators a dynamic set of tools for gauging individual and class progress.
Teaching and Learning Experience
This program presents a better teaching and learning experience-for you and your students.
Personalized Learning with MyProgrammingLab: Through the power of practice and immediate personalized feedback, MyProgrammingLab helps students fully grasp the logic, semantics, and syntax of programming.
Keep Your Course Current: This edition features a new introduction to C++11 in the context of C++98.
Flexible Coverage that Fits your Course: Instructors can easily adapt the order in which chapters and sections are covered in their course without losing continuity.
Clear and Friendly Presentation: Savitch's clear, concise style is a hallmark feature of the text, receiving praise from students and instructors alike.
Tried-and-true Pedagogy: A suite of pedagogical tools, enhanced by understandable language and code, has been used by hundreds of thousands of students and instructors.
MyProgrammingLab is not a self-paced technology and should only be purchased when required by an instructor.
Problem Solving with C++ is intended for use in the C++ introductory programming course. Created for the beginner, it is also suitable for readers interested in learning the C++ programming language.
Problem Solving with C++ continues to be the most widely used textbook by students and instructors in the introduction to programming and C++ language course. Through each edition, hundreds and thousands of students have valued Walt Savitch's approach to programming, which emphasizes active reading through the use of well-placed examples and self-test examples. Created for the beginner, this book focuses on cultivating strong problem-solving and programming techniques while introducing students to the C++ programming language.
MyProgrammingLab for Problem Solving with C++ is a total learning package. MyProgrammingLab is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program that truly engages students in learning. It helps students better prepare for class, quizzes, and exams-resulting in better performance in the course-and provides educators a dynamic set of tools for gauging individual and class progress.
Teaching and Learning Experience
This program presents a better teaching and learning experience-for you and your students.
Personalized Learning with MyProgrammingLab: Through the power of practice and immediate personalized feedback, MyProgrammingLab helps students fully grasp the logic, semantics, and syntax of programming.
Keep Your Course Current: This edition features a new introduction to C++11 in the context of C++98.
Flexible Coverage that Fits your Course: Instructors can easily adapt the order in which chapters and sections are covered in their course without losing continuity.
Clear and Friendly Presentation: Savitch's clear, concise style is a hallmark feature of the text, receiving praise from students and instructors alike.
Tried-and-true Pedagogy: A suite of pedagogical tools, enhanced by understandable language and code, has been used by hundreds of thousands of students and instructors.
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Walter Savitch | Kenrick Mock
Problem Solving with C++
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06/2017
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Pearson
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Walter Savitch | Kenrick Mock
Problem Solving with C++
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8th Edition
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Person
Walter Savitch is Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at the University of California-San Diego. He received his PhD in mathematics from the University of California-Berkeley in 1969. Since that time he has been on the faculty of the University of California-San Diego (UCSD). He served as director of the UCSD Interdisciplinary PhD program in cognitive science for over ten years. He has served as a visiting researcher at the computer science departments of the University of Washington in Seattle and at the University of Colorado in Boulder, and has been a visiting scholar at the Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica in Amsterdam.
Content
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and C++ Programming 1
1.1 Computer Systems?2
Hardware 2
Software 7
High-Level Languages 8
Compilers 9
History Note 12
1.2 Programming and Problem-Solving 12
Algorithms 12
Program Design 15
Object-Oriented Programming 16
The Software Life Cycle 17
1.3 Introduction to C++ 18
Origins of the C++ Language 18
A Sample C++ Program 19
Pitfall: Using the Wrong Slash in \n 23
Programming Tip: Input and Output Syntax 23
Layout of a Simple C++ Program 24
Pitfall: Putting a Space Before the include File Name 26
Compiling and Running a C++ Program 26
Pitfall: Compiling a C++11 program 27
Programming Tip: Getting Your Program to Run 27
1.4 Testing and Debugging 29
Kinds of Program Errors 30
Pitfall: Assuming Your Program Is Correct 31
Chapter Summary 32
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 33
Practice Programs 35
Programming Projects 36
Chapter 2 C++ Basics 39
2.1 Variables and Assignments?40
Variables 40
Names: Identifiers 42
Variable Declarations 44
Assignment Statements 45
Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables 47
Programming Tip: Use Meaningful Names 49
2.2 Input and Output?50
Output Using cout 50
Include Directives and Namespaces 52
Escape Sequences 53
Programming Tip: End Each Program with a \n or endl 55
Formatting for Numbers with a Decimal Point 55
Input Using cin 56
Designing Input and Output 58
Programming Tip: Line Breaks in I/O 58
2.3 Data Types and Expressions?60
The Types int and double 60
Other Number Types 62
C++11 Types 63
The Type char 64
The Type bool 66
Introduction to the Class string 66
Type Compatibilities 68
Arithmetic Operators and Expressions 69
Pitfall: Whole Numbers in Division 72
More Assignment Statements 74
2.4 Simple Flow of Control?74
A Simple Branching Mechanism 75
Pitfall: Strings of Inequalities 80
Pitfall: Using = in place of == 81
Compound Statements 82
Simple Loop Mechanisms 84
Increment and Decrement Operators 87
Programming Example: Charge Card Balance 89
Pitfall: Infinite Loops 90
2.5 Program Style?93
Indenting 93
Comments 93
Naming Constants 95
Chapter Summary 98
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 98
Practice Programs 103
Programming Projects 105
Chapter 3 More Flow of Control 111
3.1 Usin g Boolean Expressions?112
Evaluating Boolean Expressions 112
Pitfall: Boolean Expressions Convert to int Values 116
Enumeration Types (Optional) 119
3.2 Multiway Branches?120
Nested Statements 120
Programming Tip: Use Braces in Nested Statements 121
Multiway if-else Statements 123
Programming Example: State Income Tax 125
The switch Statement 128
Pitfall: Forgetting a break in a switch Statement 132
Using switch Statements for Menus 133
Blocks 135
Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables 138
3.3 More About C++ Loop Statements?139
The while Statements Reviewed 139
Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited 141
The for Statement 144
Pitfall: Extra Semicolon in a for Statement 149
What Kind of Loop to Use 150
Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables and Infinite Loops 152
The break Statement 153
Pitfall: The break Statement in Nested Loops 154
3.4 Designing Loops?155
Loops for Sums and Products 155
Ending a Loop 157
Nested Loops 160
Debugging Loops 162
Chapter Summary 165
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 166
Practice Programs 172
Programming Projects 174
Chapter 4 Procedural Abstraction and Functions That Return a Value 181
4.1 Top-Down Design?182
4.2 Predefined Functions?183
Using Predefined Functions 183
Random Number Generation 188
Type Casting 190
Older Form of Type Casting 192
Pitfall: Integer Division Drops the Fractional Part 192
4.3 Programmer-Defined Functions?193
Function Definitions 193
Functions That Return a Boolean Value 199
Alternate Form for Function Declarations 199
Pitfall: Arguments in the Wrong Order 200
Function Definition-Syntax Summary 201
More About Placement of Function Definitions 202
Programming Tip: Use Function Calls in Branching Statements 203
4.4 Procedural Abstraction?204
The Black-Box Analogy 204
Programming Tip: Choosing Formal Parameter Names 207
Programming Tip: Nested Loops 208
Case Study: Buying Pizza 211
Programming Tip: Use Pseudocode 217
4.5 Scope and Local Variables?218
The Small Program Analogy 218
Programming Example: Experimental Pea Patch 221
Global Constants and Global Variables 221
Call-by-Value Formal Parameters Are Local Variables 224
Block Scope 226
Namespaces Revisited 227
Programming Example: The Factorial Function 230
4.6 Overloading Function Names?232
Introduction to Overloading 232
Programming Example: Revised Pizza-Buying Program 235
Automatic Type Conversion 238
Chapter Summary 240
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 240
Practice Programs 245
Programming Projects 247
Chapter 5 Functions for All Subtasks 251
5.1 void Functions?252
Definitions of void Functions 252
Programming Example: Converting Temperatures 255
return Statements in void Functions 255
5.2 Call-By-Reference Parameters?259
A First View of Call-by-Reference 259
Call-by-Reference in Detail 262
Programming Example: The swap_values Function 267
Mixed Parameter Lists 268
Programming Tip: What Kind of Parameter to Use 269
Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables 270
5.3 Using Procedural Abstraction?273
Functions Calling Functions 273
Preconditions and Postconditions 275
Case Study: Supermarket Pricing 276
5.4 Testing and Debugging Functions?281
Stubs and Drivers 282
5.5 General Debugging Techniques?287
Keep an Open Mind 287
Check Common Errors 287
Localize the Error 288
The assert Macro 290
Chapter Summary 292
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 293
Practice Programs 296
Programming Projects 299
Chapter 6 I/O Streams as an Introduction to Objects and Classes 305
6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 306
Why Use Files for I/O? 307
File I/O 308
Introduction to Classes and Objects 312
Programming Tip: Check Whether a File Was Opened Successfully 314
Techniques for File I/O 316
Appending to a File (Optional) 320
File Names as Input (Optional) 321
6.2 Tools for Stream I/O 323
Formatting Output with Stream Functions 323
Manipulators 329
Streams as Arguments to Functions 332
Programming Tip: Checking for the End of a File 332
A Note on Namespaces 335
Programming Example: Cleaning Up a File Format 336
6.3 Character I/O 338
The Member Functions get and put 338
The putback Member Function (Optional) 342
Programming Example: Checking Input 343
Pitfall: Unexpected '\n' in Input 345
Programming Example: Another new_line Function 347
Default Arguments for Functions (Optional) 348
The eof Member Function 353
Programming Example: Editing a Text File 355
Predefined Character Functions 356
Pitfall: toupper and tolower Return Values 358
Chapter Summary 360
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 361
Practice Programs 368
Programming Projects 370
Chapter 7 Arrays 377
7.1 Introduction to Arrays?378
Declaring and Referencing Arrays 378
Programming Tip: Use for Loops with Arrays 380
Pitfall: Array Indexes Always Start with Zero 380
Programming Tip: Use a Defined Constant for the Size of an Array 380
Arrays in Memory 382
Pitfall: Array Index Out of Range 383
Initializing Arrays 386
Programming Tip: C++11 Range-Based for Statement 386
7.2 Arrays in Functions?389
Indexed Variables as Function Arguments 389
Entire Arrays as Function Arguments 391
The const Parameter Modifier 394
Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const Parameters 397
Functions That Return an Array 397
Case Study: Production Graph 398
7.3 Programming with Arrays?411
Partially Filled Arrays 411
Programming Tip: Do Not Skimp on Formal Parameters 414
Programming Example: Searching an Array 414
Programming Example: Sorting an Array 417
Programming Example: Bubble Sort 421
7.4 Multidimensional Arrays?424
Multidimensional Array Basics 425
Multidimensional Array Parameters 425
Programming Example: Two-Dimensional
Grading Program 427
Pitfall: Using Commas Between Array Indexes 431
Chapter Summary 432
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 433
Practice Programs 437
Programming Projects 439
Chapter 8 Strings and Vectors 451
8.1 An Array Type for Strings?453
C-String Values and C-String Variables 453
Pitfall: Using = and == with C Strings 456
Other Functions in 458
Pitfall: Copying past the end of a C-string using strcpy 461
C-String Input and Output 464
C-String-to-Number Conversions and Robust Input 466
8.2 The Standard string Class?472
Introduction to the Standard Class string 472
I/O with the Class string 475
Programming Tip: More Versions of getline 478
Pitfall: Mixing cin >> variable; and getline 479
String Processing with the Class string 480
Programming Example: Palindrome Testing 484
Converting Between string Objects and C Strings 487
Converting Between Strings and Numbers 488
8.3 Vectors?489
Vector Basics 489
Pitfall: Using Square Brackets Beyond the Vector Size 492
Programming Tip: Vector Assignment Is Well Behaved 493
Efficiency Issues 493
Chapter Summary 495
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 495
Practice Programs 497
Programming Projects 498
Chapter 9 Pointers and Dynamic Arrays 507
9.1 Pointers?508
Pointer Variables 509
Basic Memory Management 516
Pitfall: Dangling Pointers 517
Static Variables and Automatic Variables 518
Programming Tip: Define Pointer Types 518
9.2 Dynamic Arrays?521
Array Variables and Pointer Variables 521
Creating and Using Dynamic Arrays 522
Pointer Arithmetic (Optional) 528
Multidimensional Dynamic Arrays (Optional) 530
Chapter Summary 532
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 532
Practice Programs 533
Programming Projects 534
Chapter 10 Defining Classes 541
10.1 Structures?542
Structures for Diverse Data 542
Pitfall: Forgetting a Semicolon in a Structure Definition 547
Structures as Function Arguments 548
Programming Tip: Use Hierarchical Structures 549
Initializing Structures 551
10.2 Classes?554
Defining Classes and Member Functions 554
Public and Private Members 559
Programming Tip: Make All Member Variables Private 567
Programming Tip: Define Accessor and Mutator Functions 567
Programming Tip: Use the Assignment Operator with Objects 569
Programming Example: BankAccount Class-Version 1 570
Summary of Some Properties of Classes 574
Constructors for Initialization 576
Programming Tip: Always Include a Default Constructor 584
Pitfall: Constructors with No Arguments 585
Member Initializers and Constructor Delegation in C++11 587
10.3 Abstract Data Types?588
Classes to Produce Abstract Data Types 589
Programming Example: Alternative Implementation of a Class 593
10.4 Introduction to Inheritance?598
Derived Classes 599
Defining Derived Classes 600
Chapter Summary 604
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 605
Practice Programs 611
Programming Projects 612
Chapter 11 Friends, Overloaded Operators, and Arrays in Classes 619
11.1 Friend Functions?620
Programming Example: An Equality Function 620
Friend Functions 624
Programming Tip: Define Both Accessor Functions and Friend Functions 626
Programming Tip: Use Both Member and Nonmember Functions 628
Programming Example: Money Class (Version 1) 628
Implementation of digit_to_int (Optional) 635
Pitfall: Leading Zeros in Number Constants 636
The const Parameter Modifier 638
Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const 639
11.2 Overloading Operators?643
Overloading Operators 644
Constructors for Automatic Type Conversion 647
Overloading Unary Operators 649
Overloading >> and << 650
11.3 Arrays and Classes?660
Arrays of Classes 660
Arrays as Class Members 664
Programming Example: A Class for a Partially Filled Array 665
11.4 Classes and Dynamic Arrays?667
Programming Example: A String Variable Class 668
Destructors 671
Pitfall: Pointers as Call-by-Value Parameters 674
Copy Constructors 675
Overloading the Assignment Operator 680
Chapter Summary 683
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 683
Practice Programs 693
Programming Projects 694
Chapter 12 Separate Compilation and Namespaces 703
12.1 Separate Compilation?704
ADTs Reviewed 705
Case Study: DigitalTime -A Class Compiled Separately 706
Using #ifndef 715
Programming Tip: Defining Other Libraries 718
12.2 Namespaces?719
Namespaces and using Directives 719
Creating a Namespace 721
Qualifying Names 724
A Subtle Point About Namespaces (Optional) 725
Unnamed Namespaces 726
Programming Tip: Choosing a Name for a Namespace 731
Pitfall: Confusing the Global Namespace and the Unnamed Namespace 732
Chapter Summary 733
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 734
Practice Programs 736
Programming Projects 738
Chapter 13 Pointers and Linked Lists 739
13.1 Nodes and Linked Lists?740
Nodes 740
nullptr 745
Linked Lists 746
Inserting a Node at the Head of a List 747
Pitfall: Losing Nodes 750
Searching a Linked List 751
Pointers as Iterators 755
Inserting and Removing Nodes Inside a List 755
Pitfall: Using the Assignment Operator with Dynamic Data Structures 757
Variations on Linked Lists 760
Linked Lists of Classes 762
13.2 Stacks and Queues?765
Stacks 765
Programming Example: A Stack Class 766
Queues 771
Programming Example: A Queue Class 772
Chapter Summary 776
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 776
Practice Programs 779
Programming Projects 780
Chapter 14 Recursion 789
14.1 Recursive Functions for Tasks?791
Case Study: Vertical Numbers 791
A Closer Look at Recursion 797
Pitfall: Infinite Recursion 799
Stacks for Recursion 800
Pitfall: Stack Overflow 802
Recursion Versus Iteration 802
14.2 Recursive Functions for Values?804
General Form for a Recursive Function That Returns a Value 804
Programming Example: Another Powers Function 804
14.3 Thinking Recursively?809
Recursive Design Techniques 809
Case Study: Binary Search-An Example of Recursive Thinking 810
Programming Example: A Recursive Member Function 818
Chapter Summary 822
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 822
Practice Programs 827
Programming Projects 827
Chapter 15 Inheritance 833
15.1 Inheritance Basics?834
Derived Classes 837
Constructors in Derived Classes 845
Pitfall: Use of Private Member Variables from the Base Class 848
Pitfall: Private Member Functions Are Effectively Not Inherited 850
The protected Qualifier 850
Redefinition of Member Functions 853
Redefining Versus Overloading 856
Access to a Redefined Base Function 858
15.2 INHERITANCE DETAILS 859
Functions That Are Not Inherited 859
Assignment Operators and Copy Constructors in Derived Classes 860
Destructors in Derived Classes 861
15.3 Polymorphism?862
Late Binding 863
Virtual Functions in C++ 864
Virtual Functions and Extended Type Compatibility 869
Pitfall: The Slicing Problem 873
Pitfall: Not Using Virtual Member Functions 874
Pitfall: Attempting to Compile Class Definitions Without Definitions for Every Virtual Member Function 875
Programming Tip: Make Destructors Virtual 875
Chapter Summary 877
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 877
Practice Programs 881
Programming Projects 884
Chapter 16 Exception Handling 893
16.1 Exception-Handling Basics?895
A Toy Example of Exception Handling 895
Defining Your Own Exception Classes 904
Multiple Throws and Catches 904
Pitfall: Catch the More Specific Exception First 908
Programming Tip: Exception Classes Can Be Trivial 909
Throwing an Exception in a Function 909
Exception Specification 911
Pitfall: Exception Specification in Derived Classes 913
16.2 Programming Techniques for
Exception Handling 914
When to Throw an Exception 914
Pitfall: Uncaught Exceptions 916
Pitfall: Nested try-catch Blocks 916
Pitfall: Overuse of Exceptions 916
Exception Class Hierarchies 917
Testing for Available Memory 917
Rethrowing an Exception 918
Chapter Summary 918
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 918
Practice Programs 920
Programming Projects 921
Chapter 17 Templates 925
17.1 Templates for Algorithm Abstraction?926
Templates for Functions 927
Pitfall: Compiler Complications 931
Programming Example: A Generic Sorting Function 933
Programming Tip: How to Define Templates 937
Pitfall: Using a Template with an Inappropriate Type 938
17.2 Templates for Data Abstraction?939
Syntax for Class Templates 939
Programming Example: An Array Class 942
Chapter Summary 949
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 949
Practice Programs 953
Programming Projects 953
Chapter 18 Standard Template Library 957
18.1 Iterators?959
using Declarations 959
Iterator Basics 960
Programming Tip: Use auto to Simplify Variable Declarations 964
Pitfall: Compiler Problems 964
Kinds of Iterators 966
Constant and Mutable Iterators 970
Reverse Iterators 971
Other Kinds of Iterators 972
18.2 Containers?973
Sequential Containers 974
Pitfall: Iterators and Removing Elements 978
Programming Tip: Type Definitions in Containers 979
Container Adapters stack and queue 979
Associative Containers set and map 983
Programming Tip: Use Initialization, Ranged For, and auto with Containers 990
Efficiency 990
18.3 Generic Algorithms?991
Running Times and Big-O Notation 992
Container Access Running Times 995
Nonmodifying Sequence Algorithms 997
Container Modifying Algorithms 1001
Set Algorithms 1003
Sorting Algorithms 1004
Chapter Summary 1005
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 1005
Practice Programs 1007
Programming Projects 1008
Appendices
1 C++ Keywords 1015
2 Precedence of Operators 1016
3 The ASCII Character Set 1018
4 Some Library Functions 1019
5 Inline Functions 1026
6 Overloading the Array Index Square Brackets 1027
7 The this Pointer 1029
8 Overloading Operators as Member Operators 1032
Index 1034
1.1 Computer Systems?2
Hardware 2
Software 7
High-Level Languages 8
Compilers 9
History Note 12
1.2 Programming and Problem-Solving 12
Algorithms 12
Program Design 15
Object-Oriented Programming 16
The Software Life Cycle 17
1.3 Introduction to C++ 18
Origins of the C++ Language 18
A Sample C++ Program 19
Pitfall: Using the Wrong Slash in \n 23
Programming Tip: Input and Output Syntax 23
Layout of a Simple C++ Program 24
Pitfall: Putting a Space Before the include File Name 26
Compiling and Running a C++ Program 26
Pitfall: Compiling a C++11 program 27
Programming Tip: Getting Your Program to Run 27
1.4 Testing and Debugging 29
Kinds of Program Errors 30
Pitfall: Assuming Your Program Is Correct 31
Chapter Summary 32
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 33
Practice Programs 35
Programming Projects 36
Chapter 2 C++ Basics 39
2.1 Variables and Assignments?40
Variables 40
Names: Identifiers 42
Variable Declarations 44
Assignment Statements 45
Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables 47
Programming Tip: Use Meaningful Names 49
2.2 Input and Output?50
Output Using cout 50
Include Directives and Namespaces 52
Escape Sequences 53
Programming Tip: End Each Program with a \n or endl 55
Formatting for Numbers with a Decimal Point 55
Input Using cin 56
Designing Input and Output 58
Programming Tip: Line Breaks in I/O 58
2.3 Data Types and Expressions?60
The Types int and double 60
Other Number Types 62
C++11 Types 63
The Type char 64
The Type bool 66
Introduction to the Class string 66
Type Compatibilities 68
Arithmetic Operators and Expressions 69
Pitfall: Whole Numbers in Division 72
More Assignment Statements 74
2.4 Simple Flow of Control?74
A Simple Branching Mechanism 75
Pitfall: Strings of Inequalities 80
Pitfall: Using = in place of == 81
Compound Statements 82
Simple Loop Mechanisms 84
Increment and Decrement Operators 87
Programming Example: Charge Card Balance 89
Pitfall: Infinite Loops 90
2.5 Program Style?93
Indenting 93
Comments 93
Naming Constants 95
Chapter Summary 98
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 98
Practice Programs 103
Programming Projects 105
Chapter 3 More Flow of Control 111
3.1 Usin g Boolean Expressions?112
Evaluating Boolean Expressions 112
Pitfall: Boolean Expressions Convert to int Values 116
Enumeration Types (Optional) 119
3.2 Multiway Branches?120
Nested Statements 120
Programming Tip: Use Braces in Nested Statements 121
Multiway if-else Statements 123
Programming Example: State Income Tax 125
The switch Statement 128
Pitfall: Forgetting a break in a switch Statement 132
Using switch Statements for Menus 133
Blocks 135
Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables 138
3.3 More About C++ Loop Statements?139
The while Statements Reviewed 139
Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited 141
The for Statement 144
Pitfall: Extra Semicolon in a for Statement 149
What Kind of Loop to Use 150
Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables and Infinite Loops 152
The break Statement 153
Pitfall: The break Statement in Nested Loops 154
3.4 Designing Loops?155
Loops for Sums and Products 155
Ending a Loop 157
Nested Loops 160
Debugging Loops 162
Chapter Summary 165
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 166
Practice Programs 172
Programming Projects 174
Chapter 4 Procedural Abstraction and Functions That Return a Value 181
4.1 Top-Down Design?182
4.2 Predefined Functions?183
Using Predefined Functions 183
Random Number Generation 188
Type Casting 190
Older Form of Type Casting 192
Pitfall: Integer Division Drops the Fractional Part 192
4.3 Programmer-Defined Functions?193
Function Definitions 193
Functions That Return a Boolean Value 199
Alternate Form for Function Declarations 199
Pitfall: Arguments in the Wrong Order 200
Function Definition-Syntax Summary 201
More About Placement of Function Definitions 202
Programming Tip: Use Function Calls in Branching Statements 203
4.4 Procedural Abstraction?204
The Black-Box Analogy 204
Programming Tip: Choosing Formal Parameter Names 207
Programming Tip: Nested Loops 208
Case Study: Buying Pizza 211
Programming Tip: Use Pseudocode 217
4.5 Scope and Local Variables?218
The Small Program Analogy 218
Programming Example: Experimental Pea Patch 221
Global Constants and Global Variables 221
Call-by-Value Formal Parameters Are Local Variables 224
Block Scope 226
Namespaces Revisited 227
Programming Example: The Factorial Function 230
4.6 Overloading Function Names?232
Introduction to Overloading 232
Programming Example: Revised Pizza-Buying Program 235
Automatic Type Conversion 238
Chapter Summary 240
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 240
Practice Programs 245
Programming Projects 247
Chapter 5 Functions for All Subtasks 251
5.1 void Functions?252
Definitions of void Functions 252
Programming Example: Converting Temperatures 255
return Statements in void Functions 255
5.2 Call-By-Reference Parameters?259
A First View of Call-by-Reference 259
Call-by-Reference in Detail 262
Programming Example: The swap_values Function 267
Mixed Parameter Lists 268
Programming Tip: What Kind of Parameter to Use 269
Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables 270
5.3 Using Procedural Abstraction?273
Functions Calling Functions 273
Preconditions and Postconditions 275
Case Study: Supermarket Pricing 276
5.4 Testing and Debugging Functions?281
Stubs and Drivers 282
5.5 General Debugging Techniques?287
Keep an Open Mind 287
Check Common Errors 287
Localize the Error 288
The assert Macro 290
Chapter Summary 292
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 293
Practice Programs 296
Programming Projects 299
Chapter 6 I/O Streams as an Introduction to Objects and Classes 305
6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 306
Why Use Files for I/O? 307
File I/O 308
Introduction to Classes and Objects 312
Programming Tip: Check Whether a File Was Opened Successfully 314
Techniques for File I/O 316
Appending to a File (Optional) 320
File Names as Input (Optional) 321
6.2 Tools for Stream I/O 323
Formatting Output with Stream Functions 323
Manipulators 329
Streams as Arguments to Functions 332
Programming Tip: Checking for the End of a File 332
A Note on Namespaces 335
Programming Example: Cleaning Up a File Format 336
6.3 Character I/O 338
The Member Functions get and put 338
The putback Member Function (Optional) 342
Programming Example: Checking Input 343
Pitfall: Unexpected '\n' in Input 345
Programming Example: Another new_line Function 347
Default Arguments for Functions (Optional) 348
The eof Member Function 353
Programming Example: Editing a Text File 355
Predefined Character Functions 356
Pitfall: toupper and tolower Return Values 358
Chapter Summary 360
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 361
Practice Programs 368
Programming Projects 370
Chapter 7 Arrays 377
7.1 Introduction to Arrays?378
Declaring and Referencing Arrays 378
Programming Tip: Use for Loops with Arrays 380
Pitfall: Array Indexes Always Start with Zero 380
Programming Tip: Use a Defined Constant for the Size of an Array 380
Arrays in Memory 382
Pitfall: Array Index Out of Range 383
Initializing Arrays 386
Programming Tip: C++11 Range-Based for Statement 386
7.2 Arrays in Functions?389
Indexed Variables as Function Arguments 389
Entire Arrays as Function Arguments 391
The const Parameter Modifier 394
Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const Parameters 397
Functions That Return an Array 397
Case Study: Production Graph 398
7.3 Programming with Arrays?411
Partially Filled Arrays 411
Programming Tip: Do Not Skimp on Formal Parameters 414
Programming Example: Searching an Array 414
Programming Example: Sorting an Array 417
Programming Example: Bubble Sort 421
7.4 Multidimensional Arrays?424
Multidimensional Array Basics 425
Multidimensional Array Parameters 425
Programming Example: Two-Dimensional
Grading Program 427
Pitfall: Using Commas Between Array Indexes 431
Chapter Summary 432
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 433
Practice Programs 437
Programming Projects 439
Chapter 8 Strings and Vectors 451
8.1 An Array Type for Strings?453
C-String Values and C-String Variables 453
Pitfall: Using = and == with C Strings 456
Other Functions in 458
Pitfall: Copying past the end of a C-string using strcpy 461
C-String Input and Output 464
C-String-to-Number Conversions and Robust Input 466
8.2 The Standard string Class?472
Introduction to the Standard Class string 472
I/O with the Class string 475
Programming Tip: More Versions of getline 478
Pitfall: Mixing cin >> variable; and getline 479
String Processing with the Class string 480
Programming Example: Palindrome Testing 484
Converting Between string Objects and C Strings 487
Converting Between Strings and Numbers 488
8.3 Vectors?489
Vector Basics 489
Pitfall: Using Square Brackets Beyond the Vector Size 492
Programming Tip: Vector Assignment Is Well Behaved 493
Efficiency Issues 493
Chapter Summary 495
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 495
Practice Programs 497
Programming Projects 498
Chapter 9 Pointers and Dynamic Arrays 507
9.1 Pointers?508
Pointer Variables 509
Basic Memory Management 516
Pitfall: Dangling Pointers 517
Static Variables and Automatic Variables 518
Programming Tip: Define Pointer Types 518
9.2 Dynamic Arrays?521
Array Variables and Pointer Variables 521
Creating and Using Dynamic Arrays 522
Pointer Arithmetic (Optional) 528
Multidimensional Dynamic Arrays (Optional) 530
Chapter Summary 532
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 532
Practice Programs 533
Programming Projects 534
Chapter 10 Defining Classes 541
10.1 Structures?542
Structures for Diverse Data 542
Pitfall: Forgetting a Semicolon in a Structure Definition 547
Structures as Function Arguments 548
Programming Tip: Use Hierarchical Structures 549
Initializing Structures 551
10.2 Classes?554
Defining Classes and Member Functions 554
Public and Private Members 559
Programming Tip: Make All Member Variables Private 567
Programming Tip: Define Accessor and Mutator Functions 567
Programming Tip: Use the Assignment Operator with Objects 569
Programming Example: BankAccount Class-Version 1 570
Summary of Some Properties of Classes 574
Constructors for Initialization 576
Programming Tip: Always Include a Default Constructor 584
Pitfall: Constructors with No Arguments 585
Member Initializers and Constructor Delegation in C++11 587
10.3 Abstract Data Types?588
Classes to Produce Abstract Data Types 589
Programming Example: Alternative Implementation of a Class 593
10.4 Introduction to Inheritance?598
Derived Classes 599
Defining Derived Classes 600
Chapter Summary 604
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 605
Practice Programs 611
Programming Projects 612
Chapter 11 Friends, Overloaded Operators, and Arrays in Classes 619
11.1 Friend Functions?620
Programming Example: An Equality Function 620
Friend Functions 624
Programming Tip: Define Both Accessor Functions and Friend Functions 626
Programming Tip: Use Both Member and Nonmember Functions 628
Programming Example: Money Class (Version 1) 628
Implementation of digit_to_int (Optional) 635
Pitfall: Leading Zeros in Number Constants 636
The const Parameter Modifier 638
Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const 639
11.2 Overloading Operators?643
Overloading Operators 644
Constructors for Automatic Type Conversion 647
Overloading Unary Operators 649
Overloading >> and << 650
11.3 Arrays and Classes?660
Arrays of Classes 660
Arrays as Class Members 664
Programming Example: A Class for a Partially Filled Array 665
11.4 Classes and Dynamic Arrays?667
Programming Example: A String Variable Class 668
Destructors 671
Pitfall: Pointers as Call-by-Value Parameters 674
Copy Constructors 675
Overloading the Assignment Operator 680
Chapter Summary 683
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 683
Practice Programs 693
Programming Projects 694
Chapter 12 Separate Compilation and Namespaces 703
12.1 Separate Compilation?704
ADTs Reviewed 705
Case Study: DigitalTime -A Class Compiled Separately 706
Using #ifndef 715
Programming Tip: Defining Other Libraries 718
12.2 Namespaces?719
Namespaces and using Directives 719
Creating a Namespace 721
Qualifying Names 724
A Subtle Point About Namespaces (Optional) 725
Unnamed Namespaces 726
Programming Tip: Choosing a Name for a Namespace 731
Pitfall: Confusing the Global Namespace and the Unnamed Namespace 732
Chapter Summary 733
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 734
Practice Programs 736
Programming Projects 738
Chapter 13 Pointers and Linked Lists 739
13.1 Nodes and Linked Lists?740
Nodes 740
nullptr 745
Linked Lists 746
Inserting a Node at the Head of a List 747
Pitfall: Losing Nodes 750
Searching a Linked List 751
Pointers as Iterators 755
Inserting and Removing Nodes Inside a List 755
Pitfall: Using the Assignment Operator with Dynamic Data Structures 757
Variations on Linked Lists 760
Linked Lists of Classes 762
13.2 Stacks and Queues?765
Stacks 765
Programming Example: A Stack Class 766
Queues 771
Programming Example: A Queue Class 772
Chapter Summary 776
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 776
Practice Programs 779
Programming Projects 780
Chapter 14 Recursion 789
14.1 Recursive Functions for Tasks?791
Case Study: Vertical Numbers 791
A Closer Look at Recursion 797
Pitfall: Infinite Recursion 799
Stacks for Recursion 800
Pitfall: Stack Overflow 802
Recursion Versus Iteration 802
14.2 Recursive Functions for Values?804
General Form for a Recursive Function That Returns a Value 804
Programming Example: Another Powers Function 804
14.3 Thinking Recursively?809
Recursive Design Techniques 809
Case Study: Binary Search-An Example of Recursive Thinking 810
Programming Example: A Recursive Member Function 818
Chapter Summary 822
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 822
Practice Programs 827
Programming Projects 827
Chapter 15 Inheritance 833
15.1 Inheritance Basics?834
Derived Classes 837
Constructors in Derived Classes 845
Pitfall: Use of Private Member Variables from the Base Class 848
Pitfall: Private Member Functions Are Effectively Not Inherited 850
The protected Qualifier 850
Redefinition of Member Functions 853
Redefining Versus Overloading 856
Access to a Redefined Base Function 858
15.2 INHERITANCE DETAILS 859
Functions That Are Not Inherited 859
Assignment Operators and Copy Constructors in Derived Classes 860
Destructors in Derived Classes 861
15.3 Polymorphism?862
Late Binding 863
Virtual Functions in C++ 864
Virtual Functions and Extended Type Compatibility 869
Pitfall: The Slicing Problem 873
Pitfall: Not Using Virtual Member Functions 874
Pitfall: Attempting to Compile Class Definitions Without Definitions for Every Virtual Member Function 875
Programming Tip: Make Destructors Virtual 875
Chapter Summary 877
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 877
Practice Programs 881
Programming Projects 884
Chapter 16 Exception Handling 893
16.1 Exception-Handling Basics?895
A Toy Example of Exception Handling 895
Defining Your Own Exception Classes 904
Multiple Throws and Catches 904
Pitfall: Catch the More Specific Exception First 908
Programming Tip: Exception Classes Can Be Trivial 909
Throwing an Exception in a Function 909
Exception Specification 911
Pitfall: Exception Specification in Derived Classes 913
16.2 Programming Techniques for
Exception Handling 914
When to Throw an Exception 914
Pitfall: Uncaught Exceptions 916
Pitfall: Nested try-catch Blocks 916
Pitfall: Overuse of Exceptions 916
Exception Class Hierarchies 917
Testing for Available Memory 917
Rethrowing an Exception 918
Chapter Summary 918
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 918
Practice Programs 920
Programming Projects 921
Chapter 17 Templates 925
17.1 Templates for Algorithm Abstraction?926
Templates for Functions 927
Pitfall: Compiler Complications 931
Programming Example: A Generic Sorting Function 933
Programming Tip: How to Define Templates 937
Pitfall: Using a Template with an Inappropriate Type 938
17.2 Templates for Data Abstraction?939
Syntax for Class Templates 939
Programming Example: An Array Class 942
Chapter Summary 949
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 949
Practice Programs 953
Programming Projects 953
Chapter 18 Standard Template Library 957
18.1 Iterators?959
using Declarations 959
Iterator Basics 960
Programming Tip: Use auto to Simplify Variable Declarations 964
Pitfall: Compiler Problems 964
Kinds of Iterators 966
Constant and Mutable Iterators 970
Reverse Iterators 971
Other Kinds of Iterators 972
18.2 Containers?973
Sequential Containers 974
Pitfall: Iterators and Removing Elements 978
Programming Tip: Type Definitions in Containers 979
Container Adapters stack and queue 979
Associative Containers set and map 983
Programming Tip: Use Initialization, Ranged For, and auto with Containers 990
Efficiency 990
18.3 Generic Algorithms?991
Running Times and Big-O Notation 992
Container Access Running Times 995
Nonmodifying Sequence Algorithms 997
Container Modifying Algorithms 1001
Set Algorithms 1003
Sorting Algorithms 1004
Chapter Summary 1005
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 1005
Practice Programs 1007
Programming Projects 1008
Appendices
1 C++ Keywords 1015
2 Precedence of Operators 1016
3 The ASCII Character Set 1018
4 Some Library Functions 1019
5 Inline Functions 1026
6 Overloading the Array Index Square Brackets 1027
7 The this Pointer 1029
8 Overloading Operators as Member Operators 1032
Index 1034