The How and Why of One Variable Calculus

Preface ix Introduction xi Preliminary notation xv 1 The real numbers 1 1.1 Intuitive picture of R as points on the number line 2 1.2 The field axioms 6 1.3 Order axioms 8 1.4 The Least Upper Bound Property of R 9 1.5 Rational powers of real numbers 20 1.6 Intervals 21 1.7 Absolute value | * | and distance in R 23 1.8 (*) Remark on the construction of R 26 1.9 Functions 28 1.10 (*) Cardinality 40 Notes 43 2 Sequences 44 2.1 Limit of a convergent sequence 46 2.2 Bounded and monotone sequences 54 2.3 Algebra of limits 59 2.4 Sandwich theorem 64 2.5 Subsequences 68 2.6 Cauchy sequences and completeness of R 74 2.7 (*) Pointwise versus uniform convergence 78 Notes 85 3 Continuity 86 3.1 Definition of continuity 86 3.2 Continuous functions preserve convergence 91 3.3 Intermediate Value Theorem 99 3.4 Extreme Value Theorem 106 3.5 Uniform convergence and continuity 111 3.6 Uniform continuity 111 3.7 Limits 115 Notes 124 4 Differentiation 125 4.1 Differentiable Inverse Theorem 136 4.2 The Chain Rule 140 4.3 Higher order derivatives and derivatives at boundary points 144 4.4 Equations of tangent and normal lines to a curve 148 4.5 Local minimisers and derivatives 157 4.6 Mean Value, Rolle's, Cauchy's Theorem 159 4.7 Taylor's Formula 167 4.8 Convexity 172 4.9 00 form of l'Hôpital's Rule 180 Notes 182 5 Integration 183 5.1 Towards a definition of the integral 183 5.2 Properties of the Riemann integral 198 5.3 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 210 5.4 Riemann sums 226 5.5 Improper integrals 232 5.6 Elementary transcendental functions 245 5.7 Applications of Riemann Integration 278 Notes 296 6 Series 297 6.1 Series 297 6.2 Absolute convergence 305 6.3 Power series 320 Appendix 335 Notes 337 Solutions 338 Solutions to the exercises from Chapter 1 338 Solutions to the exercises from Chapter 2 353 Solutions to the exercises from Chapter 3 369 Solutions to the exercises from Chapter 4 388 Solutions to the exercises from Chapter 5 422 Solutions to the exercises from Chapter 6 475 Bibliography 493 Index 495