Aircraft Design

Preface xv Series Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Symbols and Acronyms xxiii 1 Aircraft Design Fundamentals 1 1.1 Introduction to Design 1 1.2 Engineering Design 4 1.3 Design Project Planning 8 1.4 Decision Making 10 1.5 Feasibility Analysis 12 1.6 Tort of Negligence 15 References 17 2 Systems Engineering Approach 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Fundamentals of Systems Engineering 20 2.3 Conceptual System Design 23 2.4 Preliminary System Design 29 2.5 Detail System Design 30 2.6 Design Requirements 33 2.7 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback 34 2.8 Systems Engineering Approach in Aircraft Design 37 References 47 3 Aircraft Conceptual Design 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Primary Functions of Aircraft Components 50 3.3 Aircraft Configuration Alternatives 52 3.4 Aircraft Classification and Design Constraints 62 3.5 Configuration Selection Process and Trade-Off Analysis 68 3.6 Conceptual Design Optimization 74 Problems 86 References 92 4 Preliminary Design 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Maximum Take-Off Weight Estimation 94 4.3 Wing Area and Engine Sizing 113 4.4 Design Examples 145 Problems 155 References 158 5 Wing Design 161 5.1 Introduction 161 5.2 Number of Wings 164 5.3 Wing Vertical Location 165 5.4 Airfoil Section 170 5.5 Wing Incidence 195 5.6 Aspect Ratio 198 5.7 Taper Ratio 203 5.8 The Significance of Lift and Load Distributions 206 5.9 Sweep Angle 209 5.10 Twist Angle 223 5.11 Dihedral Angle 226 5.12 High-Lift Device 230 5.13 Aileron 241 5.14 Lifting-Line Theory 242 5.15 Accessories 246 5.16 Wing Design Steps 249 5.17 Wing Design Example 250 Problems 259 References 264 6 Tail Design 265 6.1 Introduction 265 6.2 Aircraft Trim Requirements 268 6.4 Tail Configuration 285 6.5 Canard or Aft Tail 294 6.6 Optimum Tail Arm 298 6.7 Horizontal Tail Parameters 301 6.8 Vertical Tail Design 317 6.9 Practical Design Steps 329 6.10 Tail Design Example 331 Problems 336 References 340 7 Fuselage Design 341 7.1 Introduction 341 7.2 Functional Analysis and Design Flowchart 341 7.3 Fuselage Configuration Design and Internal Arrangement 345 7.4 Ergonomics 346 7.5 Cockpit Design 350 7.6 Passenger Cabin Design 360 7.7 Cargo Section Design 368 7.8 Optimum Length-to-Diameter Ratio 372 7.9 Other Fuselage Internal Segments 380 7.10 Lofting 388 7.11 Fuselage Design Steps 394 7.12 Design Example 395 Problems 406 References 410 8 Propulsion System Design 413 8.1 Introduction 413 8.2 Functional Analysis and Design Requirements 414 8.3 Engine Type Selection 416 8.4 Number of Engines 436 8.5 Engine Location 439 8.6 Engine Installation 448 8.7 Propeller Sizing 456 8.8 Engine Performance 461 8.9 Engine Selection 462 8.10 Propulsion System Design Steps 464 8.11 Design Example 467 Problems 471 References 478 9 Landing Gear Design 479 9.1 Introduction 479 9.2 Functional Analysis and Design Requirements 481 9.3 Landing Gear Configuration 484 9.4 Fixed, Retractable, or Separable Landing Gear 494 9.5 Landing Gear Geometry 497 9.6 Landing Gear and Aircraft Center of Gravity 516 9.7 Landing Gear Mechanical Subsystems/Parameters 524 9.8 Landing Gear Design Steps 528 9.9 Landing Gear Design Example 529 Problems 539 References 544 10 Weight of Components 547 10.1 Introduction 547 10.2 Sensitivity of Weight Calculation 549 10.3 Aircraft Major Components 553 10.4 Weight Calculation Technique 556 10.5 Chapter Examples 565 Problems 570 References 573 11 Aircraft Weight Distribution 575 11.1 Introduction 575 11.2 Aircraft Center of Gravity Calculation 578 11.3 Center of Gravity Range 585 11.4 Longitudinal Center of Gravity Location 590 11.5 Technique to Determine the Aircraft Forward and Aft Center of Gravity 598 11.6 Weight Distribution Technique 606 11.7 Aircraft Mass Moment of Inertia 615 11.8 Chapter Example 620 Problems 624 References 630 12 Design of Control Surfaces 631 12.1 Introduction 631 12.2 Configuration Selection of Control Surfaces 637 12.3 Handling Qualities 638 12.4 Aileron Design 654 12.5 Elevator Design 670 12.6 Rudder Design 685 12.7 Aerodynamic Balance and Mass Balance 713 12.8 Chapter Examples 723 Problems 745 References 752 Appendices 755 Appendix A: Standard Atmosphere, SI Units 755 Appendix B: Standard Atmosphere, British Units 756 Index 757