Artificial Intelligence
A Modern Approach
3rd Edition
Published on 23. February 2010
Book
Hardback
1152 pages
978-0-13-604259-4 (ISBN)
Description
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 3e offers the most comprehensive, up-to-date introduction to the theory and practice of artificial intelligence. Number one in its field, this textbook is ideal for one or two-semester, undergraduate or graduate-level courses in Artificial Intelligence.
Dr. Peter Norvig, contributing Artificial Intelligence author and Professor Sebastian Thrun, a Pearson author are offering a free online course at Stanford University on artificial intelligence.
According to an article in The New York Times, the course on artificial intelligence is "one of three being offered experimentally by the Stanford computer science department to extend technology knowledge and skills beyond this elite campus to the entire world." One of the other two courses, an introduction to database software, is being taught by Pearson author Dr. Jennifer Widom.
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 3e is available to purchase as an eText for your KindleTM, NOOKTM, and the iPhone (R)/iPad (R).
To learn more about the course on artificial intelligence, visit http://www.ai-class.com. To read the full New York Times article, click here.
Dr. Peter Norvig, contributing Artificial Intelligence author and Professor Sebastian Thrun, a Pearson author are offering a free online course at Stanford University on artificial intelligence.
According to an article in The New York Times, the course on artificial intelligence is "one of three being offered experimentally by the Stanford computer science department to extend technology knowledge and skills beyond this elite campus to the entire world." One of the other two courses, an introduction to database software, is being taught by Pearson author Dr. Jennifer Widom.
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 3e is available to purchase as an eText for your KindleTM, NOOKTM, and the iPhone (R)/iPad (R).
To learn more about the course on artificial intelligence, visit http://www.ai-class.com. To read the full New York Times article, click here.
More details
Edition
3rd edition
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
College/higher education
Dimensions
Height: 260 mm
Width: 210 mm
Thickness: 40 mm
Weight
1996 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-13-604259-4 (9780136042594)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
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Persons
Stuart Russell was born in 1962 in Portsmouth, England. He received his B.A. with first-class honours in physics from Oxford University in 1982, and his Ph.D. in computer science from Stanford in 1986. He then joined the faculty of the University of California at Berkeley, where he is a professor of computer science, director of the Center for Intelligent Systems, and holder of the Smith-Zadeh Chair in Engineering. In 1990, he received the Presidential Young Investigator Award of the National Science Foundation, and in 1995 he was cowinner of the Computers and Thought Award. He was a 1996 Miller Professor of the University of California and was appointed to a Chancellor's Professorship in 2000. In 1998, he gave the Forsythe Memorial Lectures at Stanford University. He is a Fellow and former Executive Council member of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence. He has published over 100 papers on a wide range of topics in artificial intelligence. His other books include The Use of Knowledge in Analogy and Induction and (with Eric Wefald) Do the Right Thing: Studies in Limited Rationality.
Peter Norvig is currently Director of Research at Google, Inc., and was the director responsible for the core Web search algorithms from 2002 to 2005. He is a Fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence and the Association for Computing Machinery. Previously, he was head of the Computational Sciences Division at NASA Ames Research Center, where he oversaw NASA's research and development in artificial intelligence and robotics, and chief scientist at Junglee, where he helped develop one of the first Internet information extraction services. He received a B.S. in applied mathematics from Brown University and a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of California at Berkeley. He received the Distinguished Alumni and Engineering Innovation awards from Berkeley and the Exceptional Achievement Medal from NASA. He has been a professor at the University of Southern California and a research faculty member at Berkeley. His other books are Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp and Verbmobil: A Translation System for Faceto-Face Dialog and Intelligent Help Systems for UNIX.
Peter Norvig is currently Director of Research at Google, Inc., and was the director responsible for the core Web search algorithms from 2002 to 2005. He is a Fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence and the Association for Computing Machinery. Previously, he was head of the Computational Sciences Division at NASA Ames Research Center, where he oversaw NASA's research and development in artificial intelligence and robotics, and chief scientist at Junglee, where he helped develop one of the first Internet information extraction services. He received a B.S. in applied mathematics from Brown University and a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of California at Berkeley. He received the Distinguished Alumni and Engineering Innovation awards from Berkeley and the Exceptional Achievement Medal from NASA. He has been a professor at the University of Southern California and a research faculty member at Berkeley. His other books are Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp and Verbmobil: A Translation System for Faceto-Face Dialog and Intelligent Help Systems for UNIX.
Content
I. Artificial Intelligence
1. Introduction
1.1 What is AI?
1.2 The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
1.3 The History of Artificial Intelligence
1.4 The State of the Art
1.5 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
2. Intelligent Agents
2.1 Agents and Environments
2.2 Good Behavior: The Concept of Rationality
2.3 The Nature of Environments
2.4 The Structure of Agents
2.5 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
II. Problem-solving
3. Solving Problems by Searching
3.1 Problem-Solving Agents
3.2 Example Problems
3.3 Searching for Solutions
3.4 Uninformed Search Strategies
3.5 Informed (Heuristic) Search Strategies
3.6 Heuristic Functions
3.7 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
4. Beyond Classical Search
4.1 Local Search Algorithms and Optimization Problems
4.2 Local Search in Continuous Spaces
4.3 Searching with Nondeterministic Actions
4.4 Searching with Partial Observations
4.5 Online Search Agents and Unknown Environments
4.6 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
5. Adversarial Search
5.1 Games
5.2 Optimal Decisions in Games
5.3 Alpha-Beta Pruning
5.4 Imperfect Real-Time Decisions
5.5 Stochastic Games
5.6 Partially Observable Games
5.7 State-of-the-Art Game Programs
5.8 Alternative Approaches
5.9 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
6. Constraint Satisfaction Problems
6.1 Defining Constraint Satisfaction Problems
6.2 Constraint Propagation: Inference in CSPs
6.3 Backtracking Search for CSPs
6.4 Local Search for CSPs
6.5 The Structure of Problems
6.6 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
III. Knowledge, Reasoning, and Planning
7. Logical Agents
7.1 Knowledge-Based Agents
7.2 The Wumpus World
7.3 Logic
7.4 Propositional Logic: A Very Simple Logic
7.5 Propositional Theorem Proving
7.6 Effective Propositional Model Checking
7.7 Agents Based on Propositional Logic
7.8 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
8. First-Order Logic
8.1 Representation Revisited
8.2 Syntax and Semantics of First-Order Logic
8.3 Using First-Order Logic
8.4 Knowledge Engineering in First-Order Logic
8.5 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
9. Inference in First-Order Logic
9.1 Propositional vs. First-Order Inference
9.2 Unification and Lifting
9.3 Forward Chaining
9.4 Backward Chaining
9.5 Resolution
9.6 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
10. Classical Planning
10.1 Definition of Classical Planning
10.2 Algorithms for Planning as State-Space Search
10.3 Planning Graphs
10.4 Other Classical Planning Approaches
10.5 Analysis of Planning Approaches
10.6 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
11. Planning and Acting in the Real World
11.1 Time, Schedules, and Resources
11.2 Hierarchical Planning
11.3 Planning and Acting in Nondeterministic Domains
11.4 Multiagent Planning
11.5 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
12 Knowledge Representation
12.1 Ontological Engineering
12.2 Categories and Objects
12.3 Events
12.4 Mental Events and Mental Objects
12.5 Reasoning Systems for Categories
12.6 Reasoning with Default Information
12.7 The Internet Shopping World
12.8 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
IV. Uncertain Knowledge and Reasoning
13. Quantifying Uncertainty
13.1 Acting under Uncertainty
13.2 Basic Probability Notation
13.3 Inference Using Full Joint Distributions
13.4 Independence
13.5 Bayes' Rule and Its Use
13.6 The Wumpus World Revisited
13.7 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
14. Probabilistic Reasoning
14.1 Representing Knowledge in an Uncertain Domain
14.2 The Semantics of Bayesian Networks
14.3 Efficient Representation of Conditional Distributions
14.4 Exact Inference in Bayesian Networks
14.5 Approximate Inference in Bayesian Networks
14.6 Relational and First-Order Probability Models
14.7 Other Approaches to Uncertain Reasoning
14.8 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
15. Probabilistic Reasoning over Time
15.1 Time and Uncertainty
15.2 Inference in Temporal Models
15.3 Hidden Markov Models
15.4 Kalman Filters
15.5 Dynamic Bayesian Networks
15.6 Keeping Track of Many Objects
15.7 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
16. Making Simple Decisions
16.1 Combining Beliefs and Desires under Uncertainty
16.2 The Basis of Utility Theory
16.3 Utility Functions
16.4 Multiattribute Utility Functions
16.5 Decision Networks
16.6 The Value of Information
16.7 Decision-Theoretic Expert Systems
16.8 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
17. Making Complex Decisions
17.1 Sequential Decision Problems
17.2 Value Iteration
17.3 Policy Iteration
17.4 Partially Observable MDPs
17.5 Decisions with Multiple Agents: Game Theory
17.6 Mechanism Design
17.7 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
V. Learning
18. Learning from Examples
18.1 Forms of Learning
18.2 Supervised Learning
18.3 Learning Decision Trees
18.4 Evaluating and Choosing the Best Hypothesis
18.5 The Theory of Learning
18.6 Regression and Classification with Linear Models
18.7 Artificial Neural Networks
18.8 Nonparametric Models
18.9 Support Vector Machines
18.10 Ensemble Learning
18.11 Practical Machine Learning
18.12 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
19. Knowledge in Learning
19.1 A Logical Formulation of Learning
19.2 Knowledge in Learning
19.3 Explanation-Based Learning
19.4 Learning Using Relevance Information
19.5 Inductive Logic Programming
19.6 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
20. Learning Probabilistic Models
20.1 Statistical Learning
20.2 Learning with Complete Data
20.3 Learning with Hidden Variables: The EM Algorithm
20.4 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
21. Reinforcement Learning
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Passive Reinforcement Learning
21.3 Active Reinforcement Learning
21.4 Generalization in Reinforcement Learning
21.5 Policy Search
21.6 Applications of Reinforcement Learning
21.7 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
VI. Communicating, Perceiving, and Acting
22. Natural Language Processing
22.1 Language Models
22.2 Text Classification
22.3 Information Retrieval
22.4 Information Extraction
22.5 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
23. Natural Language for Communication
23.1 Phrase Structure Grammars
23.2 Syntactic Analysis (Parsing)
23.3 Augmented Grammars and Semantic Interpretation
23.4 Machine Translation
23.5 Speech Recognition
23.6 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
24. Perception
24.1 Image Formation
24.2 Early Image-Processing Operations
24.3 Object Recognition by Appearance
24.4 Reconstructing the 3D World
24.5 Object Recognition from Structural Information
24.6 Using Vision
24.7 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
25. Robotics
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Robot Hardware
25.3 Robotic Perception
25.4 Planning to Move
25.5 Planning Uncertain Movements
25.6 Moving
25.7 Robotic Software Architectures
25.8 Application Domains
25.9 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
VII. Conclusions
26 Philosophical Foundations
26.1 Weak AI: Can Machines Act Intelligently?
26.2 Strong AI: Can Machines Really Think?
26.3 The Ethics and Risks of Developing Artificial Intelligence
26.4 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
27. AI: The Present and Future
27.1 Agent Components
27.2 Agent Architectures
27.3 Are We Going in the Right Direction?
27.4 What If AI Does Succeed?
Appendices
A. Mathematical Background
A.1 Complexity Analysis and O() Notation
A.2 Vectors, Matrices, and Linear Algebra
A.3 Probability Distributions
B. Notes on Languages and Algorithms
B.1 Defining Languages with Backus-Naur Form (BNF)
B.2 Describing Algorithms with Pseudocode
B.3 Online Help
Bibliography
Index
1. Introduction
1.1 What is AI?
1.2 The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
1.3 The History of Artificial Intelligence
1.4 The State of the Art
1.5 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
2. Intelligent Agents
2.1 Agents and Environments
2.2 Good Behavior: The Concept of Rationality
2.3 The Nature of Environments
2.4 The Structure of Agents
2.5 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
II. Problem-solving
3. Solving Problems by Searching
3.1 Problem-Solving Agents
3.2 Example Problems
3.3 Searching for Solutions
3.4 Uninformed Search Strategies
3.5 Informed (Heuristic) Search Strategies
3.6 Heuristic Functions
3.7 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
4. Beyond Classical Search
4.1 Local Search Algorithms and Optimization Problems
4.2 Local Search in Continuous Spaces
4.3 Searching with Nondeterministic Actions
4.4 Searching with Partial Observations
4.5 Online Search Agents and Unknown Environments
4.6 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
5. Adversarial Search
5.1 Games
5.2 Optimal Decisions in Games
5.3 Alpha-Beta Pruning
5.4 Imperfect Real-Time Decisions
5.5 Stochastic Games
5.6 Partially Observable Games
5.7 State-of-the-Art Game Programs
5.8 Alternative Approaches
5.9 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
6. Constraint Satisfaction Problems
6.1 Defining Constraint Satisfaction Problems
6.2 Constraint Propagation: Inference in CSPs
6.3 Backtracking Search for CSPs
6.4 Local Search for CSPs
6.5 The Structure of Problems
6.6 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
III. Knowledge, Reasoning, and Planning
7. Logical Agents
7.1 Knowledge-Based Agents
7.2 The Wumpus World
7.3 Logic
7.4 Propositional Logic: A Very Simple Logic
7.5 Propositional Theorem Proving
7.6 Effective Propositional Model Checking
7.7 Agents Based on Propositional Logic
7.8 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
8. First-Order Logic
8.1 Representation Revisited
8.2 Syntax and Semantics of First-Order Logic
8.3 Using First-Order Logic
8.4 Knowledge Engineering in First-Order Logic
8.5 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
9. Inference in First-Order Logic
9.1 Propositional vs. First-Order Inference
9.2 Unification and Lifting
9.3 Forward Chaining
9.4 Backward Chaining
9.5 Resolution
9.6 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
10. Classical Planning
10.1 Definition of Classical Planning
10.2 Algorithms for Planning as State-Space Search
10.3 Planning Graphs
10.4 Other Classical Planning Approaches
10.5 Analysis of Planning Approaches
10.6 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
11. Planning and Acting in the Real World
11.1 Time, Schedules, and Resources
11.2 Hierarchical Planning
11.3 Planning and Acting in Nondeterministic Domains
11.4 Multiagent Planning
11.5 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
12 Knowledge Representation
12.1 Ontological Engineering
12.2 Categories and Objects
12.3 Events
12.4 Mental Events and Mental Objects
12.5 Reasoning Systems for Categories
12.6 Reasoning with Default Information
12.7 The Internet Shopping World
12.8 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
IV. Uncertain Knowledge and Reasoning
13. Quantifying Uncertainty
13.1 Acting under Uncertainty
13.2 Basic Probability Notation
13.3 Inference Using Full Joint Distributions
13.4 Independence
13.5 Bayes' Rule and Its Use
13.6 The Wumpus World Revisited
13.7 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
14. Probabilistic Reasoning
14.1 Representing Knowledge in an Uncertain Domain
14.2 The Semantics of Bayesian Networks
14.3 Efficient Representation of Conditional Distributions
14.4 Exact Inference in Bayesian Networks
14.5 Approximate Inference in Bayesian Networks
14.6 Relational and First-Order Probability Models
14.7 Other Approaches to Uncertain Reasoning
14.8 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
15. Probabilistic Reasoning over Time
15.1 Time and Uncertainty
15.2 Inference in Temporal Models
15.3 Hidden Markov Models
15.4 Kalman Filters
15.5 Dynamic Bayesian Networks
15.6 Keeping Track of Many Objects
15.7 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
16. Making Simple Decisions
16.1 Combining Beliefs and Desires under Uncertainty
16.2 The Basis of Utility Theory
16.3 Utility Functions
16.4 Multiattribute Utility Functions
16.5 Decision Networks
16.6 The Value of Information
16.7 Decision-Theoretic Expert Systems
16.8 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
17. Making Complex Decisions
17.1 Sequential Decision Problems
17.2 Value Iteration
17.3 Policy Iteration
17.4 Partially Observable MDPs
17.5 Decisions with Multiple Agents: Game Theory
17.6 Mechanism Design
17.7 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
V. Learning
18. Learning from Examples
18.1 Forms of Learning
18.2 Supervised Learning
18.3 Learning Decision Trees
18.4 Evaluating and Choosing the Best Hypothesis
18.5 The Theory of Learning
18.6 Regression and Classification with Linear Models
18.7 Artificial Neural Networks
18.8 Nonparametric Models
18.9 Support Vector Machines
18.10 Ensemble Learning
18.11 Practical Machine Learning
18.12 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
19. Knowledge in Learning
19.1 A Logical Formulation of Learning
19.2 Knowledge in Learning
19.3 Explanation-Based Learning
19.4 Learning Using Relevance Information
19.5 Inductive Logic Programming
19.6 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
20. Learning Probabilistic Models
20.1 Statistical Learning
20.2 Learning with Complete Data
20.3 Learning with Hidden Variables: The EM Algorithm
20.4 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
21. Reinforcement Learning
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Passive Reinforcement Learning
21.3 Active Reinforcement Learning
21.4 Generalization in Reinforcement Learning
21.5 Policy Search
21.6 Applications of Reinforcement Learning
21.7 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
VI. Communicating, Perceiving, and Acting
22. Natural Language Processing
22.1 Language Models
22.2 Text Classification
22.3 Information Retrieval
22.4 Information Extraction
22.5 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
23. Natural Language for Communication
23.1 Phrase Structure Grammars
23.2 Syntactic Analysis (Parsing)
23.3 Augmented Grammars and Semantic Interpretation
23.4 Machine Translation
23.5 Speech Recognition
23.6 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
24. Perception
24.1 Image Formation
24.2 Early Image-Processing Operations
24.3 Object Recognition by Appearance
24.4 Reconstructing the 3D World
24.5 Object Recognition from Structural Information
24.6 Using Vision
24.7 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
25. Robotics
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Robot Hardware
25.3 Robotic Perception
25.4 Planning to Move
25.5 Planning Uncertain Movements
25.6 Moving
25.7 Robotic Software Architectures
25.8 Application Domains
25.9 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
VII. Conclusions
26 Philosophical Foundations
26.1 Weak AI: Can Machines Act Intelligently?
26.2 Strong AI: Can Machines Really Think?
26.3 The Ethics and Risks of Developing Artificial Intelligence
26.4 Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Notes, Exercises
27. AI: The Present and Future
27.1 Agent Components
27.2 Agent Architectures
27.3 Are We Going in the Right Direction?
27.4 What If AI Does Succeed?
Appendices
A. Mathematical Background
A.1 Complexity Analysis and O() Notation
A.2 Vectors, Matrices, and Linear Algebra
A.3 Probability Distributions
B. Notes on Languages and Algorithms
B.1 Defining Languages with Backus-Naur Form (BNF)
B.2 Describing Algorithms with Pseudocode
B.3 Online Help
Bibliography
Index