Animal Behavior

1 An Introduction to Animal Behavior 1.1 Natural Selection and the Evolution of Behavior --1.1.1 The Cost-Benefit Approach --1.1.2 The Levels of Analysis --1.1.3 The Integrative Study of Animal Behavior 1.2 Approaches to Studying Behavior 1.2.1 Examining the Adaptive Basis of Behavior 1.2.2 Inferring the Evolutionary History of Behavior 2 The Integrative Study of Behavior 2.1 The Development of Song Learning --2.1.1 Intraspecific Variation and Dialects --2.1.2 Social Experience and Song Development 2.2 Mechanisms of Song Learning --2.2.1 The Genetics of Song Learning --2.2.2 The Avian Song Control System 2.3 The Evolution of Song Learning --2.3.1 An Evolutionary History of Bird Song --2.3.2 Song Learning: A Comparative Approach 2.4 The Adaptive Value of Song Learning --2.4.1 Ecological and Social Correlates of Song Learning --2.4.2 Social Competition and Mate Choice 3 The Developmental and Molecular Bases of Behavior 3.1 Behavior Requires Genes and the Environment --3.1.1 Behavioral Ontogeny --3.1.2 Gene Regulation Influences Behavior 3.2 The Evolutionary Development of Behavior --3.2.1 The Evo-Devo Approach to Understanding Behavior --3.2.2 Molecular Toolkits and the Development of Behavior 3.3 The Development of Behavioral Variation --3.3.1 Early Life Developmental Conditions --3.3.2 Alternative Behavioral Phenotypes 4 The Neural Basis of Behavior 4.1 Responding to Stimuli --4.1.1 Complex Behavioral Responses to Simple Stimuli --4.1.2 How Moths Avoid Bats 4.2 Sensory Stimuli and Nervous System Control --4.2.1 Decision Making in the Brain --4.2.2 Alternative Sensory Modalities 105 4.3 Translating Sensory Stimuli into Behavior --4.3.1 Neural Mechanisms of Information Transfer --4.3.2 Stimulus Filtering 5 The Physiological and Endocrine Bases of Behavior 5.1 Endogenous Rhythms and Changing Behavioral Priorities --5.1.1 Endogenous versus Exogenous Control of Behavioral Priorities --5.1.2 Mechanisms of Changing Behavioral Priorities 5.2 Cues that Entrain Cycles of Behavior --5.2.1 Predictable Environmental Cues --5.2.2 Unpredictable Environmental Cues 5.3 Hormones and Behavior --5.3.1 Activational Effects of Hormones --5.3.2 Hormonal Causes and Consequences of Behavior 6 Avoiding Predators and Finding Food 6.1 Antipredator Behavior --6.1.1 Blending In --6.1.2 Standing Out --6.1.3 Social Defenses --6.1.4 Optimality Theory and Antipredator Behavior 6.2 Foraging Behavior --6.2.1 Optimal Foraging Theory --6.2.2 Landscapes of Fear --6.2.3 Cognition and Finding Food --6.2.4 Frequency Dependence and Foraging Behavior 7 Territoriality and Movement 7.1 Where to Live --7.1.1 Habitat --7.1.2 Selection --7.1.3 Territoriality 7.2 To Stay or Go --7.2.1 Dispersal --7.2.2 Variation in Migratory Behavior and Connectivity 225 8 Principles of Communication 8.1 Communication and Animal Signals --8.1.1 A Communication Framework --8.1.2 Functionally Referent Signals 8.2 The Evolution of Animal Signals --8.2.1 Preexisting Traits --8.2.2 Preexisting Biases --8.2.3 Preexisting Traits versus Preexisting Biases 8.3 The Function of Animal Signals --8.3.1 Honest Signaling --8.3.2 Deceitful Signaling --8.3.3 Eavesdropping on Others 9 Reproductive Behavior 9.1 Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Sex Differences --9.1.1 Sex Differences in Behavior and Investment --9.1.2 A Reversal in Sex Differences 9.2 Intrasexual Selection and Competition for Mates --9.2.1 Competition and Access to Mates --9.2.2 Conditional Mating Tactics versus Alternative Mating Strategies --9.2.3 Sperm Competition --9.2.4 Paternity Assurance 9.3 Intersexual Selection and Mate Choice --9.3.1 Female Mate Choice: Direct versus Indirect Benefits --9.3.2 Cryptic Female Choice --9.3.3 Signal Evolution: Runaway versus Chase-Away Sexual Selection 9.4 Sexual Conflict --9.4.1 The Manipulation of Female Choice --9.4.2 Sexual Arms Races 10 Mating Systems 10.1 Monogamy: A Lack of Multiple Mating --10.1.1 Why Be Monogamous? 10.1.2 Monogamy and Biparental Care 10.2 Polyandry: Multiple Mating by Females --10.2.1 Female versus Male Control of Mating --10.2.2 Indirect versus Direct Benefits 327 10.3 Polygyny: Multiple Mating by Males --10.3.1 Female Defense Polygyny --10.3.2 Resource Defense Polygyny --10.3.3 Lek Polygyny --10.3.4 Scramble Competition Polygyny 10.4 Polygynandry and Promiscuity: Multiple Mating by Both Sexes --10.4.1 Polygynandry --10.4.2 Promiscuity 11 Parental Care 11.1 Offspring Value and Parental Investment --11.1.1 Parental Care Decisions --11.1.2 Parental Favoritism in Offspring Care and Production --11.1.3 Family Conflict 11.2 To Care or Not to Care --11.2.1 Current versus Future Reproduction --11.2.2 Sexual Conflict and Parental Care --11.2.2 Maternal versus Paternal Care 11.3 (Non-)Discriminating Parental Care --11.3.1 Offspring Recognition and Interspecific Brood Parasitism --11.3.2 Coevolutionary Arms Races --11.3.3 The Evolution of Brood Parasitism 12 Principles of Social Evolution 12.1 Altruism and Levels of Selection --12.2.1 Individual versus Group Selection --12.2.2 Kin Selection 12.2 Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness Theory --12.2.1 Haplodiploidy and the Evolution of Eusociality --12.2.2 Inclusive Fitness and Monogamy --12.2.3 Sterility and Caste Differentiation 12.3 Social Conflict in Animal Societies --12.3.1 Reproductive Conflict --12.3.2 Consequences of Social Conflict 13 Social Behavior and Sociality 13.1 Forms of Social Behavior --13.1.1 Mutual Benefit --13.1.2 Altruism and Reciprocity --13.1.3 Selfishness and Spite 13.2 The Evolution of Cooperative Breeding --13.2.1 Direct versus Indirect Benefits --13.2.2 Costs of Breeding Cooperatively --13.2.3 Individual Differences in Cooperative Behavior 13.3 Reproductive Conflict --13.3.1 Social Organization and Reproductive Skew --13.3.2 Reproductive Suppression and Senescence 14 Human Behavior 14.1 Human Speech and Complex Language --14.1.1 The Development and Evolutionary History of Human Speech --14.1.2 The Neurophysiology of Human Speech --14.1.3 The Adaptive Value of Human Speech 14.2 Human Reproductive Behavior --14.2.1 Mate Choice in Humans --14.2.2 Social Conflict in Humans