Communications Receivers: Principles and Design, Fourth Edition

1 Basic Radio Considerations
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 SDR, Defined
1.2 Radio System Frontiers
1.2.1 5G Fundamentals
1.2.2 Looking Ahead
1.3 Radio Communications Systems
1.3.1 Radio Transmission and Noise
1.4 Modulation
1.4.1 Analog Modulation
1.4.2 Modulation for Digital Signals
1.5 Digital Signal Processing
1.5.1 Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion
1.5.2 Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion
1.5.3 Converter Performance Criteria
1.5.4 Processing Signal Sequences
1.5.5 Digital Filters
1.5.6 Nonlinear Processes
1.5.7 Decimation and Interpolation
1.5.8 DSP Hardware and Development Tools
1.6 Radio Receiver Architectures
1.6.1 Super-Regenerative Receivers
1.7 Typical Radio Receivers
1.7.1 Analog Receiver Design
1.7.2 Mixed-Mode MFSK Communication System
1.7.3 PLL CAD Simulation
1.7.4 Software-Defined Radio Systems
1.7.5 Design Example: EB 500 Monitoring Receiver
1.8 References
1.9 Bibliography
1.10 Suggested Additional Reading
2 Radio Receiver Characteristics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Radio Channel
2.2.1 Channel Impulse Response
2.2.2 Doppler Effect
2.2.3 Transfer Function
2.2.4 Time Response of Channel Impulse Response and Transfer Function
2.3 Radio System Implementation
2.3.1 Input Characteristics
2.3.2 Gain, Sensitivity, and Noise Figure
2.4 Selectivity
2.5 Dynamic Range
2.5.1 Desensitization
2.5.2 AM Cross Modulation
2.5.3 IM
2.6 Reciprocal Mixing
2.6.1 Phase Errors
2.6.2 Error Vector Magnitude
2.7 Spurious Outputs
2.8 Gain Control
2.9 BFO
2.10 Output Characteristics
2.10.1 Baseband Response and Noise
2.10.2 Harmonic Distortion
2.10.3 IM Distortion
2.10.4 Transient Response
2.11 Frequency Accuracy and Stability
2.12 Frequency Settling Time
2.13 Electromagnetic Interference
2.14 Digital Receiver Characteristics
2.14.1 BER Testing
2.14.2 Transmission and Reception Quality
2.15 References
2.16 Bibliography
2.17 Suggested Additional Reading
3 Receiver System Planning
3.1 The Receiver Level Plan
3.2 Calculation of NF
3.2.1 Noise Factor for Cascaded Circuits
3.3 Noise Correlation in Linear Two Ports Using Correlation Matrices
3.3.1 Noise Figure Test Equipment
3.3.2 How to Determine the Noise Parameters
3.4 Linearity
3.4.1 Dynamic Range, Compression, and IMO
3.4.2 Analysis
3.5 Calculation of IP
3.5.1 Example of NF and IP Calculation
3.6 Spurious Response Locations
3.6.1 D-H Traces
3.7 Selectivity
3.7.1 Single-Tuned Circuit
3.7.2 Coupled Resonant Pairs
3.8 Complex Filter Characteristics
3.8.1 Butterworth Selectivity
3.8.2 Chebyshev Selectivity
3.8.3 Thompson or Bessel Selectivity
3.8.4 Equiripple Linear Phase
3.8.5 Transitional Filters
3.8.6 Elliptic Filters
3.8.7 Special Designs and Phase Equalization
3.9 Filter Design Implementation
3.9.1 LC Filters
3.9.2 Electrical Resonators
3.9.3 Electromechanical Filters
3.9.4 Quartz Crystal Resonators
3.9.5 Monolithic Crystal Filters
3.9.6 Ceramic Filters
3.10 Time-Sampled Filters
3.10.1 Discrete Fourier and z Transforms
3.10.2 Discrete-Time-Sampled Filters
3.10.3 Analog-Sampled Filter Implementations
3.11 Digital Processing Filters
3.12 Frequency Tracking
3.13 IF and Image Frequency Rejection
3.14 Electronically Tuned Filter
3.14.1 Diode Performance
3.14.2 A VHF Example
3.15 References
3.16 Suggested Additional Reading
4 Receiver Implementation Considerations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Digital Implementation of Receiver Functions
4.2.1 Digital Receiver Design Techniques
4.2.2 Noise Calculations
4.2.3 Noise Cancellation
4.2.4 Spectral Subtraction
4.3 Spread Spectrum
4.3.1 Basic Principles
4.3.2 Frequency Hopping
4.3.3 Direct Sequence
4.3.4 Performance
4.4 Simulation of System Performance
4.4.1 Spectrum Occupancy
4.4.2 Network Response
4.4.3 Medium Prediction
4.4.4 System Simulation
4.4.5 HF Medium Simulation
4.4.6 Simple Simulations
4.4.7 Applications of Simulation
4.5 References
4.6 Bibliography
4.7 Suggested Additional Reading
5 Software-Defined Radio Principles and Technologies
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 General Concept of a Software-Defined Radio
5.1.2 Components (Analog Elements, DSP, and FPGA)
5.1.3 About the DSP
5.2 RF Front-End Architectures
5.2.1 Heterodyne Receiver
5.2.2 Direct-Conversion Receiver
5.2.3 Digital IF Receiver Design
5.2.4 Direct-Sampling Receiver
5.2.5 Broadband Receiver Design
5.2.6 Multicarrier Receiver Design
5.3 RF Front-End Design Considerations
5.3.1 Receiver Link Budget
5.3.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion
5.3.3 Dynamic Range
5.3.4 Image Rejection
5.3.5 RF Preselection
5.4 Digital Front-End Implementation
5.4.1 Digital Down Conversion
5.4.2 Numerically Controlled Oscillator
5.4.3 Decimation and Channel Filtering
5.4.4 Automatic Gain Control
5.4.5 IQ Mismatch Cancellation
5.5 Baseband Processing
5.5.1 Demodulation (AM/PM)
5.5.2 Synchronization-Frequency Offset and Sampling Frequency Offset Correction
5.5.3 Automatic Gain Control for Audio Processing
5.5.4 Noise Blanker
5.5.5 The S-Meter
5.6 SDR Realization Example
5.7 References
5.8 Bibliography
5.9 Literature
5.10 Suggested Additional Reading
6 Transceiver SDR Considerations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Architecture
6.2.1 I/Q Modulator
6.2.2 Adaptive Transmitter Predistortion
6.2.3 Power Enhancement Technique
6.3 Transceiver Device Implementation Examples
6.3.1 AD9364 RF Transceiver
6.3.2 Transceiver System Implementations
6.4 References
6.5 Suggested Additional Reading
7 Antennas and Antenna Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Basic Principles
7.2 Antenna Coupling Network
7.3 Coupling Antennas to Tuned Circuits
7.4 Small Antennas
7.4.1 Whip Antennas
7.4.2 Loop Antennas
7.5 Multielement Antennas
7.5.1 Log-Periodic Antenna
7.5.2 Yagi-Uda Antenna
7.5.3 Reflector Antenna
7.5.4 Array Antenna
7.5.5 Phased Array Antenna Systems
7.6 Active Antennas
7.6.1 Application Considerations
7.7 Diversity Reception
7.8 Adaptive Receiver Processing
7.8.1 Adaptive Antenna Processing
7.8.2 Adaptive Equalization
7.8.3 Time-Gated Equalizer
7.8.4 Link-Quality Analysis
7.8.5 Automatic Link Establishment
7.9 References
7.10 Bibliography
7.11 Suggested Additional Reading
8 Mixers
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Key Terms
8.2 Passive Mixers
8.3 Active Mixers
8.4 Switching Mixers
8.5 IC-Based Mixers
8.5.1 Gilbert Cell Mixer
8.5.2 Gilbert Cell Performance Analysis
8.6 Wide Dynamic Range Converters
8.6.1 Process Gain
8.7 Mixer Design Considerations
8.7.1 Mixer Device Implementation Example
8.8 References
8.9 Suggested Additional Reading
8.10 Product Resources
9 Frequency Sources and Control
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Key Terms
9.2 Phase-Locked Loop Synthesizers
9.2.1 The Type 2, Second-Order Loop
9.2.2 Transient Behavior of Digital Loops Using Tri-State Phase Detectors
9.2.3 Practical PLL Circuits
9.2.4 Fractional-Division Synthesizers
9.2.5 Spur-Suppression Techniques
9.2.6 Noise in Synthesizers
9.2.7 Practical Discrete Component Examples
9.3 Noise and Performance Analysis of PLL Systems
9.3.1 Design Process
9.4 Multiloop Synthesizers
9.5 Direct Digital Synthesis
9.6 Monolithic PLL Systems
9.7 Digital Waveform Synthesizers
9.7.1 Systems Considerations
9.7.2 Modulation with the Phase Accumulator Synthesizer
9.7.3 RAM-Based Synthesis
9.7.4 Applications
9.7.5 Summary of Methods
9.7.6 Signal Quality
9.8 The Colpitts Oscillator
9.8.1 Linear Approach
9.8.2 Linear S-Parameters Approach
9.8.3 Time-Domain-Based Analysis of Transistor Nonlinearities
9.8.4 Selecting the Right Transistor
9.8.5 Design Example for a 350-MHz Fixed Frequency Colpitts Oscillator
9.8.6 Summary
9.9 Frequency Source Device Implementation Examples
9.9.1 AD9102 Waveform Generator
9.9.2 ADF4355 Wideband Synthesizer
9.10 References
9.11 Suggested Additional Reading
9.12 Product Resources
10 Ancillary Receiver Circuits
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Amplifiers and Gain Control
10.2.1 Amplifying Devices and Circuits
10.2.2 Wide-Band Amplifiers
10.2.3 Amplifiers with Feedback
10.2.4 Gain Control of Amplifiers
10.3 Demodulation and Demodulators
10.3.1 Analog Demodulation
10.3.2 Digital Data Demodulation
10.4 Noise Limiting and Blanking
10.4.1 Balancers
10.4.2 Noise Limiters
10.4.3 Impulse Noise Blankers
10.5 Squelch Circuits
10.6 AFC
10.7 Modern Component Implementation Examples
10.7.1 RF/IF Gain Block
10.7.2 DSP Example Device
10.7.3 Demodulator Functional Block
10.8 References
10.9 Suggested Additional Reading
11 Performance Measurement
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Signal Generators
11.2.1 Analog Signal Generators
11.2.2 Vector Signal Generators
11.3 Receiver Measurements
11.3.1 Single-Tone Measurements
11.3.2 Two-Tone Measurements
11.3.3 Noise Figure
11.3.4 Total Dynamic Range
11.3.5 Measurement of Mixer Performance
11.4 Spectrum Analysis
11.4.1 FFT Analyzer
11.4.2 Heterodyne Analyzer
11.4.3 Filters
11.4.4 Hybrid Implementation
11.4.5 Comparison of Instrument Architectures
11.4.6 Intermodulation Distortion Measurement
11.5 Noise Power Ratio
11.5.1 Derivation of NPR
11.5.2 Notch (Bandstop) Filter Design Considerations
11.5.3 Determination of Optimum
Noise Loading
11.5.4 Measurement Observations
11.6 Testing SDR Systems
11.6.1 Measurement Considerations
11.7 SDR versus Legacy Radio
11.8 References
11.9 Bibliography
A Example Receiver Implementation
Index