A Course in Phonology
1st Edition
Published on 17. March 1999
Book
Paperback/Softback
752 pages
978-0-631-21346-8 (ISBN)
Description
This textbook presupposes no knowledge of phonology or phonetics, and takes the learner step by step through the various stages and areas of the discipline without sacrificing rigor or breadth of coverage. The extraordinary clarity of explanation by the authors make this book readily understood by anyone with a keen interest in phonology.
Reviews / Votes
"An outstanding didactic achievement likely to replace other publications in the area of introductory phonology ... An excellent introduction to the theory and practice of mainstream generative phonology and should be on the reading list of any course on this topic. It has been written by people who are not only exceptionally good at doing linguistics, but also at teaching it." Lingua"A Course in Phonology is a success story overall, in terms of its vast coverage and its pedagogical goals. Roca and Johnson are to be congratulated on this accomplishment, to be sure, as these will be features that will appeal to students and instructors alike. The presentation is logical and clear. Exercises are well chosen ... I have no doubt that A Course in Phonology will be, because of its depth and coverage and its attention to pedagogical concerns, the book of choice for many instructors of phonology." Phonology
"Roca has done an impressive job of covering the broad field of phonology in a comprehensive yet accessible manner. Beginning with the basic principles of phonological investigation, the text leads the reader through all major theoretical frameworks, up to and including Optimality Theory. Professor Roca's experience as an educator is evident in both content and quality; constant self-checks ensure the active participation of the reader." Kevin Vardin, Meiji Gakuin University
"[T]he meticulous care and exceptionally readable manner in which this broadly-based survey of phonology is presented will almost certainly ensure it becomes a highly successful introduction to the field." Journal of the International Phonetic Association
More details
Language
English
Place of publication
Hoboken
United Kingdom
Publishing group
John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Target group
College/higher education
Professional and scholarly
Dimensions
Height: 246 mm
Width: 173 mm
Thickness: 39 mm
Weight
1279 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-631-21346-8 (9780631213468)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Additional editions
Iggy M. Roca | Wyn Johnson
A Course in Phonology
Book
03/1999
Blackwell Publishers
€119.04
Article exhausted; check different version
Persons
Iggy Roca is Professor in the Department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Essex. He specializes in phonology and is the author of Generative Phonology (1994) and the editor of Derivations and Constraints in Phonology (1997). Wyn Johnson wrote her doctorate on the lexical phonology of French, and has been teaching phonology at the University of Essex since 1983.
Content
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Reading Logistics xviii
Key to Symbols xx
Part I: Phonetics and Phonology 1
1 How Are Sounds Made? The Production of Obstruents 3
1 Speech Sounds 3
2 Fricatives: Place and Manner of Articulation 6
3 Phonetic Transcription 7
4 A Hissing Fricative 9
5 A Fricative in the Back of the Mouth 11
6 A Laryngeal Fricative 14
7 Voice 16
8 The Stop Gesture 19
9 More Stops 20
10 Still More Fricatives 23
11 Affricates 25
12 Summing Up 26
Key Questions 29
Further Practice 29
2 Introducing Phonology: Assimilation 31
1 On How Bilabial Stops Become Labiodental 31
2 Total Place Assimilation in Stops 34
3 Voice Assimilation 38
4 The Organization of Language 41
5 Basic and Derived Forms 45
6 The Formalization of Rules 49
7 Derivations 52
8 Phonetics and Phonology 54
Key Questions 56
Further Practice 57
3 Sonorant Consonants 58
1 General Properties of Sonorants 59
2 Nasality 60
3 The Universal Nasal 63
4 Other Nasal Consonants 65
5 Liquids 69
6 Laterals 70
7 Rhotics 74
8 Summing Up 81
Key Questions 83
Further Practice 83
4 Natural Classes of Sounds: Distinctive Features 85
1 Descriptive Phonetic Parameters 86
2 Distinctive Features 87
3 Naturalness and Formal Economy 90
4 Place Assimilation in Nasals: Natural Classes 92
5 The Feature "Coronal". Active and Passive Articulators 96
6 Single-Value Features 97
7 Constraining Rules: Autosegmental Formalism 99
8 Functional Groupings of Features 102
9 Feature Dependencies 105
Key Questions 112
Further Practice 112
5 Vowel Sounds: Cardinal Vowels 114
1 On What Vowels Are and How They Are Made 115
2 The Two Basic Cardinal Vowels 117
3 The Four Corner Primary Cardinal Vowels: Two Axial Parameters 119
4 Four Perceptually Intermediate Primary Cardinal Vowels: The Roundness Parameter 123
5 Cardinal Vowels and Real-World Vowels: Diacritic Symbols 126
6 Some Vowel Typology: The Basic Vowel Triangle 127
7 Quantum Vowels 129
8 Secondary Cardinal Vowels: Front Round Vowels 130
9 Back Secondary Cardinal Vowels 134
10 Central Vowels 137
Key Questions 140
Further Practice 141
6 Phonological Processes Involving Vowel Features 143
1 Distinctive Features for Vowels 144
2 Feature Dependencies 146
3 Two More Distinctive Features 147
4 Back Harmony in Turkish 149
5 Lexical Underspecification 152
6 Vowel Disharmony 154
7 The No-Crossing Constraint 157
8 German Umlaut 160
9 English Plurals 164
Key Questions 167
Further Practice 167
7 The Vowels of English 169
1 Variation in English 169
2 The Four Corner Vowels 173
3 Intermediate Primary Vowels 178
4 More Lax Vowels 181
5 Central Vowels 186
6 Homogeneous Diphthongs 190
7 Heterogeneous Diphthongs 195
8 Centring Diphthongs 199
Key Questions 202
Further Practice 202
8 The Timing Tier and the Great Vowel Shift 204
1 A Puzzle with Affricates 205
2 The Timing Tier 207
3 A Strange Set of Vowel Alternations in English 210
4 Short ~ Long Vowel Alternations 212
5 The Great Vowel Shift 214
6 The Synchronic Reflex of the GVS. Vowel Primes and Vowel Processes 218
7 The SPE Account 221
8 Further Repercussions of the Vowel Shift 223
9 Multidimensional Phonology: The Skeleton 226
Key Questions 229
Further Practice 229
Part II: Suprasegmental Structure 233
9 The Syllable 235
1 The Shape of Children's Early Utterances 236
2 Structure of the Core Syllable 238
3 Sonority and the Syllable 241
4 The Coda 242
5 The Rime 244
6 Basic Syllable Typology 245
7 The Nature of the Syllable 248
8 Complex Nuclei 249
9 Complex Onsets 252
10 The Sonority Hierarchy 253
11 Sonority Distance 256
Key Questions 258
Further Practice 259
10 Syllable Complexity: English Phonotactics 261
1 Complex Codas 262
2 Non-Vocalic Nuclei 265
3 Vowels in Disguise 268
4 Onset Vowels. The "OCP" 271
5 Syllabification of [i?u] 275
6 Onset Fulfilment 278
7 Onset Maximization. English Stop Allophony 279
8 No Complex Codas in English 284
9 The Antics of /s/ 288
Key Questions 291
Further Practice 292
11 The Phenomenon of Stress: Rhythm 294
1 Syllable Prominence 295
2 Word Prominence 296
3 Metrical Grids 299
4 Motivating Stress Constrasts 300
5 The Distribution of Stress in Personal Names 302
6 Stress Retraction under Clash 304
7 Word-Internal Stress Retraction 307
8 Retraction Failures: The Continuous Column Constraint 310
9 Rhythm 312
10 Segmental Evidence for Stress: Vowel Reduction 314
11 Stop Allophony 315
Key Questions 318
Further Practice 318
12 Metrical Principles and Parameters 321
1 English Phrasal and Compound Stress 321
2 Extrametricality 323
3 The Elsewhere Condition 325
4 Stress Assignment in Words 327
5 Basic Stress Pattern of English Nouns 329
6 The Metrical Foot 331
7 Main Word Stress in English 333
8 Multiple Stress 335
9 Stress Typology: Metrical Parameters 338
10 Word-Level Stress: Line Conflation 342
Key Questions 346
Further Practice 346
13 Syllable Weight. Further Metrical Machinery 349
1 An Additional Pattern of Stress in English 349
2 Syllable Weight and Metrical Accent 352
3 The Word-Final Consonant 357
4 Long Vowels in the Last Syllable 359
5 Moras 361
6 Foot Structure and Universal Rhythm 365
7 Non-Rhythmic Stress 368
8 Unbounded Feet 371
9 Idiosyncratic Accent 373
Key Questions 379
Further Practice 379
14 Tonal Phonology 382
1 The Phenomenon of Intonation 383
2 The Mechanics of Intonation 384
3 The Primitives of Intonation 385
4 Autosegmental Intonation 387
5 Stress and Intonation 389
6 Non-Lexical Tones 390
7 Three Types of Intonational Tones 391
8 Sentence Intonation 392
9 Tone Languages 393
10 Pitch Accent Languages 395
11 Principles of Autosegmental Association 399
12 Floating Tones 402
Key Questions 406
Further Practice 406
Part III: Advanced Theory 409
15 Modes of Application: The Cycle 411
1 Staged Grid Construction 412
2 Cyclic Tone Association 415
3 Non-Cyclic Refooting 418
4 Final Stress Retraction 422
5 Vowel Shortening 424
6 Strict Cyclicity 427
7 Non-Cyclic Accenting 429
8 Word-Internal Stress Cycle 432
9 The Structure of the Word-Final Syllable 436
Key Questions 441
Further Practice 441
16 Domains of Application: Lexical and Prosodic Phonology 444
1 Three-Mora Feet? 444
2 Violations of the Three-Syllable Window 446
3 Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Affixes 449
4 The Interaction between Morphology and Phonology 451
5 The Scope of Peripherality 455
6 Word-Internal Cohesion: The Bracket Erasure Convention 457
7 Non-Cyclic Processes 459
8 Ordered Affixes 465
9 Lexical Phonology: Problematic Orderings 469
10 The Phonological Phrase 472
11 The Intonational Phrase 476
12 The Phonological Utterance 480
13 Properties of Phonological Domains 481
14 Subphrasal Phonological Domains 483
15 Segmental Affiliation to the Phonological Word 486
16 Small Phonological Words 488
Key Questions 494
Further Practice 495
17 Aspects of Lexical Representation: Underspecification, Markedness and Feature Geometry 498
1 Effects of Strict Cyclicity 499
2 Lexical Underspecification 502
3 Feature Transparency as Underspecification 504
4 Underspecification and Markedness 507
5 The Theory of Radical Underspecification 511
6 Problems for Radical Underspecification 516
7 Contrast-Restricted Underspecification 521
8 Feature Dependencies 522
9 Feature Geometry 524
10 Class Nodes 526
11 Relations between Vowels and Consonants 529
12 Redundancies between Features 531
13 Privative Features 534
Key Questions 539
Further Practice 539
18 Rules and Derivations 543
1 Rule Ordering: Feeding and Counterfeeding 543
2 Bleeding and Counterbleeding 549
3 Transitivity 552
4 Palatalization 556
5 Further Twists 561
6 Vowel Length Alternations. Tensing 565
7 Cyclic Rules 570
8 Non-Cyclic Rules 576
Key Questions 580
Further Practice 580
19 Constraints: Optimality Theory 584
1 Naturalness of Phonological Inventory: Markedness 585
2 Constraint Ranking: Faithfulness 588
3 Structural Constraints: Syllables 592
4 The Generator. Tableaux 594
5 Basic English Syllables 596
6 Syllable Complexities 600
7 Basic Metrical Structure 605
8 Extrametricality 607
9 Quantity-Sensitivity 609
10 Secondary Footing 612
11 Correspondence Constraints 613
12 Cyclic Effects 617
13 Word Formation through Truncation 619
14 OT Morphology: English Plurals 620
15 English Possessives and Correspondence Theory 624
Key Questions 627
Further Practice 628
20 Looking Back and Moving On 630
1 Phonetics 631
2 Foundations of Phonology 634
3 Syllables 637
4 Stress 639
5 Tone 641
6 The Interaction between Morphology and Phonology 643
7 Phonological Domains 646
8 Aspects of Lexical Representation 648
9 Derivational Theory 651
10 Optimality Theory 654
Key Questions 660
Further Practice 661
References 665
Glossary 683
Index of Languages 705
Index of Names 709
Index of Subjects 712
Acknowledgements xvii
Reading Logistics xviii
Key to Symbols xx
Part I: Phonetics and Phonology 1
1 How Are Sounds Made? The Production of Obstruents 3
1 Speech Sounds 3
2 Fricatives: Place and Manner of Articulation 6
3 Phonetic Transcription 7
4 A Hissing Fricative 9
5 A Fricative in the Back of the Mouth 11
6 A Laryngeal Fricative 14
7 Voice 16
8 The Stop Gesture 19
9 More Stops 20
10 Still More Fricatives 23
11 Affricates 25
12 Summing Up 26
Key Questions 29
Further Practice 29
2 Introducing Phonology: Assimilation 31
1 On How Bilabial Stops Become Labiodental 31
2 Total Place Assimilation in Stops 34
3 Voice Assimilation 38
4 The Organization of Language 41
5 Basic and Derived Forms 45
6 The Formalization of Rules 49
7 Derivations 52
8 Phonetics and Phonology 54
Key Questions 56
Further Practice 57
3 Sonorant Consonants 58
1 General Properties of Sonorants 59
2 Nasality 60
3 The Universal Nasal 63
4 Other Nasal Consonants 65
5 Liquids 69
6 Laterals 70
7 Rhotics 74
8 Summing Up 81
Key Questions 83
Further Practice 83
4 Natural Classes of Sounds: Distinctive Features 85
1 Descriptive Phonetic Parameters 86
2 Distinctive Features 87
3 Naturalness and Formal Economy 90
4 Place Assimilation in Nasals: Natural Classes 92
5 The Feature "Coronal". Active and Passive Articulators 96
6 Single-Value Features 97
7 Constraining Rules: Autosegmental Formalism 99
8 Functional Groupings of Features 102
9 Feature Dependencies 105
Key Questions 112
Further Practice 112
5 Vowel Sounds: Cardinal Vowels 114
1 On What Vowels Are and How They Are Made 115
2 The Two Basic Cardinal Vowels 117
3 The Four Corner Primary Cardinal Vowels: Two Axial Parameters 119
4 Four Perceptually Intermediate Primary Cardinal Vowels: The Roundness Parameter 123
5 Cardinal Vowels and Real-World Vowels: Diacritic Symbols 126
6 Some Vowel Typology: The Basic Vowel Triangle 127
7 Quantum Vowels 129
8 Secondary Cardinal Vowels: Front Round Vowels 130
9 Back Secondary Cardinal Vowels 134
10 Central Vowels 137
Key Questions 140
Further Practice 141
6 Phonological Processes Involving Vowel Features 143
1 Distinctive Features for Vowels 144
2 Feature Dependencies 146
3 Two More Distinctive Features 147
4 Back Harmony in Turkish 149
5 Lexical Underspecification 152
6 Vowel Disharmony 154
7 The No-Crossing Constraint 157
8 German Umlaut 160
9 English Plurals 164
Key Questions 167
Further Practice 167
7 The Vowels of English 169
1 Variation in English 169
2 The Four Corner Vowels 173
3 Intermediate Primary Vowels 178
4 More Lax Vowels 181
5 Central Vowels 186
6 Homogeneous Diphthongs 190
7 Heterogeneous Diphthongs 195
8 Centring Diphthongs 199
Key Questions 202
Further Practice 202
8 The Timing Tier and the Great Vowel Shift 204
1 A Puzzle with Affricates 205
2 The Timing Tier 207
3 A Strange Set of Vowel Alternations in English 210
4 Short ~ Long Vowel Alternations 212
5 The Great Vowel Shift 214
6 The Synchronic Reflex of the GVS. Vowel Primes and Vowel Processes 218
7 The SPE Account 221
8 Further Repercussions of the Vowel Shift 223
9 Multidimensional Phonology: The Skeleton 226
Key Questions 229
Further Practice 229
Part II: Suprasegmental Structure 233
9 The Syllable 235
1 The Shape of Children's Early Utterances 236
2 Structure of the Core Syllable 238
3 Sonority and the Syllable 241
4 The Coda 242
5 The Rime 244
6 Basic Syllable Typology 245
7 The Nature of the Syllable 248
8 Complex Nuclei 249
9 Complex Onsets 252
10 The Sonority Hierarchy 253
11 Sonority Distance 256
Key Questions 258
Further Practice 259
10 Syllable Complexity: English Phonotactics 261
1 Complex Codas 262
2 Non-Vocalic Nuclei 265
3 Vowels in Disguise 268
4 Onset Vowels. The "OCP" 271
5 Syllabification of [i?u] 275
6 Onset Fulfilment 278
7 Onset Maximization. English Stop Allophony 279
8 No Complex Codas in English 284
9 The Antics of /s/ 288
Key Questions 291
Further Practice 292
11 The Phenomenon of Stress: Rhythm 294
1 Syllable Prominence 295
2 Word Prominence 296
3 Metrical Grids 299
4 Motivating Stress Constrasts 300
5 The Distribution of Stress in Personal Names 302
6 Stress Retraction under Clash 304
7 Word-Internal Stress Retraction 307
8 Retraction Failures: The Continuous Column Constraint 310
9 Rhythm 312
10 Segmental Evidence for Stress: Vowel Reduction 314
11 Stop Allophony 315
Key Questions 318
Further Practice 318
12 Metrical Principles and Parameters 321
1 English Phrasal and Compound Stress 321
2 Extrametricality 323
3 The Elsewhere Condition 325
4 Stress Assignment in Words 327
5 Basic Stress Pattern of English Nouns 329
6 The Metrical Foot 331
7 Main Word Stress in English 333
8 Multiple Stress 335
9 Stress Typology: Metrical Parameters 338
10 Word-Level Stress: Line Conflation 342
Key Questions 346
Further Practice 346
13 Syllable Weight. Further Metrical Machinery 349
1 An Additional Pattern of Stress in English 349
2 Syllable Weight and Metrical Accent 352
3 The Word-Final Consonant 357
4 Long Vowels in the Last Syllable 359
5 Moras 361
6 Foot Structure and Universal Rhythm 365
7 Non-Rhythmic Stress 368
8 Unbounded Feet 371
9 Idiosyncratic Accent 373
Key Questions 379
Further Practice 379
14 Tonal Phonology 382
1 The Phenomenon of Intonation 383
2 The Mechanics of Intonation 384
3 The Primitives of Intonation 385
4 Autosegmental Intonation 387
5 Stress and Intonation 389
6 Non-Lexical Tones 390
7 Three Types of Intonational Tones 391
8 Sentence Intonation 392
9 Tone Languages 393
10 Pitch Accent Languages 395
11 Principles of Autosegmental Association 399
12 Floating Tones 402
Key Questions 406
Further Practice 406
Part III: Advanced Theory 409
15 Modes of Application: The Cycle 411
1 Staged Grid Construction 412
2 Cyclic Tone Association 415
3 Non-Cyclic Refooting 418
4 Final Stress Retraction 422
5 Vowel Shortening 424
6 Strict Cyclicity 427
7 Non-Cyclic Accenting 429
8 Word-Internal Stress Cycle 432
9 The Structure of the Word-Final Syllable 436
Key Questions 441
Further Practice 441
16 Domains of Application: Lexical and Prosodic Phonology 444
1 Three-Mora Feet? 444
2 Violations of the Three-Syllable Window 446
3 Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Affixes 449
4 The Interaction between Morphology and Phonology 451
5 The Scope of Peripherality 455
6 Word-Internal Cohesion: The Bracket Erasure Convention 457
7 Non-Cyclic Processes 459
8 Ordered Affixes 465
9 Lexical Phonology: Problematic Orderings 469
10 The Phonological Phrase 472
11 The Intonational Phrase 476
12 The Phonological Utterance 480
13 Properties of Phonological Domains 481
14 Subphrasal Phonological Domains 483
15 Segmental Affiliation to the Phonological Word 486
16 Small Phonological Words 488
Key Questions 494
Further Practice 495
17 Aspects of Lexical Representation: Underspecification, Markedness and Feature Geometry 498
1 Effects of Strict Cyclicity 499
2 Lexical Underspecification 502
3 Feature Transparency as Underspecification 504
4 Underspecification and Markedness 507
5 The Theory of Radical Underspecification 511
6 Problems for Radical Underspecification 516
7 Contrast-Restricted Underspecification 521
8 Feature Dependencies 522
9 Feature Geometry 524
10 Class Nodes 526
11 Relations between Vowels and Consonants 529
12 Redundancies between Features 531
13 Privative Features 534
Key Questions 539
Further Practice 539
18 Rules and Derivations 543
1 Rule Ordering: Feeding and Counterfeeding 543
2 Bleeding and Counterbleeding 549
3 Transitivity 552
4 Palatalization 556
5 Further Twists 561
6 Vowel Length Alternations. Tensing 565
7 Cyclic Rules 570
8 Non-Cyclic Rules 576
Key Questions 580
Further Practice 580
19 Constraints: Optimality Theory 584
1 Naturalness of Phonological Inventory: Markedness 585
2 Constraint Ranking: Faithfulness 588
3 Structural Constraints: Syllables 592
4 The Generator. Tableaux 594
5 Basic English Syllables 596
6 Syllable Complexities 600
7 Basic Metrical Structure 605
8 Extrametricality 607
9 Quantity-Sensitivity 609
10 Secondary Footing 612
11 Correspondence Constraints 613
12 Cyclic Effects 617
13 Word Formation through Truncation 619
14 OT Morphology: English Plurals 620
15 English Possessives and Correspondence Theory 624
Key Questions 627
Further Practice 628
20 Looking Back and Moving On 630
1 Phonetics 631
2 Foundations of Phonology 634
3 Syllables 637
4 Stress 639
5 Tone 641
6 The Interaction between Morphology and Phonology 643
7 Phonological Domains 646
8 Aspects of Lexical Representation 648
9 Derivational Theory 651
10 Optimality Theory 654
Key Questions 660
Further Practice 661
References 665
Glossary 683
Index of Languages 705
Index of Names 709
Index of Subjects 712