Literature
An Introduction to Reading and Writing, Compact Edition
6th Edition
Will be published approx. on 7. February 2014
Book
Paperback/Softback
1760 pages
978-0-321-94478-8 (ISBN)
Description
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For literature-based Composition II and Introduction to Literature courses.
Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, Compact Sixth Edition is founded on the principles of writing about literature. First, students learn how to engage deeply and critically with a broad selection of stories, poems, and plays. Second, the writing process is carefully and thoroughly integrated into the presentation of all literary genres, elements, and major writers throughout the entire text. Complete coverage of writing about each literary element, "casebooks" that allow for deeper exploration of important writers in each genre, and a total of 53 exemplary student essays and paragraphs with accompanying commentary ensure that students gain a thorough comprehension of the conventions, strategies, and organizational patterns to allow them to think critically about literature and to produce thoughtful and compelling essays, paragraphs, documented research papers, and examination responses.
Packages
Access codes for Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products may not be included when purchasing or renting from companies other than Pearson; check with the seller before completing your purchase.
Used or rental books
If you rent or purchase a used book with an access code, the access code may have been redeemed previously and you may have to purchase a new access code.
Access codes
Access codes that are purchased from sellers other than Pearson carry a higher risk of being either the wrong ISBN or a previously redeemed code. Check with the seller prior to purchase.
For literature-based Composition II and Introduction to Literature courses.
Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, Compact Sixth Edition is founded on the principles of writing about literature. First, students learn how to engage deeply and critically with a broad selection of stories, poems, and plays. Second, the writing process is carefully and thoroughly integrated into the presentation of all literary genres, elements, and major writers throughout the entire text. Complete coverage of writing about each literary element, "casebooks" that allow for deeper exploration of important writers in each genre, and a total of 53 exemplary student essays and paragraphs with accompanying commentary ensure that students gain a thorough comprehension of the conventions, strategies, and organizational patterns to allow them to think critically about literature and to produce thoughtful and compelling essays, paragraphs, documented research papers, and examination responses.
More details
Edition
6th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
College/higher education
Dimensions
Height: 231 mm
Width: 163 mm
Thickness: 41 mm
Weight
1157 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-321-94478-8 (9780321944788)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Previous edition
Book
02/2011
5th Edition
Pearson
€100.46
Article exhausted; check for reprint
Persons
About Edgar V. Roberts
Edgar V. Roberts, Emeritus Professor of English at Lehman College of The City University of New York, is a native of Minnesota. He graduated from the Minneapolis public schools in 1946, and received his Doctorate from the University of Minnesota in 1960. He taught English at Minnesota, the University of Maryland Overseas Division, Wayne State University, Hunter College, and Lehman College. From 1979 to 1988, He was Chair of the English Department of Lehman College.
He served in the U.S. Army in 1946 and 1947, seeing duty in Arkansas, the Philippine Islands, and Colorado.
He published articles about the plays of Henry Fielding, the subject of his Ph.D. dissertation. In 1968 he published a scholarly edition of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera (1728), and in 1969 he published a similar edition of Fielding's The Grub-Street Opera (1731), both with the University of Nebraska Press. He first published Writing About Literature (then named Writing Themes About Literature) in 1964, with Prentice Hall. Since then, this book has undergone twelve separate revisions, for a total of thirteen editions. In 1986, with Henry E. Jacobs of the University of Alabama, he published the first edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. After Professor Jacobs's untimely death in the summer of 1986, Professor Roberts continued working on changes and revisions to keep this text up to date. The Ninth Edition was published early in 2009, with Pearson Longman. The Fourth Compact Edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing was published in 2008.
Professor Roberts is an enthusiastic devote of symphonic music and choral singing, having sung in local church choirs for forty years. Recently he has sung (bass) with the New Choral Society of Scarsdale, New York (where he lives), singing in classic works by Handel, Beethoven, Bruckner, Bach, Orff, Britten, Brahms, and others. He is a fan of both the New York Mets and the New York Yankees. When the two teams play in inter-league games, he is uneasy because he dislikes seeing either team lose. He also likes both the Giants and the Jets. He has been an avid jogger ever since the early 1960s, and he enjoys watching national and international track meets.
Professor Roberts encourages queries, comments, and suggestions from students who have been using any of the various books. Use the following email address: edgar.roberts@verizon.net.
About Robert Zweig
Robert Zweig is a tenured, full professor at Manhattan Community College of the City University of New York. He teaches courses in Literature and Writing and for many years was the Intensive Writing Coordinator for the college.
He has a doctorate in English Literature from the City University of New York, a Masters from Queens College in creative writing and a bachelor's degree from Queens College in English literature. Dr. Zweig has numerous peer-reviewed publications in journals, encyclopedias and books. Dr. Zweig is co-author of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, a bestselling introduction to literature textbook published by Pearson. His translations of the Italian poet and Nobel Laureate Eugentio Montale appear in this text.
Dr. Zweig has lectured extensively throughout the United States and Italy on Victorian Literature, Poetics and contemporary culture. Some of the American universities he has addressed include Notre Dame, New York University, University of California, Harvard, University of Illinois, University of Delaware, Rutgers University and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.
He has received several scholarships and awards, including a Mellon Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa award for "Outstanding Teaching Skills" as one of the Top Ten Professors at Manhattan Community College.
Edgar V. Roberts, Emeritus Professor of English at Lehman College of The City University of New York, is a native of Minnesota. He graduated from the Minneapolis public schools in 1946, and received his Doctorate from the University of Minnesota in 1960. He taught English at Minnesota, the University of Maryland Overseas Division, Wayne State University, Hunter College, and Lehman College. From 1979 to 1988, He was Chair of the English Department of Lehman College.
He served in the U.S. Army in 1946 and 1947, seeing duty in Arkansas, the Philippine Islands, and Colorado.
He published articles about the plays of Henry Fielding, the subject of his Ph.D. dissertation. In 1968 he published a scholarly edition of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera (1728), and in 1969 he published a similar edition of Fielding's The Grub-Street Opera (1731), both with the University of Nebraska Press. He first published Writing About Literature (then named Writing Themes About Literature) in 1964, with Prentice Hall. Since then, this book has undergone twelve separate revisions, for a total of thirteen editions. In 1986, with Henry E. Jacobs of the University of Alabama, he published the first edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. After Professor Jacobs's untimely death in the summer of 1986, Professor Roberts continued working on changes and revisions to keep this text up to date. The Ninth Edition was published early in 2009, with Pearson Longman. The Fourth Compact Edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing was published in 2008.
Professor Roberts is an enthusiastic devote of symphonic music and choral singing, having sung in local church choirs for forty years. Recently he has sung (bass) with the New Choral Society of Scarsdale, New York (where he lives), singing in classic works by Handel, Beethoven, Bruckner, Bach, Orff, Britten, Brahms, and others. He is a fan of both the New York Mets and the New York Yankees. When the two teams play in inter-league games, he is uneasy because he dislikes seeing either team lose. He also likes both the Giants and the Jets. He has been an avid jogger ever since the early 1960s, and he enjoys watching national and international track meets.
Professor Roberts encourages queries, comments, and suggestions from students who have been using any of the various books. Use the following email address: edgar.roberts@verizon.net.
About Robert Zweig
Robert Zweig is a tenured, full professor at Manhattan Community College of the City University of New York. He teaches courses in Literature and Writing and for many years was the Intensive Writing Coordinator for the college.
He has a doctorate in English Literature from the City University of New York, a Masters from Queens College in creative writing and a bachelor's degree from Queens College in English literature. Dr. Zweig has numerous peer-reviewed publications in journals, encyclopedias and books. Dr. Zweig is co-author of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, a bestselling introduction to literature textbook published by Pearson. His translations of the Italian poet and Nobel Laureate Eugentio Montale appear in this text.
Dr. Zweig has lectured extensively throughout the United States and Italy on Victorian Literature, Poetics and contemporary culture. Some of the American universities he has addressed include Notre Dame, New York University, University of California, Harvard, University of Illinois, University of Delaware, Rutgers University and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.
He has received several scholarships and awards, including a Mellon Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa award for "Outstanding Teaching Skills" as one of the Top Ten Professors at Manhattan Community College.
Content
***** NEW SECTIONS ARE INDICATED WITH "(NEW)" AT THE END OF THE LINE.
Detailed Table of Contents
Topical and Thematic Contents
Preface
PART I The Process of Reading, Responding to, and Writing About Literature
What Is Literature, and Why Do We Study It?
Types of Literature: The Genres
Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively
GUY DE MAUPASSANT The Necklace
To go to a ball, Mathilde Loisel borrows a necklace from a rich friend, but the evening of her dreams has unforeseen consequences.
Reading and Responding in a Computer File or Notebook
Sample Notebook Entries on Maupassant's "The Necklace"
Major Stages in Thinking and Writing About Literary Topics: Discovering Ideas, Preparing to Write, Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay, and Completing the Essay
Writing Does Not Come Easily-for Anyone
The Goal of Writing: To Show a Process of Thought
Discovering Ideas ("Brainstorming")
Study the Characters in the Work
Determine the Work's Historical Period and Background
Analyze the Work's Economic and Social Conditions
Explain the Work's Major Ideas
Describe the Work's Artistic Qualities
Explain Any Other Approaches That Seem Important
Preparing to Write
Build Ideas from Your Original Notes
Trace Patterns of Action and Thought
The Need for the Actual Physical Process of Writing
Raise and Answer Your Own Questions
Put Ideas Together Using a Plus-Minus, Pro-Con, or Either-Or Method
Originate and Develop Your Thoughts Through Writing
Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay
Base Your Essay on a Central Idea, Argument, or Statement
The Need for a Sound Argument in Essays About Literature
Create a Thesis Sentence as Your Guide to Organization
Begin Each Paragraph with a Topic Sentence
Select Only One Topic-No More-for Each Paragraph
Referring to the Names of Authors
Use Your Topic Sentences as the Arguments for Your Paragraph Development
The Use of Verb Tenses in the Discussion of Literary Works
Develop an Outline as the Means of Organizing Your Essay
Basic Writing Types: Paragraphs and Essays
A Paragraph Assignment
Commentary on the Paragraph
Illustrative Student Essay (First Draft):How Setting in "The Necklace" Is Related to the Character of Mathilde
Completing the Essay: Developing and Strengthening Your Essay Through Revision
Make Your Own Arrangement of Details and Ideas
Use Literary Material as Evidence to Support Your Argument
Always Keep to Your Point; Stick to It Tenaciously
Check Your Development and Organization
Try to Be Original
Write with Specific Readers as Your Intended Audience
Use Exact, Comprehensive, and Forceful Language
Illustrative Student Essay (Improved Draft):How Maupassant Uses Setting in "The Necklace" to Show the Character of Mathilde
Commentary on the Essay
Essay Commentaries
A Summary of Guidelines
Writing Topics About the Writing Process
Using Sources Effectively
A Short Guide to the Use of References and Quotations in Essays About Literature
Integrate Passages and Ideas into Your Essay
Distinguish Your Thoughts from Those of Your Author
Integrate Material by Using Quotation Marks
Blend Quotations into Your Own Sentences
Indent Long Quotations and Set Them in Block Format
Use an Ellipsis to Show Omissions
Use Square Brackets to Enclose Words That You Add Within Quotations
Be Careful Not to Overquote
Preserve the Spellings in Your Source
PART II Reading and Writing About Fiction
1 Fiction: An Overview
Modern Fiction
The Short Story
Elements of Fiction I: Verisimilitude and Donnee
Elements of Fiction II: Character, Plot, Structure, and Idea or Theme
Elements of Fiction III: The Writer's Tools
Visualizing Fiction: Cartoons, Graphic Narratives, Graphic Novels
Dan Piraro, from Bizarro * Art Spiegelman, from Maus (Expanded)
STORIES FOR STUDY
INES ARREDONDO The Shunammite (NEW)
A condemned man dreams of escape, freedom, and family A young woman agrees to nurse her dying uncle, but then must face a more difficult decision..
AMBROSE BIERCE An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
A condemned man dreams of escape, freedom, and family.
SANDRA CISNEROS Mericans
As a group of Mexican American children play together, they develop understanding of both their personal and national identities.
WILLIAM FAULKNER A Rose for Emily
Even seemingly ordinary people hide deep and bizarre mysteries.
TIM O'BRIEN The Things They Carried
During the Vietnam War, American soldiers carry not only their weighty equipment but many memories.
Plot: The Motivation and Causality of Fiction
Writing About the Plot of a Story
Illustrative Student Essay: Plot in Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily"
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Quoting an Author's Work
Writing Topics About Plot in Fiction
2 Point of View: The Position or Stance of the Work's Narrator or Speaker
An Exercise in Point of View: Reporting an Accident
Conditions That Affect Point of View
Point of View and Opinions
Determining a Work's Point of View
Mingling Points of View
Point of View and Verb Tense
Summary: Guidelines for Points of View
STORIES FOR STUDY
RAYMOND CARVER Cathedral
A husband and wife receive a blind visitor who affects the husband's way of seeing things.
SHIRLEY JACKSON The Lottery
What would it be like if the prize at a community-sponsored lottery were not the cash that people ordinarily hope to win?
JOYCE CAROL OATES Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been
A teenage girl is visited by an aggressive stranger who does not take "no" for an answer.
ZZ PACKER Brownies
What happens at Camp Crescendo after the girls in Laurel's Brownie Troop decide to attack the girls in Brownie Troop 909?
Writing About Point of View
Illustrative Student Essay: Shirley Jackson's Dramatic Point of View in "The Lottery"
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Summary
Writing Topics About Point of View
3 Characters: The People in Fiction
Character Traits
How Authors Disclose Character in Literature
Types of Characters: Round and Flat
Reality and Probability: Verisimilitude
STORIES FOR STUDY
ERNEST J. GAINES The Sky Is Gray (NEW)
The Sky is Grey: On a trip with his mother, a boy learns about the harshness of life and what it takes to survive.
SUSAN GLASPELL A Jury of Her Peers
In a small farmhouse kitchen early in the twentieth century, the wives of men investigating a murder discover significant evidence that forces them to make an urgent decision. What is the definition of a "brave" man, and does that mean he commands fear or respect?
ZORA NEALE HURSTON Spunk (NEW)
What is the definition of a "brave" man, and does that mean he commands fear or respect?
KATHERINE MANSFIELD Miss Brill
Miss Brill goes to the park for a pleasant afternoon, but she does not find what she was expecting.
AMY TAN Two Kinds
Jing-Mei leads her own kind of life despite the wishes and hopes of her mother.
Writing About Character
Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of Minnie Wright in Glaspell's "A Jury of Her Peers"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Character
4 Setting: The Background of Place, Objects, and Culture in Stories
What Is Setting?
The Literary Uses of Setting
STORIES FOR STUDY
JAMES JOYCE Araby
An introspective boy learns much about himself when he tries to keep a promise.
CYNTHIA OZICK The Shawl
Can a mother in a Nazi concentration camp save her starving and crying baby?
EDGAR ALLAN POE The Cask of Amantillado
A vengeful courtier tempts an enemy with a bottle of fine wine.
LESLIE MARMON SILKO The Man to Send Rain Clouds (NEW)
When a Native American dies, his friends must pose their respect for ancient tribal beliefs with the conventions of contemporary religion.
Writing About Setting
Illustrative Student Essay: The Interaction of Story and Setting in James Joyce's "Araby"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Setting
5 Structure: The Organization of Stories
Formal Categories of Structure
Formal and Actual Structure
STORIES FOR STUDY
RALPH ELLISON Battle Royal
An intelligent black student, filled with hopes and dreams, is treated with monstrous indignity.
GERI LIPSCHULTZ Slow Dance of the Heart (NEW)
Mei Ling Teng's long life leading from the Orient to the United States has been filled with the deprivation, agony, and insult of war, but she has also known love
DANIEL OROZCO Orientation
A new employee is introduced to the rather unusual and surprising situations in the office.
EUDORA WELTY A Worn Path
Phoenix Jackson, a devoted grandmother, walks a worn path on a mission of great love.
Writing About Structure in a Story
Illustrative Student Essay: The Structure of Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Structure
6 Tone and Style: The Words That Convey Attitudes in Fiction
Diction: The Writer's Choice and Control of Words
Tone, Irony, and Style
Tone, Humor, and Style
STORIES FOR STUDY
KATE CHOPIN The Story of an Hour
Louise Mallard is shocked and grieved by news that her husband has been killed, but she is in for an even greater shock.
DAGOBERTO GILB Love in L.A.
In L.A., people often meet each other under the most unusual and improbable circumstances.
ERNEST HEMINGWAY Hills Like White Elephants
While waiting for a train, a man and woman reluctantly discuss an urgent situation.
FRANK O'CONNOR First Confession
Jackie as a young man tells about his first childhood experience with confession.
JOHN UPDIKE A & P
As a checkout clerk at the A & P near the local beaches, Sammy experiences the consequences of a difficult choice.
Writing About Tone and Style
Illustrative Student Essay: Frank O'Connor's Control of Tone and Style in "First Confession"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Tone and Style
7 Symbolism and Allegory: Keys to Extended Meaning
Symbolism
Allegory
Fable, Parable, and Myth
Allusion in Symbolism and Allegory
STORIES FOR STUDY
AESOP The Fox and the Grapes
What do people think about things that they can't have?
ANONYMOUS The Myth of Atalanta
In ancient times, how could a superior woman maintain power
and integrity?
ANITA SCOTT COLEMAN Unfinished Masterpieces (NEW)
How do we judge whether people have lived up to their fullest potential, and what effects the way people develop over their lives?
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE Young Goodman Brown
In colonial Salem, Goodman Brown has a bewildering experience that changes his outlook on life.
LUKE The Parable of the Prodigal Son
Is there any limit to what a person can do to make divine forgiveness impossible?
KATHERINE ANNE PORTER The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
As the end nears, Granny Weatherall has her memories and is surrounded by her loving adult children.
JOHN STEINBECK The Chrysanthemums
As a housewife on a small ranch, Elisa Allen experiences changes to her sense of self-worth.
Writing About Symbolism and Allegory
Illustrative Student Essay (Symbolism): Symbols of Light and Darkness in Porter's "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall"
Commentary on the Essay About Symbolism
Second Illustrative Student Essay (Allegory): The Allegory of Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown"
Commentary on the Essay About Allegory
Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allegory
8 Idea or Theme: The Meaning and the Message in Fiction
Ideas and Assertions
Ideas and Issues
Ideas and Values
The Place of Ideas in Literature
How to Find Ideas
STORIES FOR STUDY
MARGARET ATWOOD Happy Endings (NEW)
How accurately does the word "happy" fit any of these endings, and why?
TONI CADE BAMBARA The Lesson
When a group of children visits a toy store for the wealthy, some of them draw conclusions about society and themselves.
D. H. LAWRENCE The Horse Dealer's Daughter
Dr. Jack Fergusson and Mabel Pervin find, in each other's love, a new reason for being.
AMERICO PAREDES The Hammon and the Beans
Is American liberty restricted to people of only one group, or is it for everyone?
Writing About a Major Idea in Fiction
Illustrative Student Essay: D. H. Lawrence's "The Horse Dealer's Daughter" as an Expression of the Idea that Loving Commitment Is Essential in Life
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Ideas
9 A Casebook of Four Stories by Edgar Allan Poe with Critical Readings for Research
Poe's Life and Career
Poe's Work as a Journalist and Writer of Fiction
Poe's Reputation
Bibliographic Sources
Writing Topics About Poe
FOUR STORIES BY EDGAR ALLAN POE (CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED)
The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)
The Masque of the Red Death (1842)
The Black Cat (1843)
The Tell-Tale Heart (1843/1850) (NEW)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Poe's Stories
1. Poe's Irony * 2. The Narrators of "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Fall of the House of Usher" * 3. "The Fall of the House of Usher" * 4. "The Black Cat" and "The Tell-Tale Heart" * 5. "The Masque of the Red Death" * 6. Symbolism in "The Masque of the Red Death" * 7. "The Masque of the Red Death" as Representative of a "Diseased Age" * 8. Sources and Analogues of "The Cask of Amontillado" * 9. Poe's Idea of Unity and "The Fall of the House of Usher" * 10. The Narrators of "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Black Cat" * 11. Poe, Women, and "The Fall of the House of Usher" * 12. The Deceptive Narrator of "The Black Cat"
10 Collection of Stories for Additional Enjoyment and Study
WILLIAM FAULKNER Barn Burning
A young country boy grows in awareness, conscience, and individuality despite his hostile father.
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN The Yellow Wallpaper
Who is the woman who is trying to emerge from behind the yellow wallpaper?
JAMAICA KINCAID Girl (NEW)
Despite the "generation gap," a mother tries to teach her daughter how to behave properly
FLANNERY O'CONNOR A Good Man Is Hard to Find
"The grandmother didn't want to go to Florida. She wanted to visit some of her connections in east Tennessee. . . ."
ALICE WALKER Everyday Use
Mrs. Johnson, with her daughter Maggie, is visited by her citified daughter Dee, whose return home is accompanied by surprises.
10A Writing a Research Essay on Fiction
Selecting a Topic
Setting Up a Working Bibliography
Locating Sources
Searching the Internet
Evaluating Sources (box)
Searching Library Resources
Important Considerations About Computer-Aided Research (box)
Reviewing the Bibliographies in Major Critical Studies on Your Topic
Consulting Bibliographical Guides
Gaining Access to Books and Articles Through Databases
Taking Notes and Paraphrasing Material
Taking Complete and Accurate Notes
Plagiarism: An Embarrassing but Vital Subject-and a Danger to be Overcome (box)
Being Creative and Original While Doing Research
Documenting Your Work
Integrating and Attributing Your Sources (BOX)
Strategies for Organizing Ideas in Your Research Essay
Illustrative Student Essay Using Research: The Structure of Katherine Mansfield's "Miss Brill"
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Paraphrasing to Avoid Plagiarism
Writing Topics About How to Undertake a Research Essay
PART III Reading and Writing About Poetry
11 Meeting Poetry: An Overview
The Nature of Poetry
BILLY COLLINS Schoolsville
LISEL MUELLER Hope
ROBERT HERRICK Here a Pretty Baby Lies
Poetry of the English Language
How to Read a Poem
Studying Poetry
Anonymous Sir Patrick Spens
POEMS FOR STUDY
GWENDOLYN BROOKS The Mother
EMILY DICKINSON Because I Could Not Stop for Death
RITA DOVE The House Slave (NEW)
ROBERT FRANCIS Catch
ROBERT FROST Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
THOMAS HARDY The Man He Killed
JOY HARJO Eagle Poem
RANDALL JARRELL The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
BEN JONSON On My First Daughter
KENNETH KOCH Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams (NEW)
LOUIS MACNEICE Snow
MAGUS MAGNUS An Old Soldier Cleans His Rifle for the Last Time (NEW)
JIM NORTHRUP Ogichidag
NAOMI SHIHAB NYE Where Children Live
LOUIS SIMPSON American Poetry (NEW)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 55: Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments
ELAINE TERRANOVA Rush Hour
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS This Is Just to Say (NEW)
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
Writing a Paraphrase of a Poem (Paragraph Length)
Illustrative Student Paraphrase: A Paraphrase of Thomas Hardy's "The Man He Killed"
Commentary on the Paraphrase
Writing an Explication of a Poem (Essay Length)
Illustrative Student Essay: An Explication of Thomas Hardy's " Man He Killed"
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Paraphrasing to Set the Stage for Analysis
Writing Topics About the Nature of Poetry
12 Words: The Building Blocks of Poetry
Choice of Diction: Specific and Concrete, General and Abstract
Levels of Diction
Special Types of Diction
Syntax
Decorum: The Matching of Subject and Word (BOX)
Denotation and Connotation
ROBERT GRAVES The Naked and the Nude
POEMS FOR STUDY
JOHN ASHBERY The Cathedral Is (NEW)
CHARLES BEAUDELAIRE Exotic Perfumes (NEW)
WILLIAM BLAKE The Lamb
LEWIS CARROLL Jabberwocky
HAYDEN CARRUTH An Apology for Using the Word "Heart" in Too Many Poems
ROBERT CREELEY I Know a Man (NEW)
E. E. CUMMINGS next to of course god america I
JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 14: Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God
A. E. HOUSMAN To an Athlete Dying Young (NEW)
CAROLYN KIZER Night Sounds
DENISE LEVERTOV Of Being
GERI LIPSCHULTZ In the Beginning of the End (NEW)
JUDITH ORTIZ COFER Latin Women Pray
EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON Richard Cory
THEODORE ROETHKE Dolor
KAY RYAN Crib
STEPHEN SPENDER I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great
WALLACE STEVENS Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock
MARK STRAND Eating Poetry
NATASHA TRETHEWEY White Lies (NEW)
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)
PAUL ZIMMER The Day Zimmer Lost Religion
Writing About Diction and Syntax in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: Diction and Character in Robinson's "Richard Cory"
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Summarizing to Provide Necessary Background
Writing Topics About the Words of Poetry
13 IMAGERY: THE POEM'S LINK TO THE SENSES
Responses and the Writer's Use of Detail
The Relationship of Imagery to Ideas and Attitudes
Types of Imagery
JOHN MASEFIELD Cargoes
WILFRED OWEN Anthem for Doomed Youth
ELIZABETH BISHOP The Fish
POEMS FOR STUDY
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese, Number 14: If Thou Must Love Me
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE Kubla Khan
T. S. ELIOT Preludes
LOUISE ERDRICH Indian Boarding School: The Runaways
SUSAN GRIFFIN Love Should Grow Up Like a Wild Iris in the Fields
THOMAS HARDY Channel Firing
H. D. (HILDA DOOLITTLE) Heat (NEW)
GEORGE HERBERT The Pulley
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Spring
ROBINSON JEFFERS Hurt Hawks (NEW)
DENISE LEVERTOV A Time Past
AMY LOWELL The Taxi (NEW)
THOMAS LUX The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently
MARIANNE MOORE The Fish
PABLO NERUDA Every Day You Play
EDGAR ALLAN POE To Helen (NEW)
EZRA POUND In a Station of the Metro
BENJAMIN ALIRE SAENZ To the Desert (NEW)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 13: My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun
CHARLES SIMIC Fork (NEW)
JAMES TATE Dream On
DAVID WOJAHN "It's Only Rock and Roll, but I Like It": The Fall of Saigon
Writing About Imagery
Illustrative Student Essay: Imagery in Masefield's "Cargoes"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Imagery in Poetry
14 FIGURES OF SPEECH, OR METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE: A SOURCE OF DEPTH AND RANGE IN POETRY
Metaphors and Similes: The Major Figures of Speech
Characteristics of Metaphorical Language
JOHN KEATS On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
Vehicle and Tenor
Other Figures of Speech
JOHN KEATS Bright Star
POEMS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM BLAKE The Tyger
ROBERT BURNS A Red, Red Rose
JOHN DONNE A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
ALAN DUGAN Untitled Poem II (NEW)
FEDERICO GARCIA LORCA Sonnet of the Sweet Complaint (NEW)
John Gay Let Us take the Road
THOMAS HARDY The Convergence of the Twain
JOY HARJO Remember
JOHN KEATS To Autumn
JANE KENYON Let Evening Come
JUDITH MINTY Conjoined
OGDEN NASH Exit, Pursued by a Bear (NEW)
PABLO NERUDA If You Forget Me
MARY OLIVER Showing the Birds
MARGE PIERCY A Work of Artifice
MARGUERITE RIVAS Pilgrimage (NEW)
MURIEL RUKEYSER Looking at Each Other
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 30: When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON Break, Break, Break (NEW)
ELIZABETH TUDOR, QUEEN ELIZABETH I On Monsieur's Departure
MONA VAN DUYN Earth Tremors Felt in Missouri
DIANE WAKOSKI Inside Out (NEW)
WALT WHITMAN Facing West from California's Shores
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH London, 1802
SIR THOMAS WYATT I Find No Peace
Writing Topics About Figures of Speech
Illustrative Student Paragraph: Wordsworth's Use of Overstatement in "London, 1802"
Commentary on the Paragraph
Illustrative Student Essay: A Study of Shakespeare's Metaphors in Sonnet 30: "When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Figures of Speech in Poetry
15 TONE: THE CREATION OF ATTITUDE IN POETRY
Tone, Choice, and Response
CORNELIUS WHUR The First-Rate Wife
Tone and the Need for Control
WILFRED OWEN Dulce et Decorum Est
Tone and Common Grounds of Assent
Tone in Conversation and Poetry
Tone and Irony
THOMAS HARDY The Workbox
Tone and Satire
ALEXANDER POPE Epigram from the French
ALEXANDER POPE Epigram, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to His Royal Highness
POEMS FOR STUDY
W. H. AUDEN The Unknown Citizen
WILLIAM BLAKE On Another's Sorrow
JIMMY CARTER I Wanted to Share My Father's World
LUCILLE CLIFTON homage to my hips
BILLY COLLINS The Names
COUNTEE CULLEN Yet Do I Marvel (NEW)
E. E. CUMMINGS she being Brand / -new
MARTIN ESPADA Bully
MARI EVANS I Am a Black Woman
SEAMUS HEANEY Mid-Term Break
WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY When You Are Old
DAVID IGNATOW The Bagel (NEW)
YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Facing It (NEW)
ABRAHAM LINCOLN My Childhood's Home
CHRISTOPHER OKIGBO Bright (NEW)
SHARON OLDS The Planned Child
ARTHUR O'SHAUGHNESSY A Love Symphony (NEW)
ROBERT PINSKY Dying
SALVATORE QUASIMODO Auschwitz
THEODORE ROETHKE My Papa's Waltz
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Fear No More the Heat o' th' Sun
CATHY SONG Lost Sister
C. K. WILLIAMS Dimensions
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH The Solitary Reaper
JAMES WRIGHT Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio (NEW)
JAMES WRIGHT Two Hangovers (NEW)
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS When You Are Old
Writing About Tone in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: The Speaker's Attitudes in Sharon Olds's "The Planned Child"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Tone in Poetry
16 FORM: THE SHAPE OF POEMS
Closed-Form Poetry
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON The Eagle
ANONYMOUS Spun in High, Dark Clouds
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 116: Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds
Open-Form Poetry
WALT WHITMAN When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer (NEW)
Visualizing Poetry: Poetry and Artistic Expression: Visual Poetry, Concrete Poetry, and Prose Poems
E. E. CUMMINGS Buffalo Bill's Defunct
WILLIAM HEYEN Mantle
MAY SWENSON Women
CAROLYN FORCHE The Colonel
POEMS FOR STUDY
JOHN BERRYMAN Dream Song 14 (NEW)
ELIZABETH BISHOP One Art
ELIZABETH BISHOP Sestina (NEW)
BILLY COLLINS Sonnet
JOHN DRYDEN To the Memory of Mr. Oldham
LAWRENCE FERLINGHETTI, Constantly Risking Absurdity (NEW)
ROBERT FROST Desert Places
ALLEN GINSBERG A Supermarket in California
GEORGE HERBERT Virtue
BEN JONSON To Celia (NEW)
JOHN KEATS Ode to a Nightingale
YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Grenade
CLAUDE McKAY In Bondage
JOHN MILTON On His Blindness (When I Consider How My Light Is Spent)
DUDLEY RANDALL Ballad of Birmingham
THEODORE ROETHKE The Waking
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY Ozymandias
DYLAN THOMAS Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night
JEAN TOOMER Reapers
PHYLLIS WEBB Poetics Against the Angel of Death
WALT WHITMAN Reconciliation (NEW)
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Dance
Writing About Form in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: Form and Meaning in George Herbert's "Virtue"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Poetic Form
17 SYMBOLISM AND ALLUSION: WINDOWS TO WIDE EXPANSES OF MEANING
Symbolism and Meanings
VIRGINIA SCOTT Snow
The Function of Symbolism in Poetry
Allusions and Meaning
Studying for Symbols and Allusions
POEMS FOR STUDY
AMIRI BARAKA Legacy (NEW)
EMILY BRONTE No Coward Soul Is Mine
MARILYN CHIN Autumn Leaves (NEW)
LUCILLE CLIFTON cutting greens (NEW)
ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth
JOHN DONNE The Canonization
STEPHEN DUNN Hawk
ISABELLA GARDNER Collage of Echoes
DAN GEORGAKIS Hiroshima Crewman
THOMAS HARDY In Time of "The Breaking of Nations"
GEORGE HERBERT The Collar
ROBINSON JEFFERS The Purse-Seine
JOHN KEATS La Belle Dame Sans Merci: A Ballad
X. J. KENNEDY Old Men Pitching Horseshoes
ANDREW MARVELL To His Coy Mistress
CAROL MUSKE DUKES Real Estate (NEW)
MARY OLIVER Wild Geese
KAY RYAN We're Building the Ship as We Sail It
GARY SNYDER Milton by Firelight
JUDITH VIORST A Wedding Sonnet for the Next Generation
WALT WHITMAN A Noiseless Patient Spider
RICHARD WILBUR Year's End
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS The Second Coming
Writing About Symbolism and Allusion in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: Symbolism in Oliver's "Wild Geese"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allusion in Poetry
18 FOUR MAJOR AMERICAN POETS: EMILY DICKINSON, ROBERT FROST, LANGSTON HUGHES, AND SYLVIA PLATH
EMILY DICKINSON'S Life and Work
Topics for Writing About the Poetry of Emily Dickinson
POEMS BY EMILY DICKINSON (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)
A Narrow Fellow in the Grass(J986, F1096) (NEW)
After Great Pain, a Formal Feeling Comes (J341, F372)
Because I Could Not Stop for Death (J712, F479) (Included in Chapter 11, p. )
The Bustle in a House (J1078, F1108)
"Faith" Is a Fine Invention (J185, F202) (NEW)
I Cannot Live with You (J640, F706)
I Died for Beauty - But Was Scarce (J449, F448)
I Dwell in Possibility (F466, J657)
I Felt a Funeral in My Brain (J280, F340)
I Heard a Fly Buzz - When I Died (J465, F591)
I Like to See It Lap the Miles (J585, F383)
I'm Nobody! Who Are You? (J288, F260)
I Never Lost as Much but Twice (J49, F39)
I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed (J214, F207)
Much Madness Is Divinest Sense (J435, F620)
My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close (J1732, F1773)
One Need Not Be a Chamber - To Be Haunted (J670, F407)
Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers (J216, F124)
Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church (J324, F236)
The Soul Selects Her Own Society (J303, F409)
Success Is Counted Sweetest (J67, F112)
Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant (J1129, F1263)
There Is No Frigate Like a Book (J1263, F1286) (NEW)
There's a Certain Slant of Light (J258, F320)
Triumph May Be of Several Kinds (J455, F680)
? ?Wild Nights - Wild Nights! (J249, F269)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Dickinson's Poems
1. From "Orthodox Modernisms"
2. From "The Landscape of the Spirit"
3. From "The American Plain Style"
4. From "The Histrionic Imagination"
5. From "The Gothic Mode"
ROBERT FROST'S LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Robert Frost
POEMS BY ROBERT FROST (CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED)
In White (1912) (NEW)
Mending Wall (1914)
After Apple-Picking (1915) (NEW)
Birches (1915)
The Road Not Taken (1915)
"Out, Out-" (1916)
The Oven Bird (1916)
Fire and Ice (1920)
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (1923) (In Chapter 11, p. )
Nothing Gold Can Stay (1923)
Acquainted with the Night (1928)
Desert Places (1936) (In Chapter 16, p. )
Design (1936)
The Silken Tent (1936)
The Gift Outright (1941)
LANGSTON HUGHES'S LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Langston Hughes
POEMS by LANGSTON HUGHES (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)
Bad Man (NEW)
Ballad of the Landlord
Dead in There
Dream Boogie (NEW)
Dream Variations
Harlem
I, Too (NEW)
Let America Be America Again
Negro
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
125th Street
Po' Boy Blues
Subway Rush Hour
Theme for English B
The Weary Blues
SYLVIA PLATH'S LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Sylvia Plath
POEMS BY SYLVIA PLATH (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)
Ariel
The Colossus
Cut
Daddy
Edge
The Hanging Man
Lady Lazarus
Last Words
Metaphors
Mirror
The Rival
Song for a Summer's Day
Tulips
19 COLLECTION OF POEMS FOR ADDITIONAL STUDY AND ENJOYMENT
Ai (FLORENCE ANTHONY) Conversation
ANNA AKHMATOVA Willow
SHERMAN ALEXIE On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City
AGHA SHAHID ALI Postcard from Kashmir (NEW)
JULIA ALVAREZ Woman's Work (NEW)
MAYA ANGELOU Still I Rise
ANONYMOUS (NAVAJO) Healing Prayer from the Beautyway Chant
MATTHEW ARNOLD Dover Beach
MARGARET ATWOOD You fit into me (NEW)
W. H. AUDEN Musee des Beaux Arts
LOUISE BOGAN Women
JORGE LUIS BORGES The Art of Poetry
ANNE BRADSTREET The Author to Her Book (NEW)
ANNE BRADSTREET To My Dear and Loving Husband
EMILY BRONTE Love and Friendship
GWENDOLYN BROOKS We Real Cool
ROBERT BROWNING My Last Duchess
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese: Number 43, How Do I Love Thee
GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON She Walks in Beauty
BILLY COLLINS Days
STEPHEN CRANE Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War Is Kind
E. E. CUMMINGS anyone lived in a pretty how town (NEW)
E. E. CUMMINGS if there are any heavens
JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 10: Death Be Not Proud
RITA DOVE Daystar (NEW)
SIR EDWARD DYER My Mind to Me a Kingdom Is (NEW)
BOB DYLAN The Times They Are a-Changin' (NEW)
T. S. ELIOT The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
MARTiN ESPADA Latin Night at the Pawnshop (NEW)
RHINA ESPAILLAT Bilingual/Bilingue (NEW)
CHIEF DAN GEORGE The Beauty of the Trees
NIKKI GIOVANNI Poetry
DANIEL HALPERN Snapshot of Hue
THOMAS HARDY The Ruined Maid
FRANCES E. W. HARPER She's Free!
ROBERT HASS Spring Rain
ROBERT HAYDEN Those Winter Sundays
ROBERT HERRICK Corinna's Going A-Maying (NEW)
JANET HOLMES Cinquains for Rocky (NEW)
A. D. HOPE Advice to Young Ladies
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Pied Beauty
A. E. HOUSMAN When I was one-and-twenty (NEW)
ROBINSON JEFFERS The Answer
DONALD JUSTICE On the Death of Friends in Childhood
DONALD JUSTICE Order in the Streets (NEW)
JOHN KEATS Ode on a Grecian Urn
GALWAY KINNELL After Making Love We Hear Footsteps
YAHIA LABABIDI What Do Animals Dream?
PHILLIP LARKIN Talking in Bed (NEW)
LI-YOUNG LEE A Final Thing
AUDRE LORDE Now That I am Forever with Child (NEW)
AMY LOWELL Patterns
MAGUS MAGNUS Antaeus/Anchises (NEW)
EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY Travel (NEW)
EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why
N. SCOTT MOMADAY The Bear
HOWARD NEMEROV Life Cycle of Common Man
JIM NORTHRUP wahbegan
SHARON OLDS The Moment the Two Worlds Meet (NEW)
SIMON ORTIZ A Story of How a Wall Stands
DOROTHY PARKER Afternoon (NEW)
DOROTHY PARKER Resume
LINDA PASTAN Marks
MARGE PIERCY The Secretary Chant
EDGAR ALLAN POE Annabel Lee
EDGAR ALLAN POE The Raven
EZRA POUND A Girl (NEW)
ADRIENNE RICH Aunt Jennifer's Tigers (NEW)
ADRIENNE RICH Living in Sin (NEW)
ALBERTO RIOS The Vietnam Wall
LUIS OMAR SALINAS In a Farmhouse
CARL SANDBURG Chicago
SIEGFRIED SASSOON Dreamers
BRENDA SEROTTE My Mother's Face
ANNE SEXTON Cinderella (NEW)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 29: When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes
KARL SHAPIRO Auto Wreck
STEVIE SMITH Not Waving but Drowning
GARY SOTO Mexicans Begin Jogging (NEW)
GARY SOTO Oranges
WILLIAM STAFFORD Traveling Through the Dark
WALLACE STEVENS The Emperor of Ice-Cream
MAY SWENSON Question
DYLAN THOMAS A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London
JOHN UPDIKE Perfection Wasted
ALICE WALKER Revolutionary Petunias
PHILLIS WHEATLEY On Being Brought from Africa to America
WALT WHITMAN Beat! Beat! Drums!
WALT WHITMAN Full of Life Now
WALT WHITMAN I Hear America Singing
RICHARD WILBUR Love Calls Us to the Things of This World
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Red Wheelbarrow
19A WRITING A RESEARCH ESSAY ON POETRY
Topics to Discover in Research
Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: "Beat! Beat! Drums!" and "I Hear America Singing": Two Whitman Poems Spanning the Civil War
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Quoting Texts to Illustrate Your Point
PART IV READING AND WRITING ABOUT DRAMA
20 THE DRAMATIC VISION: AN OVERVIEW
Drama as Literature
Performance: The Unique Aspect of Drama
Drama from Ancient Times to Our Own: Tragedy, Comedy, and Additional Forms
ANONYMOUS The Visit to the Sepulcher (Visitatio Sepulchri)
Visualizing Plays: Imagining Dramatic Scenes and Actions
PLAYS FOR STUDY
SUSAN GLASPELL Trifles
In a small farmhouse kitchen early in the twentieth century, the wives of men investigating a murder discover significant evidence that forces them to make an urgent decision.
DAVID HENRY HWANG Trying to find Chinatown (NEW)
Two young men meet in New York City and engage in a surprising dialogue about racial identity.
JANE MARTIN Beauty
As Carla and Bethany talk together, they go through a transformational experience.
EUGENE O'NEILL Before Breakfast
What happens to people facing disappointment, anger, alienation, and lost hope?
Writing About the Elements of Drama
Referring to Plays and Parts of Plays
Illustrative Student Essay: Eugene O'Neill's Use of Negative Descriptions and Stage Directions in Before Breakfast as a Means of Revealing Character
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Paraphrasing to Make Sure Readers Understand the Work
Writing Topics About the Elements of Drama
21 THE TRAGIC VISION: AFFIRMATION THROUGH LOSS
The Origins of Tragedy
The Ancient Athenian Competitions in Tragedy
The Origin of Tragedy in Brief
Aristotle and the Nature of Tragedy
Aristotle's View of Tragedy in Brief
Irony in Tragedy
The Ancient Athenian Audience and Theater
Ancient Greek Tragic Actors and Their Costumes
Performance and the Formal Organization of Greek Tragedy
PLAYS FOR STUDY
SOPHOCLES Oedipus The King
A woman must choose between her family obligations and loyalty to the state.
Renaissance Drama and Shakespeare's Theater
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
An initial act of evil is like an infestation.
Tragedy from Shakespeare to Arthur Miller
Death of a Salesman: Tragedy, Symbolism, and Broken Dreams
ARTHUR MILLER Death of a Salesman
With all his hopes unfulfilled, Willy Loman still clings to his dreams.
Writing About Tragedy
Illustrative Student Essay: The Problem of Hamlet's Apparent Delay
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Quoting Texts to Illustrate Your Key Point
Writing Topics About Tragedy
22 THE COMIC VISION: RESTORING THE BALANCE
The Origins of Comedy
Comedy from Roman Times to the Renaissance
The Patterns, Characters, and Language of Comedy
Types of Comedy
PLAYS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE A Midsummer Night's Dream
The problems of lovers are resolved through the magic of the natural world, not through custom and law.
ANTON CHEKHOV The Bear, A Joke in One Act
A bachelor and a widow meet and immediately berate each other, but their lives are about to undergo great change.
PAUL DOOLEY and WINNIE HOLZMAN Post-its (Notes on a Marriage) (NEW)
A married couple enjoy a comic but cryptic mode of communication.
EDWIN SANCHEZ Pops ?/i> (NEW)
A young Hispanic man finds sweet, humorous way to memorialize his lost father.
Comedy Since Shakespeare
Writing About Comedy
Illustrative Student Essay: Setting as Symbol and Comic Structure in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Comedy
23 VISIONS OF DRAMATIC REALITY AND NONREALITY: VARYING THE IDEA OF DRAMA AS IMITATION
Realism and Nonrealism in Drama
Elements of Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama
PLAYS FOR STUDY
Langston Hughes Biography
Hughes and the African American Theater After 1920
Hughes's Career as a Dramatist
Mulatto and the Reality of the Southern Black Experience
LANGSTON HUGHES Mulatto
On a Southern plantation in the 1930s, a young man tries to assert his rights, but there are those who will not grant him any rights at all.
EDWARD BOK LEE El Santo Americano (NEW)
A professional wrestler tries to forge a better life for himself and his family.
TENNESSEE WILLIAMS The Glass Menagerie
Tom would like to escape the memory of his home life, in which he finds only confusion and entrapment.
August Wilson Biography
The Background of Fences
AUGUST WILSON Fences
Troy Maxson, who as a young athlete could knock baseballs over fences, has led a life enclosed by other fences.
Writing About Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama
Illustrative Student Essay: Realism and Nonrealism in Tom's Triple Role in The Glass Menagerie
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Dramatic Reality and Nonreality
24 HENRIK IBSEN AND THE REALISTIC PROBLEM PLAY: A DOLLHOUSE
Ibsen's Life and Early Work
Ibsen's Major Prose Plays
A Dollhouse: Ibsen's Best-Known Problem Play
Ibsen's Symbolism in A Dollhouse
A Dollhouse as a "Well-Made Play"
The Timeliness and Dramatic Power of A Dollhouse
Bibliographic Studies
HENRIK IBSEN A Dollhouse (Et Dukkehjem)
In their seemingly perfect household, Nora and Torvald discover the severe differences between them.
Edited Selections from Criticism of Ibsen's A Dollhouse and Other Plays
1. Freedom, Truth, and Society-Rhetoric and Reality
2. Ibsen's Feminist Characters
3. A Marxist Approach to A Dollhouse
24A WRITING A RESEARCH ESSAY ON DRAMA
Topics to Discover in Research
Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: "The Ghost in Hamlet"
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Summarizing Sources Lends Authority to Your Argument
PART V Special Writing Topics About Literature
25 CRITICAL APPROACHES IMPORTANT TO THE STUDY OF LITERATURE
Moral/Intellectual
Topical/Historical
New Critical/Formalist
Structuralist
Feminist Criticism/Gender Studies/Queer Theory
Economic Determinist/Marxist
Psychological/Psychoanalytic
Archetypal/Symbolic/Mythic
Deconstructionist
Reader-Response
26 THREE TYPES OF WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE
1. Comparison-Contrast and Extended Comparison-Contrast
Guidelines for the Comparison-Contrast Method
The Extended Comparison-Contrast Essay
Citing References in a Longer Comparison-Contrast Essay
Writing a Comparison-Contrast Essay
Illustrative Student Essay (Two Works): The Treatment of Responses to War in Amy Lowell's "Patterns" and Wilfred Owen's "Anthem for Doomed Youth"
Commentary on the Essay
Illustrative Student Essay (Extended Comparison-Contrast): Literary Treatments of the Conflicts Between Private and Public Life
Commentary on the Essay
2. Reader-Response: How a Reader's Reactions Lead Toward Interpretation
Important Elements of a Reader-Response Essay
Illustrative Student Essay (Reader-Response): Opposite Personal Responses to W. H. Auden's "Musee des Beaux Arts,"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics for Reader-Response
3. Argument: The Use of Persuasive Reasoning
Defining an Argument Essay
Important Elements of an Argument Essay
Illustrative Student Essay (Argument): Sammy's Decision to Become an Adult
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics for Literary Argument
27 TAKING EXAMINATIONS ON LITERATURE
Answer the Questions That Are Asked
Systematic Preparation
Two Basic Types of Questions About Literature
Appendixes
I. Dramatic Vision on Film: From the Silver Screen to the World of Digital Fantasy
II. MLA Recommendations for Documenting Sources
A Glossary of Important Literary Terms
Credits
Index of Authors. Titles, and First Lines
Detailed Table of Contents
Topical and Thematic Contents
Preface
PART I The Process of Reading, Responding to, and Writing About Literature
What Is Literature, and Why Do We Study It?
Types of Literature: The Genres
Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively
GUY DE MAUPASSANT The Necklace
To go to a ball, Mathilde Loisel borrows a necklace from a rich friend, but the evening of her dreams has unforeseen consequences.
Reading and Responding in a Computer File or Notebook
Sample Notebook Entries on Maupassant's "The Necklace"
Major Stages in Thinking and Writing About Literary Topics: Discovering Ideas, Preparing to Write, Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay, and Completing the Essay
Writing Does Not Come Easily-for Anyone
The Goal of Writing: To Show a Process of Thought
Discovering Ideas ("Brainstorming")
Study the Characters in the Work
Determine the Work's Historical Period and Background
Analyze the Work's Economic and Social Conditions
Explain the Work's Major Ideas
Describe the Work's Artistic Qualities
Explain Any Other Approaches That Seem Important
Preparing to Write
Build Ideas from Your Original Notes
Trace Patterns of Action and Thought
The Need for the Actual Physical Process of Writing
Raise and Answer Your Own Questions
Put Ideas Together Using a Plus-Minus, Pro-Con, or Either-Or Method
Originate and Develop Your Thoughts Through Writing
Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay
Base Your Essay on a Central Idea, Argument, or Statement
The Need for a Sound Argument in Essays About Literature
Create a Thesis Sentence as Your Guide to Organization
Begin Each Paragraph with a Topic Sentence
Select Only One Topic-No More-for Each Paragraph
Referring to the Names of Authors
Use Your Topic Sentences as the Arguments for Your Paragraph Development
The Use of Verb Tenses in the Discussion of Literary Works
Develop an Outline as the Means of Organizing Your Essay
Basic Writing Types: Paragraphs and Essays
A Paragraph Assignment
Commentary on the Paragraph
Illustrative Student Essay (First Draft):How Setting in "The Necklace" Is Related to the Character of Mathilde
Completing the Essay: Developing and Strengthening Your Essay Through Revision
Make Your Own Arrangement of Details and Ideas
Use Literary Material as Evidence to Support Your Argument
Always Keep to Your Point; Stick to It Tenaciously
Check Your Development and Organization
Try to Be Original
Write with Specific Readers as Your Intended Audience
Use Exact, Comprehensive, and Forceful Language
Illustrative Student Essay (Improved Draft):How Maupassant Uses Setting in "The Necklace" to Show the Character of Mathilde
Commentary on the Essay
Essay Commentaries
A Summary of Guidelines
Writing Topics About the Writing Process
Using Sources Effectively
A Short Guide to the Use of References and Quotations in Essays About Literature
Integrate Passages and Ideas into Your Essay
Distinguish Your Thoughts from Those of Your Author
Integrate Material by Using Quotation Marks
Blend Quotations into Your Own Sentences
Indent Long Quotations and Set Them in Block Format
Use an Ellipsis to Show Omissions
Use Square Brackets to Enclose Words That You Add Within Quotations
Be Careful Not to Overquote
Preserve the Spellings in Your Source
PART II Reading and Writing About Fiction
1 Fiction: An Overview
Modern Fiction
The Short Story
Elements of Fiction I: Verisimilitude and Donnee
Elements of Fiction II: Character, Plot, Structure, and Idea or Theme
Elements of Fiction III: The Writer's Tools
Visualizing Fiction: Cartoons, Graphic Narratives, Graphic Novels
Dan Piraro, from Bizarro * Art Spiegelman, from Maus (Expanded)
STORIES FOR STUDY
INES ARREDONDO The Shunammite (NEW)
A condemned man dreams of escape, freedom, and family A young woman agrees to nurse her dying uncle, but then must face a more difficult decision..
AMBROSE BIERCE An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
A condemned man dreams of escape, freedom, and family.
SANDRA CISNEROS Mericans
As a group of Mexican American children play together, they develop understanding of both their personal and national identities.
WILLIAM FAULKNER A Rose for Emily
Even seemingly ordinary people hide deep and bizarre mysteries.
TIM O'BRIEN The Things They Carried
During the Vietnam War, American soldiers carry not only their weighty equipment but many memories.
Plot: The Motivation and Causality of Fiction
Writing About the Plot of a Story
Illustrative Student Essay: Plot in Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily"
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Quoting an Author's Work
Writing Topics About Plot in Fiction
2 Point of View: The Position or Stance of the Work's Narrator or Speaker
An Exercise in Point of View: Reporting an Accident
Conditions That Affect Point of View
Point of View and Opinions
Determining a Work's Point of View
Mingling Points of View
Point of View and Verb Tense
Summary: Guidelines for Points of View
STORIES FOR STUDY
RAYMOND CARVER Cathedral
A husband and wife receive a blind visitor who affects the husband's way of seeing things.
SHIRLEY JACKSON The Lottery
What would it be like if the prize at a community-sponsored lottery were not the cash that people ordinarily hope to win?
JOYCE CAROL OATES Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been
A teenage girl is visited by an aggressive stranger who does not take "no" for an answer.
ZZ PACKER Brownies
What happens at Camp Crescendo after the girls in Laurel's Brownie Troop decide to attack the girls in Brownie Troop 909?
Writing About Point of View
Illustrative Student Essay: Shirley Jackson's Dramatic Point of View in "The Lottery"
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Summary
Writing Topics About Point of View
3 Characters: The People in Fiction
Character Traits
How Authors Disclose Character in Literature
Types of Characters: Round and Flat
Reality and Probability: Verisimilitude
STORIES FOR STUDY
ERNEST J. GAINES The Sky Is Gray (NEW)
The Sky is Grey: On a trip with his mother, a boy learns about the harshness of life and what it takes to survive.
SUSAN GLASPELL A Jury of Her Peers
In a small farmhouse kitchen early in the twentieth century, the wives of men investigating a murder discover significant evidence that forces them to make an urgent decision. What is the definition of a "brave" man, and does that mean he commands fear or respect?
ZORA NEALE HURSTON Spunk (NEW)
What is the definition of a "brave" man, and does that mean he commands fear or respect?
KATHERINE MANSFIELD Miss Brill
Miss Brill goes to the park for a pleasant afternoon, but she does not find what she was expecting.
AMY TAN Two Kinds
Jing-Mei leads her own kind of life despite the wishes and hopes of her mother.
Writing About Character
Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of Minnie Wright in Glaspell's "A Jury of Her Peers"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Character
4 Setting: The Background of Place, Objects, and Culture in Stories
What Is Setting?
The Literary Uses of Setting
STORIES FOR STUDY
JAMES JOYCE Araby
An introspective boy learns much about himself when he tries to keep a promise.
CYNTHIA OZICK The Shawl
Can a mother in a Nazi concentration camp save her starving and crying baby?
EDGAR ALLAN POE The Cask of Amantillado
A vengeful courtier tempts an enemy with a bottle of fine wine.
LESLIE MARMON SILKO The Man to Send Rain Clouds (NEW)
When a Native American dies, his friends must pose their respect for ancient tribal beliefs with the conventions of contemporary religion.
Writing About Setting
Illustrative Student Essay: The Interaction of Story and Setting in James Joyce's "Araby"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Setting
5 Structure: The Organization of Stories
Formal Categories of Structure
Formal and Actual Structure
STORIES FOR STUDY
RALPH ELLISON Battle Royal
An intelligent black student, filled with hopes and dreams, is treated with monstrous indignity.
GERI LIPSCHULTZ Slow Dance of the Heart (NEW)
Mei Ling Teng's long life leading from the Orient to the United States has been filled with the deprivation, agony, and insult of war, but she has also known love
DANIEL OROZCO Orientation
A new employee is introduced to the rather unusual and surprising situations in the office.
EUDORA WELTY A Worn Path
Phoenix Jackson, a devoted grandmother, walks a worn path on a mission of great love.
Writing About Structure in a Story
Illustrative Student Essay: The Structure of Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Structure
6 Tone and Style: The Words That Convey Attitudes in Fiction
Diction: The Writer's Choice and Control of Words
Tone, Irony, and Style
Tone, Humor, and Style
STORIES FOR STUDY
KATE CHOPIN The Story of an Hour
Louise Mallard is shocked and grieved by news that her husband has been killed, but she is in for an even greater shock.
DAGOBERTO GILB Love in L.A.
In L.A., people often meet each other under the most unusual and improbable circumstances.
ERNEST HEMINGWAY Hills Like White Elephants
While waiting for a train, a man and woman reluctantly discuss an urgent situation.
FRANK O'CONNOR First Confession
Jackie as a young man tells about his first childhood experience with confession.
JOHN UPDIKE A & P
As a checkout clerk at the A & P near the local beaches, Sammy experiences the consequences of a difficult choice.
Writing About Tone and Style
Illustrative Student Essay: Frank O'Connor's Control of Tone and Style in "First Confession"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Tone and Style
7 Symbolism and Allegory: Keys to Extended Meaning
Symbolism
Allegory
Fable, Parable, and Myth
Allusion in Symbolism and Allegory
STORIES FOR STUDY
AESOP The Fox and the Grapes
What do people think about things that they can't have?
ANONYMOUS The Myth of Atalanta
In ancient times, how could a superior woman maintain power
and integrity?
ANITA SCOTT COLEMAN Unfinished Masterpieces (NEW)
How do we judge whether people have lived up to their fullest potential, and what effects the way people develop over their lives?
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE Young Goodman Brown
In colonial Salem, Goodman Brown has a bewildering experience that changes his outlook on life.
LUKE The Parable of the Prodigal Son
Is there any limit to what a person can do to make divine forgiveness impossible?
KATHERINE ANNE PORTER The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
As the end nears, Granny Weatherall has her memories and is surrounded by her loving adult children.
JOHN STEINBECK The Chrysanthemums
As a housewife on a small ranch, Elisa Allen experiences changes to her sense of self-worth.
Writing About Symbolism and Allegory
Illustrative Student Essay (Symbolism): Symbols of Light and Darkness in Porter's "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall"
Commentary on the Essay About Symbolism
Second Illustrative Student Essay (Allegory): The Allegory of Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown"
Commentary on the Essay About Allegory
Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allegory
8 Idea or Theme: The Meaning and the Message in Fiction
Ideas and Assertions
Ideas and Issues
Ideas and Values
The Place of Ideas in Literature
How to Find Ideas
STORIES FOR STUDY
MARGARET ATWOOD Happy Endings (NEW)
How accurately does the word "happy" fit any of these endings, and why?
TONI CADE BAMBARA The Lesson
When a group of children visits a toy store for the wealthy, some of them draw conclusions about society and themselves.
D. H. LAWRENCE The Horse Dealer's Daughter
Dr. Jack Fergusson and Mabel Pervin find, in each other's love, a new reason for being.
AMERICO PAREDES The Hammon and the Beans
Is American liberty restricted to people of only one group, or is it for everyone?
Writing About a Major Idea in Fiction
Illustrative Student Essay: D. H. Lawrence's "The Horse Dealer's Daughter" as an Expression of the Idea that Loving Commitment Is Essential in Life
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Ideas
9 A Casebook of Four Stories by Edgar Allan Poe with Critical Readings for Research
Poe's Life and Career
Poe's Work as a Journalist and Writer of Fiction
Poe's Reputation
Bibliographic Sources
Writing Topics About Poe
FOUR STORIES BY EDGAR ALLAN POE (CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED)
The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)
The Masque of the Red Death (1842)
The Black Cat (1843)
The Tell-Tale Heart (1843/1850) (NEW)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Poe's Stories
1. Poe's Irony * 2. The Narrators of "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Fall of the House of Usher" * 3. "The Fall of the House of Usher" * 4. "The Black Cat" and "The Tell-Tale Heart" * 5. "The Masque of the Red Death" * 6. Symbolism in "The Masque of the Red Death" * 7. "The Masque of the Red Death" as Representative of a "Diseased Age" * 8. Sources and Analogues of "The Cask of Amontillado" * 9. Poe's Idea of Unity and "The Fall of the House of Usher" * 10. The Narrators of "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Black Cat" * 11. Poe, Women, and "The Fall of the House of Usher" * 12. The Deceptive Narrator of "The Black Cat"
10 Collection of Stories for Additional Enjoyment and Study
WILLIAM FAULKNER Barn Burning
A young country boy grows in awareness, conscience, and individuality despite his hostile father.
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN The Yellow Wallpaper
Who is the woman who is trying to emerge from behind the yellow wallpaper?
JAMAICA KINCAID Girl (NEW)
Despite the "generation gap," a mother tries to teach her daughter how to behave properly
FLANNERY O'CONNOR A Good Man Is Hard to Find
"The grandmother didn't want to go to Florida. She wanted to visit some of her connections in east Tennessee. . . ."
ALICE WALKER Everyday Use
Mrs. Johnson, with her daughter Maggie, is visited by her citified daughter Dee, whose return home is accompanied by surprises.
10A Writing a Research Essay on Fiction
Selecting a Topic
Setting Up a Working Bibliography
Locating Sources
Searching the Internet
Evaluating Sources (box)
Searching Library Resources
Important Considerations About Computer-Aided Research (box)
Reviewing the Bibliographies in Major Critical Studies on Your Topic
Consulting Bibliographical Guides
Gaining Access to Books and Articles Through Databases
Taking Notes and Paraphrasing Material
Taking Complete and Accurate Notes
Plagiarism: An Embarrassing but Vital Subject-and a Danger to be Overcome (box)
Being Creative and Original While Doing Research
Documenting Your Work
Integrating and Attributing Your Sources (BOX)
Strategies for Organizing Ideas in Your Research Essay
Illustrative Student Essay Using Research: The Structure of Katherine Mansfield's "Miss Brill"
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Paraphrasing to Avoid Plagiarism
Writing Topics About How to Undertake a Research Essay
PART III Reading and Writing About Poetry
11 Meeting Poetry: An Overview
The Nature of Poetry
BILLY COLLINS Schoolsville
LISEL MUELLER Hope
ROBERT HERRICK Here a Pretty Baby Lies
Poetry of the English Language
How to Read a Poem
Studying Poetry
Anonymous Sir Patrick Spens
POEMS FOR STUDY
GWENDOLYN BROOKS The Mother
EMILY DICKINSON Because I Could Not Stop for Death
RITA DOVE The House Slave (NEW)
ROBERT FRANCIS Catch
ROBERT FROST Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
THOMAS HARDY The Man He Killed
JOY HARJO Eagle Poem
RANDALL JARRELL The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
BEN JONSON On My First Daughter
KENNETH KOCH Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams (NEW)
LOUIS MACNEICE Snow
MAGUS MAGNUS An Old Soldier Cleans His Rifle for the Last Time (NEW)
JIM NORTHRUP Ogichidag
NAOMI SHIHAB NYE Where Children Live
LOUIS SIMPSON American Poetry (NEW)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 55: Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments
ELAINE TERRANOVA Rush Hour
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS This Is Just to Say (NEW)
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
Writing a Paraphrase of a Poem (Paragraph Length)
Illustrative Student Paraphrase: A Paraphrase of Thomas Hardy's "The Man He Killed"
Commentary on the Paraphrase
Writing an Explication of a Poem (Essay Length)
Illustrative Student Essay: An Explication of Thomas Hardy's " Man He Killed"
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Paraphrasing to Set the Stage for Analysis
Writing Topics About the Nature of Poetry
12 Words: The Building Blocks of Poetry
Choice of Diction: Specific and Concrete, General and Abstract
Levels of Diction
Special Types of Diction
Syntax
Decorum: The Matching of Subject and Word (BOX)
Denotation and Connotation
ROBERT GRAVES The Naked and the Nude
POEMS FOR STUDY
JOHN ASHBERY The Cathedral Is (NEW)
CHARLES BEAUDELAIRE Exotic Perfumes (NEW)
WILLIAM BLAKE The Lamb
LEWIS CARROLL Jabberwocky
HAYDEN CARRUTH An Apology for Using the Word "Heart" in Too Many Poems
ROBERT CREELEY I Know a Man (NEW)
E. E. CUMMINGS next to of course god america I
JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 14: Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God
A. E. HOUSMAN To an Athlete Dying Young (NEW)
CAROLYN KIZER Night Sounds
DENISE LEVERTOV Of Being
GERI LIPSCHULTZ In the Beginning of the End (NEW)
JUDITH ORTIZ COFER Latin Women Pray
EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON Richard Cory
THEODORE ROETHKE Dolor
KAY RYAN Crib
STEPHEN SPENDER I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great
WALLACE STEVENS Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock
MARK STRAND Eating Poetry
NATASHA TRETHEWEY White Lies (NEW)
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)
PAUL ZIMMER The Day Zimmer Lost Religion
Writing About Diction and Syntax in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: Diction and Character in Robinson's "Richard Cory"
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Summarizing to Provide Necessary Background
Writing Topics About the Words of Poetry
13 IMAGERY: THE POEM'S LINK TO THE SENSES
Responses and the Writer's Use of Detail
The Relationship of Imagery to Ideas and Attitudes
Types of Imagery
JOHN MASEFIELD Cargoes
WILFRED OWEN Anthem for Doomed Youth
ELIZABETH BISHOP The Fish
POEMS FOR STUDY
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese, Number 14: If Thou Must Love Me
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE Kubla Khan
T. S. ELIOT Preludes
LOUISE ERDRICH Indian Boarding School: The Runaways
SUSAN GRIFFIN Love Should Grow Up Like a Wild Iris in the Fields
THOMAS HARDY Channel Firing
H. D. (HILDA DOOLITTLE) Heat (NEW)
GEORGE HERBERT The Pulley
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Spring
ROBINSON JEFFERS Hurt Hawks (NEW)
DENISE LEVERTOV A Time Past
AMY LOWELL The Taxi (NEW)
THOMAS LUX The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently
MARIANNE MOORE The Fish
PABLO NERUDA Every Day You Play
EDGAR ALLAN POE To Helen (NEW)
EZRA POUND In a Station of the Metro
BENJAMIN ALIRE SAENZ To the Desert (NEW)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 13: My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun
CHARLES SIMIC Fork (NEW)
JAMES TATE Dream On
DAVID WOJAHN "It's Only Rock and Roll, but I Like It": The Fall of Saigon
Writing About Imagery
Illustrative Student Essay: Imagery in Masefield's "Cargoes"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Imagery in Poetry
14 FIGURES OF SPEECH, OR METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE: A SOURCE OF DEPTH AND RANGE IN POETRY
Metaphors and Similes: The Major Figures of Speech
Characteristics of Metaphorical Language
JOHN KEATS On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
Vehicle and Tenor
Other Figures of Speech
JOHN KEATS Bright Star
POEMS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM BLAKE The Tyger
ROBERT BURNS A Red, Red Rose
JOHN DONNE A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
ALAN DUGAN Untitled Poem II (NEW)
FEDERICO GARCIA LORCA Sonnet of the Sweet Complaint (NEW)
John Gay Let Us take the Road
THOMAS HARDY The Convergence of the Twain
JOY HARJO Remember
JOHN KEATS To Autumn
JANE KENYON Let Evening Come
JUDITH MINTY Conjoined
OGDEN NASH Exit, Pursued by a Bear (NEW)
PABLO NERUDA If You Forget Me
MARY OLIVER Showing the Birds
MARGE PIERCY A Work of Artifice
MARGUERITE RIVAS Pilgrimage (NEW)
MURIEL RUKEYSER Looking at Each Other
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 30: When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON Break, Break, Break (NEW)
ELIZABETH TUDOR, QUEEN ELIZABETH I On Monsieur's Departure
MONA VAN DUYN Earth Tremors Felt in Missouri
DIANE WAKOSKI Inside Out (NEW)
WALT WHITMAN Facing West from California's Shores
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH London, 1802
SIR THOMAS WYATT I Find No Peace
Writing Topics About Figures of Speech
Illustrative Student Paragraph: Wordsworth's Use of Overstatement in "London, 1802"
Commentary on the Paragraph
Illustrative Student Essay: A Study of Shakespeare's Metaphors in Sonnet 30: "When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Figures of Speech in Poetry
15 TONE: THE CREATION OF ATTITUDE IN POETRY
Tone, Choice, and Response
CORNELIUS WHUR The First-Rate Wife
Tone and the Need for Control
WILFRED OWEN Dulce et Decorum Est
Tone and Common Grounds of Assent
Tone in Conversation and Poetry
Tone and Irony
THOMAS HARDY The Workbox
Tone and Satire
ALEXANDER POPE Epigram from the French
ALEXANDER POPE Epigram, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to His Royal Highness
POEMS FOR STUDY
W. H. AUDEN The Unknown Citizen
WILLIAM BLAKE On Another's Sorrow
JIMMY CARTER I Wanted to Share My Father's World
LUCILLE CLIFTON homage to my hips
BILLY COLLINS The Names
COUNTEE CULLEN Yet Do I Marvel (NEW)
E. E. CUMMINGS she being Brand / -new
MARTIN ESPADA Bully
MARI EVANS I Am a Black Woman
SEAMUS HEANEY Mid-Term Break
WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY When You Are Old
DAVID IGNATOW The Bagel (NEW)
YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Facing It (NEW)
ABRAHAM LINCOLN My Childhood's Home
CHRISTOPHER OKIGBO Bright (NEW)
SHARON OLDS The Planned Child
ARTHUR O'SHAUGHNESSY A Love Symphony (NEW)
ROBERT PINSKY Dying
SALVATORE QUASIMODO Auschwitz
THEODORE ROETHKE My Papa's Waltz
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Fear No More the Heat o' th' Sun
CATHY SONG Lost Sister
C. K. WILLIAMS Dimensions
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH The Solitary Reaper
JAMES WRIGHT Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio (NEW)
JAMES WRIGHT Two Hangovers (NEW)
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS When You Are Old
Writing About Tone in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: The Speaker's Attitudes in Sharon Olds's "The Planned Child"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Tone in Poetry
16 FORM: THE SHAPE OF POEMS
Closed-Form Poetry
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON The Eagle
ANONYMOUS Spun in High, Dark Clouds
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 116: Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds
Open-Form Poetry
WALT WHITMAN When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer (NEW)
Visualizing Poetry: Poetry and Artistic Expression: Visual Poetry, Concrete Poetry, and Prose Poems
E. E. CUMMINGS Buffalo Bill's Defunct
WILLIAM HEYEN Mantle
MAY SWENSON Women
CAROLYN FORCHE The Colonel
POEMS FOR STUDY
JOHN BERRYMAN Dream Song 14 (NEW)
ELIZABETH BISHOP One Art
ELIZABETH BISHOP Sestina (NEW)
BILLY COLLINS Sonnet
JOHN DRYDEN To the Memory of Mr. Oldham
LAWRENCE FERLINGHETTI, Constantly Risking Absurdity (NEW)
ROBERT FROST Desert Places
ALLEN GINSBERG A Supermarket in California
GEORGE HERBERT Virtue
BEN JONSON To Celia (NEW)
JOHN KEATS Ode to a Nightingale
YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Grenade
CLAUDE McKAY In Bondage
JOHN MILTON On His Blindness (When I Consider How My Light Is Spent)
DUDLEY RANDALL Ballad of Birmingham
THEODORE ROETHKE The Waking
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY Ozymandias
DYLAN THOMAS Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night
JEAN TOOMER Reapers
PHYLLIS WEBB Poetics Against the Angel of Death
WALT WHITMAN Reconciliation (NEW)
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Dance
Writing About Form in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: Form and Meaning in George Herbert's "Virtue"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Poetic Form
17 SYMBOLISM AND ALLUSION: WINDOWS TO WIDE EXPANSES OF MEANING
Symbolism and Meanings
VIRGINIA SCOTT Snow
The Function of Symbolism in Poetry
Allusions and Meaning
Studying for Symbols and Allusions
POEMS FOR STUDY
AMIRI BARAKA Legacy (NEW)
EMILY BRONTE No Coward Soul Is Mine
MARILYN CHIN Autumn Leaves (NEW)
LUCILLE CLIFTON cutting greens (NEW)
ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth
JOHN DONNE The Canonization
STEPHEN DUNN Hawk
ISABELLA GARDNER Collage of Echoes
DAN GEORGAKIS Hiroshima Crewman
THOMAS HARDY In Time of "The Breaking of Nations"
GEORGE HERBERT The Collar
ROBINSON JEFFERS The Purse-Seine
JOHN KEATS La Belle Dame Sans Merci: A Ballad
X. J. KENNEDY Old Men Pitching Horseshoes
ANDREW MARVELL To His Coy Mistress
CAROL MUSKE DUKES Real Estate (NEW)
MARY OLIVER Wild Geese
KAY RYAN We're Building the Ship as We Sail It
GARY SNYDER Milton by Firelight
JUDITH VIORST A Wedding Sonnet for the Next Generation
WALT WHITMAN A Noiseless Patient Spider
RICHARD WILBUR Year's End
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS The Second Coming
Writing About Symbolism and Allusion in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: Symbolism in Oliver's "Wild Geese"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allusion in Poetry
18 FOUR MAJOR AMERICAN POETS: EMILY DICKINSON, ROBERT FROST, LANGSTON HUGHES, AND SYLVIA PLATH
EMILY DICKINSON'S Life and Work
Topics for Writing About the Poetry of Emily Dickinson
POEMS BY EMILY DICKINSON (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)
A Narrow Fellow in the Grass(J986, F1096) (NEW)
After Great Pain, a Formal Feeling Comes (J341, F372)
Because I Could Not Stop for Death (J712, F479) (Included in Chapter 11, p. )
The Bustle in a House (J1078, F1108)
"Faith" Is a Fine Invention (J185, F202) (NEW)
I Cannot Live with You (J640, F706)
I Died for Beauty - But Was Scarce (J449, F448)
I Dwell in Possibility (F466, J657)
I Felt a Funeral in My Brain (J280, F340)
I Heard a Fly Buzz - When I Died (J465, F591)
I Like to See It Lap the Miles (J585, F383)
I'm Nobody! Who Are You? (J288, F260)
I Never Lost as Much but Twice (J49, F39)
I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed (J214, F207)
Much Madness Is Divinest Sense (J435, F620)
My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close (J1732, F1773)
One Need Not Be a Chamber - To Be Haunted (J670, F407)
Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers (J216, F124)
Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church (J324, F236)
The Soul Selects Her Own Society (J303, F409)
Success Is Counted Sweetest (J67, F112)
Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant (J1129, F1263)
There Is No Frigate Like a Book (J1263, F1286) (NEW)
There's a Certain Slant of Light (J258, F320)
Triumph May Be of Several Kinds (J455, F680)
? ?Wild Nights - Wild Nights! (J249, F269)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Dickinson's Poems
1. From "Orthodox Modernisms"
2. From "The Landscape of the Spirit"
3. From "The American Plain Style"
4. From "The Histrionic Imagination"
5. From "The Gothic Mode"
ROBERT FROST'S LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Robert Frost
POEMS BY ROBERT FROST (CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED)
In White (1912) (NEW)
Mending Wall (1914)
After Apple-Picking (1915) (NEW)
Birches (1915)
The Road Not Taken (1915)
"Out, Out-" (1916)
The Oven Bird (1916)
Fire and Ice (1920)
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (1923) (In Chapter 11, p. )
Nothing Gold Can Stay (1923)
Acquainted with the Night (1928)
Desert Places (1936) (In Chapter 16, p. )
Design (1936)
The Silken Tent (1936)
The Gift Outright (1941)
LANGSTON HUGHES'S LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Langston Hughes
POEMS by LANGSTON HUGHES (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)
Bad Man (NEW)
Ballad of the Landlord
Dead in There
Dream Boogie (NEW)
Dream Variations
Harlem
I, Too (NEW)
Let America Be America Again
Negro
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
125th Street
Po' Boy Blues
Subway Rush Hour
Theme for English B
The Weary Blues
SYLVIA PLATH'S LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Sylvia Plath
POEMS BY SYLVIA PLATH (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)
Ariel
The Colossus
Cut
Daddy
Edge
The Hanging Man
Lady Lazarus
Last Words
Metaphors
Mirror
The Rival
Song for a Summer's Day
Tulips
19 COLLECTION OF POEMS FOR ADDITIONAL STUDY AND ENJOYMENT
Ai (FLORENCE ANTHONY) Conversation
ANNA AKHMATOVA Willow
SHERMAN ALEXIE On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City
AGHA SHAHID ALI Postcard from Kashmir (NEW)
JULIA ALVAREZ Woman's Work (NEW)
MAYA ANGELOU Still I Rise
ANONYMOUS (NAVAJO) Healing Prayer from the Beautyway Chant
MATTHEW ARNOLD Dover Beach
MARGARET ATWOOD You fit into me (NEW)
W. H. AUDEN Musee des Beaux Arts
LOUISE BOGAN Women
JORGE LUIS BORGES The Art of Poetry
ANNE BRADSTREET The Author to Her Book (NEW)
ANNE BRADSTREET To My Dear and Loving Husband
EMILY BRONTE Love and Friendship
GWENDOLYN BROOKS We Real Cool
ROBERT BROWNING My Last Duchess
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese: Number 43, How Do I Love Thee
GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON She Walks in Beauty
BILLY COLLINS Days
STEPHEN CRANE Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War Is Kind
E. E. CUMMINGS anyone lived in a pretty how town (NEW)
E. E. CUMMINGS if there are any heavens
JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 10: Death Be Not Proud
RITA DOVE Daystar (NEW)
SIR EDWARD DYER My Mind to Me a Kingdom Is (NEW)
BOB DYLAN The Times They Are a-Changin' (NEW)
T. S. ELIOT The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
MARTiN ESPADA Latin Night at the Pawnshop (NEW)
RHINA ESPAILLAT Bilingual/Bilingue (NEW)
CHIEF DAN GEORGE The Beauty of the Trees
NIKKI GIOVANNI Poetry
DANIEL HALPERN Snapshot of Hue
THOMAS HARDY The Ruined Maid
FRANCES E. W. HARPER She's Free!
ROBERT HASS Spring Rain
ROBERT HAYDEN Those Winter Sundays
ROBERT HERRICK Corinna's Going A-Maying (NEW)
JANET HOLMES Cinquains for Rocky (NEW)
A. D. HOPE Advice to Young Ladies
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Pied Beauty
A. E. HOUSMAN When I was one-and-twenty (NEW)
ROBINSON JEFFERS The Answer
DONALD JUSTICE On the Death of Friends in Childhood
DONALD JUSTICE Order in the Streets (NEW)
JOHN KEATS Ode on a Grecian Urn
GALWAY KINNELL After Making Love We Hear Footsteps
YAHIA LABABIDI What Do Animals Dream?
PHILLIP LARKIN Talking in Bed (NEW)
LI-YOUNG LEE A Final Thing
AUDRE LORDE Now That I am Forever with Child (NEW)
AMY LOWELL Patterns
MAGUS MAGNUS Antaeus/Anchises (NEW)
EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY Travel (NEW)
EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why
N. SCOTT MOMADAY The Bear
HOWARD NEMEROV Life Cycle of Common Man
JIM NORTHRUP wahbegan
SHARON OLDS The Moment the Two Worlds Meet (NEW)
SIMON ORTIZ A Story of How a Wall Stands
DOROTHY PARKER Afternoon (NEW)
DOROTHY PARKER Resume
LINDA PASTAN Marks
MARGE PIERCY The Secretary Chant
EDGAR ALLAN POE Annabel Lee
EDGAR ALLAN POE The Raven
EZRA POUND A Girl (NEW)
ADRIENNE RICH Aunt Jennifer's Tigers (NEW)
ADRIENNE RICH Living in Sin (NEW)
ALBERTO RIOS The Vietnam Wall
LUIS OMAR SALINAS In a Farmhouse
CARL SANDBURG Chicago
SIEGFRIED SASSOON Dreamers
BRENDA SEROTTE My Mother's Face
ANNE SEXTON Cinderella (NEW)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 29: When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes
KARL SHAPIRO Auto Wreck
STEVIE SMITH Not Waving but Drowning
GARY SOTO Mexicans Begin Jogging (NEW)
GARY SOTO Oranges
WILLIAM STAFFORD Traveling Through the Dark
WALLACE STEVENS The Emperor of Ice-Cream
MAY SWENSON Question
DYLAN THOMAS A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London
JOHN UPDIKE Perfection Wasted
ALICE WALKER Revolutionary Petunias
PHILLIS WHEATLEY On Being Brought from Africa to America
WALT WHITMAN Beat! Beat! Drums!
WALT WHITMAN Full of Life Now
WALT WHITMAN I Hear America Singing
RICHARD WILBUR Love Calls Us to the Things of This World
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Red Wheelbarrow
19A WRITING A RESEARCH ESSAY ON POETRY
Topics to Discover in Research
Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: "Beat! Beat! Drums!" and "I Hear America Singing": Two Whitman Poems Spanning the Civil War
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Quoting Texts to Illustrate Your Point
PART IV READING AND WRITING ABOUT DRAMA
20 THE DRAMATIC VISION: AN OVERVIEW
Drama as Literature
Performance: The Unique Aspect of Drama
Drama from Ancient Times to Our Own: Tragedy, Comedy, and Additional Forms
ANONYMOUS The Visit to the Sepulcher (Visitatio Sepulchri)
Visualizing Plays: Imagining Dramatic Scenes and Actions
PLAYS FOR STUDY
SUSAN GLASPELL Trifles
In a small farmhouse kitchen early in the twentieth century, the wives of men investigating a murder discover significant evidence that forces them to make an urgent decision.
DAVID HENRY HWANG Trying to find Chinatown (NEW)
Two young men meet in New York City and engage in a surprising dialogue about racial identity.
JANE MARTIN Beauty
As Carla and Bethany talk together, they go through a transformational experience.
EUGENE O'NEILL Before Breakfast
What happens to people facing disappointment, anger, alienation, and lost hope?
Writing About the Elements of Drama
Referring to Plays and Parts of Plays
Illustrative Student Essay: Eugene O'Neill's Use of Negative Descriptions and Stage Directions in Before Breakfast as a Means of Revealing Character
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Paraphrasing to Make Sure Readers Understand the Work
Writing Topics About the Elements of Drama
21 THE TRAGIC VISION: AFFIRMATION THROUGH LOSS
The Origins of Tragedy
The Ancient Athenian Competitions in Tragedy
The Origin of Tragedy in Brief
Aristotle and the Nature of Tragedy
Aristotle's View of Tragedy in Brief
Irony in Tragedy
The Ancient Athenian Audience and Theater
Ancient Greek Tragic Actors and Their Costumes
Performance and the Formal Organization of Greek Tragedy
PLAYS FOR STUDY
SOPHOCLES Oedipus The King
A woman must choose between her family obligations and loyalty to the state.
Renaissance Drama and Shakespeare's Theater
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
An initial act of evil is like an infestation.
Tragedy from Shakespeare to Arthur Miller
Death of a Salesman: Tragedy, Symbolism, and Broken Dreams
ARTHUR MILLER Death of a Salesman
With all his hopes unfulfilled, Willy Loman still clings to his dreams.
Writing About Tragedy
Illustrative Student Essay: The Problem of Hamlet's Apparent Delay
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Quoting Texts to Illustrate Your Key Point
Writing Topics About Tragedy
22 THE COMIC VISION: RESTORING THE BALANCE
The Origins of Comedy
Comedy from Roman Times to the Renaissance
The Patterns, Characters, and Language of Comedy
Types of Comedy
PLAYS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE A Midsummer Night's Dream
The problems of lovers are resolved through the magic of the natural world, not through custom and law.
ANTON CHEKHOV The Bear, A Joke in One Act
A bachelor and a widow meet and immediately berate each other, but their lives are about to undergo great change.
PAUL DOOLEY and WINNIE HOLZMAN Post-its (Notes on a Marriage) (NEW)
A married couple enjoy a comic but cryptic mode of communication.
EDWIN SANCHEZ Pops ?/i> (NEW)
A young Hispanic man finds sweet, humorous way to memorialize his lost father.
Comedy Since Shakespeare
Writing About Comedy
Illustrative Student Essay: Setting as Symbol and Comic Structure in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Comedy
23 VISIONS OF DRAMATIC REALITY AND NONREALITY: VARYING THE IDEA OF DRAMA AS IMITATION
Realism and Nonrealism in Drama
Elements of Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama
PLAYS FOR STUDY
Langston Hughes Biography
Hughes and the African American Theater After 1920
Hughes's Career as a Dramatist
Mulatto and the Reality of the Southern Black Experience
LANGSTON HUGHES Mulatto
On a Southern plantation in the 1930s, a young man tries to assert his rights, but there are those who will not grant him any rights at all.
EDWARD BOK LEE El Santo Americano (NEW)
A professional wrestler tries to forge a better life for himself and his family.
TENNESSEE WILLIAMS The Glass Menagerie
Tom would like to escape the memory of his home life, in which he finds only confusion and entrapment.
August Wilson Biography
The Background of Fences
AUGUST WILSON Fences
Troy Maxson, who as a young athlete could knock baseballs over fences, has led a life enclosed by other fences.
Writing About Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama
Illustrative Student Essay: Realism and Nonrealism in Tom's Triple Role in The Glass Menagerie
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics About Dramatic Reality and Nonreality
24 HENRIK IBSEN AND THE REALISTIC PROBLEM PLAY: A DOLLHOUSE
Ibsen's Life and Early Work
Ibsen's Major Prose Plays
A Dollhouse: Ibsen's Best-Known Problem Play
Ibsen's Symbolism in A Dollhouse
A Dollhouse as a "Well-Made Play"
The Timeliness and Dramatic Power of A Dollhouse
Bibliographic Studies
HENRIK IBSEN A Dollhouse (Et Dukkehjem)
In their seemingly perfect household, Nora and Torvald discover the severe differences between them.
Edited Selections from Criticism of Ibsen's A Dollhouse and Other Plays
1. Freedom, Truth, and Society-Rhetoric and Reality
2. Ibsen's Feminist Characters
3. A Marxist Approach to A Dollhouse
24A WRITING A RESEARCH ESSAY ON DRAMA
Topics to Discover in Research
Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: "The Ghost in Hamlet"
Commentary on the Essay
Using Sources Effectively: Summarizing Sources Lends Authority to Your Argument
PART V Special Writing Topics About Literature
25 CRITICAL APPROACHES IMPORTANT TO THE STUDY OF LITERATURE
Moral/Intellectual
Topical/Historical
New Critical/Formalist
Structuralist
Feminist Criticism/Gender Studies/Queer Theory
Economic Determinist/Marxist
Psychological/Psychoanalytic
Archetypal/Symbolic/Mythic
Deconstructionist
Reader-Response
26 THREE TYPES OF WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE
1. Comparison-Contrast and Extended Comparison-Contrast
Guidelines for the Comparison-Contrast Method
The Extended Comparison-Contrast Essay
Citing References in a Longer Comparison-Contrast Essay
Writing a Comparison-Contrast Essay
Illustrative Student Essay (Two Works): The Treatment of Responses to War in Amy Lowell's "Patterns" and Wilfred Owen's "Anthem for Doomed Youth"
Commentary on the Essay
Illustrative Student Essay (Extended Comparison-Contrast): Literary Treatments of the Conflicts Between Private and Public Life
Commentary on the Essay
2. Reader-Response: How a Reader's Reactions Lead Toward Interpretation
Important Elements of a Reader-Response Essay
Illustrative Student Essay (Reader-Response): Opposite Personal Responses to W. H. Auden's "Musee des Beaux Arts,"
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics for Reader-Response
3. Argument: The Use of Persuasive Reasoning
Defining an Argument Essay
Important Elements of an Argument Essay
Illustrative Student Essay (Argument): Sammy's Decision to Become an Adult
Commentary on the Essay
Writing Topics for Literary Argument
27 TAKING EXAMINATIONS ON LITERATURE
Answer the Questions That Are Asked
Systematic Preparation
Two Basic Types of Questions About Literature
Appendixes
I. Dramatic Vision on Film: From the Silver Screen to the World of Digital Fantasy
II. MLA Recommendations for Documenting Sources
A Glossary of Important Literary Terms
Credits
Index of Authors. Titles, and First Lines