Literature
An Introduction to Reading and Writing, Backpack Edition
Published on 28. June 2011
Book
Paperback/Softback
1184 pages
978-0-205-74489-3 (ISBN)
Description
The Backpack Edition of Roberts comprehensive anthology gives readers the same thorough coverage of writing about literature in a briefer and affordable format. It Includes complete coverage of writing about each element. Part I, is devoted to Reading, Responding to, and Writing about Literature. There is a thorough overview of the research process, including a full-length model research paper in Appendix I and MLA recommendations for documenting surces in Appendix II.
More details
Persons
Edgar V. Roberts, Emeritus Professor of English at Lehman College of The City University of New York, is a native of Minnesota. He graduated from the Minneapolis public schools in 1946, and received his Doctorate from the University of Minnesota in 1960. He taught English at Minnesota, the University of Maryland Overseas Division, Wayne State University, Hunter College, and Lehman College. From 1979 to 1988, He was Chair of the English Department of Lehman College.
He served in the U.S. Army in 1946 and 1947, seeing duty in Arkansas, the Philippine Islands, and Colorado.
He has published articles about the plays of Henry Fielding, the subject of his Ph.D. dissertation. In 1968 he published a scholarly edition of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera (1728), and in 1969 he published a similar edition of Fielding's The Grub-Street Opera (1731), both with the University of Nebraska Press. He first published Writing About Literature (then named Writing Themes About Literature) in 1964, with Prentice Hall. Since then, this book has undergone eleven separate revisions, for a total of twelve editions. In 1986, with Henry E. Jacobs of the University of Alabama, he published the first edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. After Professor Jacobs's untimely death in the summer of 1986, Professor Roberts continued working on changes and revisions to keep this text up to date. The Ninth Edition was published early in 2009, with Pearson Longman. The Fourth Compact Edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing was published in 2008.
Professor Roberts is an enthusiastic devote of symphonic music and choral singing, having sung in local church choirs for forty years. Recently he has sung (bass) with the New Choral Society of Scarsdale, New York (where he lives), singing in classic works by Handel, Beethoven, Bruckner, Bach, Orff, Britten, Brahms, and others. He is a fan of both the New York Mets and the New York Yankees. When the two teams play in inter-league games, he is uneasy because he dislikes seeing either team lose. He also likes both the Giants and the Jets. He has been an avid jogger ever since the early 1960s, and he enjoys watching national and international track meets.
Professor Roberts encourages queries, comments, and suggestions from students who have been using any of the various books. Use the following email address: edgar.roberts@verizon.net.
Robert Zweig is a tenured, full professor at Manhattan Community College of the City University of New York. He teaches courses in Literature and Writing and for many years was the Intensive Writing Coordinator for the college. He has a doctorate in English Literature from the City University of New York, a Masters from Queens College in creative writing and a bachelor's degree from Queens College in English literature. Dr. Zweig has numerous peer-reviewed publications in journals, encyclopedias and books. In addition, he is currently writing two textbooks for McGraw-Hill on the writing process, due out in 2011, another textbook, Grammar in the Modern World (Pearson) due out in 2011 and is co-author of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, a bestselling introduction to literature textbook by Longman Publishers. His translations of the Italian poet and Nobel Laureate Eugentio Montale appear in this text. Also, Dr. Zweig has lectured extensively throughout the United States and Italy on Victorian Literature, Poetics and contemporary culture. Some of the American universities he has addressed include Notre Dame, New York University, University of California, Harvard, University of Illinois, University of Delaware, Rutgers University and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He has received several scholarships and awards, including a Mellon Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa award for "Outstanding Teaching Skills" as one of the Top Ten Professors at Manhattan Community College.
He served in the U.S. Army in 1946 and 1947, seeing duty in Arkansas, the Philippine Islands, and Colorado.
He has published articles about the plays of Henry Fielding, the subject of his Ph.D. dissertation. In 1968 he published a scholarly edition of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera (1728), and in 1969 he published a similar edition of Fielding's The Grub-Street Opera (1731), both with the University of Nebraska Press. He first published Writing About Literature (then named Writing Themes About Literature) in 1964, with Prentice Hall. Since then, this book has undergone eleven separate revisions, for a total of twelve editions. In 1986, with Henry E. Jacobs of the University of Alabama, he published the first edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. After Professor Jacobs's untimely death in the summer of 1986, Professor Roberts continued working on changes and revisions to keep this text up to date. The Ninth Edition was published early in 2009, with Pearson Longman. The Fourth Compact Edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing was published in 2008.
Professor Roberts is an enthusiastic devote of symphonic music and choral singing, having sung in local church choirs for forty years. Recently he has sung (bass) with the New Choral Society of Scarsdale, New York (where he lives), singing in classic works by Handel, Beethoven, Bruckner, Bach, Orff, Britten, Brahms, and others. He is a fan of both the New York Mets and the New York Yankees. When the two teams play in inter-league games, he is uneasy because he dislikes seeing either team lose. He also likes both the Giants and the Jets. He has been an avid jogger ever since the early 1960s, and he enjoys watching national and international track meets.
Professor Roberts encourages queries, comments, and suggestions from students who have been using any of the various books. Use the following email address: edgar.roberts@verizon.net.
Robert Zweig is a tenured, full professor at Manhattan Community College of the City University of New York. He teaches courses in Literature and Writing and for many years was the Intensive Writing Coordinator for the college. He has a doctorate in English Literature from the City University of New York, a Masters from Queens College in creative writing and a bachelor's degree from Queens College in English literature. Dr. Zweig has numerous peer-reviewed publications in journals, encyclopedias and books. In addition, he is currently writing two textbooks for McGraw-Hill on the writing process, due out in 2011, another textbook, Grammar in the Modern World (Pearson) due out in 2011 and is co-author of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, a bestselling introduction to literature textbook by Longman Publishers. His translations of the Italian poet and Nobel Laureate Eugentio Montale appear in this text. Also, Dr. Zweig has lectured extensively throughout the United States and Italy on Victorian Literature, Poetics and contemporary culture. Some of the American universities he has addressed include Notre Dame, New York University, University of California, Harvard, University of Illinois, University of Delaware, Rutgers University and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He has received several scholarships and awards, including a Mellon Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa award for "Outstanding Teaching Skills" as one of the Top Ten Professors at Manhattan Community College.
Content
Preface
PART I The Process of Reading, Responding to, and Writing About Literature
What Is Literature, and Why Do We Study It?
Types of Literature: The Genres
Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively
Alice Walker Everyday Use
Reading and Responding in a Computer File or Notebook
Sample Notebook Entries on Walker's "Everyday Use"
Major Stages in Thinking and Writing about Literary Topics: Discovering Ideas, Preparing to Write, Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay, and Completing the Essay
Writing Does Not Come Easily-for Anyone
The Goal of Writing: To Show a Process of Thought
Discovering Ideas ("Brainstorming")
Study the Characters in the Work
Determine the Work's Historical Period and Background
Analyze the Work's Economic and Social Conditions
Explain the Work's Major Ideas
Describe the Work's Artistic Qualities
Explain Any Other Approaches That Seem Important
Preparing to Write
Build Ideas from Your Original Notes
Trace Patterns of Action and Thought
The Need for the Actual Physical Process of Writing
Raise and Answer Your Own Questions
Put Ideas Together Using a Plus-Minus, Pro-Con, or Either-Or Method
Originate and Develop Your Thoughts Through Writing
Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay
Base Your Essay on a Central Idea, Argument, or Statement
The Need for a Sound Argument in Essays About Literature
Create a Thesis Sentence as Your Guide to Organization
Begin Each Paragraph with a Topic Sentence
Select Only One Topic-No More-for Each Paragraph
Referring to the Names of Authors
Use Your Topic Sentences as the Arguments for Your Paragraph Development
The Use of Verb Tenses in the Discussion of Literary Works
Develop an Outline as the Means of Organizing Your Essay
Basic Writing Types: Paragraphs and Essays
Paragraph Assignment
Illustrative Student Essay (First Draft): Mrs. Johnson's Overly Self-Assured Daughter, Dee, in Walker's "Everyday Use"
Completing the Essay: Developing and Strengthening Your Essay Through Revision
Make Your Own Arrangement of Details and Ideas
Use Literary Material as Evidence to Support Your Argument
Always Keep to Your Point; Stick to It Tenaciously
Check Your Development and Organization
Try to Be Original
Write with Specific Readers as Your Intended Audience
Use Exact, Comprehensive, and Forceful Language
Illustrative Student Essay (Improved Draft): Mrs. Johnson's Overly Self-Assured Daughter, Dee, in Walker's "Everyday Use"
Commentary on the Essay
A Summary of Guidelines
A Short Guide to the Use of References and Quotations in Essays About Literature
Integrate Passages and Ideas into Your Essay
Distinguish Your Thoughts from Those of Your Author
Integrate Material by Using Quotation Marks
Blend Quotations into Your Own Sentences
Indent Long Quotations and Set Them in Block Format
PART II Reading and Writing About Fiction
1 Fiction: An Overview
Modern Fiction
The Short Story
Elements of Fiction I: Verisimilitude and Donnee
Elements of Fiction II: Character, Plot, Structure, and Idea or Theme
Elements of Fiction III: The Writer's Tools
Stories for Study
SANDRA CISNEROS 'Mericans
WILLIAM FAULKNER A Rose for Emily
LUIGI PIRANDELLO War
Plot: The Motivation and Causality of Fiction
Writing About the Plot of a Story
Illustrative Student Essay: Plot in William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily"
Writing Topics About Plot in Fiction
2 Point of View: The Position or Stance of the Work's Narrator or Speaker
An Exercise in Point of View: Reporting an Accident
Conditions That Affect Point of View
Point of View and Opinions
Determining a Work's Point of View
Mingling Points of View
Point of View and Verb Tense
Summary: Guidelines for Points of View
Stories for Study
SHERMAN ALEXIE This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona
SHIRLEY JACKSON The Lottery
LORRIE MOORE How to Become a Writer
Writing About Point of View
Illustrative Student Essay: Shirley Jackson's Dramatic Point of View in "The Lottery"
Writing Topics About Point of View
3 Characters: The People in Fiction
Character Traits
How Authors Disclose Character in Literature
Types of Characters: Round and Flat
Reality and Probability: Verisimilitude
Stories for Study
T. C. BOYLEGreasy Lake
SUSAN GLASPELL A Jury of Her Peers
KATHERINE MANSFIELD Miss Brill
AMY TAN Two Kinds
Writing About Character
Writing Topics About Character
4 Setting: The Background of Place, Objects, and Culture in Stories
What Is Setting?
The Literary Uses of Setting
Stories for Study
JAMES JOYCE Araby
CYNTHIA OZICK The Shawl
EDGAR A. POE The Cask of Amontillado
Writing Topics About Setting
5 Structure: The Organization of Stories
Formal Categories of Structure
Formal and Actual Structure
Stories for Study
RALPH ELLISON Battle Royal
HA JIN Saboteur
EUDORA WELTY A Worn Path
TOM WHITECLOUD Blue Winds Dancing
Writing Topics About Structure
6 Tone and Style: The Words That Convey Attitudes in Fiction
Diction: The Writer's Choice and Control of Words
Tone, Irony, and Style
Tone, Humor, and Style
Stories For Study
KATE CHOPIN The Story of an Hour
ERNEST HEMINGWAY Hills Like White Elephants
FRANK O'CONNOR First Confession
JOHN UPDIKE A & P
Writing Topics About Tone and Style
7 Symbolism and Allegory: Keys to Extended Meaning
Symbolism
Allegory
Fable, Parable, and Myth
Allusion in Symbolism and Allegory
Stories For Study
AESOP The Fox and the Grapes
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE Young Goodman Brown
LUKE The Parable of the Prodigal Son
GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
KATHERINE ANNE PORTER The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
Writing About Symbolism
Illustrative Student Essay (Symbolism): Symbols of Light and Darkness in Porter's "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall"
Writing Topics About Symbolism
8 Idea or Theme: The Meaning and the Message in Fiction
Ideas and Assertions
Ideas and Issues
Ideas and Values
The Place of Ideas in Literature
How to Find Ideas
Stories for Study
TONI CADE BAMBARA The Lesson
D. H. LAWRENCE The Horse Dealer's Daughter
AMeRICO PAREDES The Hammon and the Beans
Writing About a Major Idea in Fiction
Illustrative Student Essay: D. H. Lawrence's "The Horse Dealer's Daughter" as an Expression of the Idea that Loving Commitment is Essential in Life
Writing Topics About Ideas
9 Four Stories for Additional Enjoyment and Study
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN The Yellow Wallpaper
JOYCE CAROL OATES Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
FLANNERY O'CONNOR A Good Man Is Hard to Find
TOBIAS WOOLF Powder
PART III Reading and Writing About Poetry
10 Meeting Poetry: An Overview
The Nature of Poetry
BILLY COLLINS Schoolsville
LISEL MUELLER Hope
ROBERT HERRICK Here a Pretty Baby Lies Poetry of the English Language
How to Read a Poem
Studying Poetry
Anonymous Sir Patrick Spens
GWENDOLYN BROOKS The Mother
WILLIAM COWPER The Poplar Field
THOMAS HARDY The Man He Killed
JOY HARJO Eagle Poem
RANDALL JARRELL The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
DORRIANE LAUX The Life of Trees
EMMA LAZARUS The New Colossus
EUGENIO MONTALEEnglish Horn
JIM NORTHRUP Ogichidag
NAOMI SHIHAB NYE Where Children Live
OCTAVIO PAZ Two Bodies
PHIL RIZZUTO They Own the Wind
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 55: Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments
ELAINE TERRANOVA Rush Hour
Writing a Paraphrase of a Poem
Illustrative Student Paraphrase: A Paraphrase of Thomas Hardy's "The Man He Killed"
Writing an Explication of a Poem
Illustrative Student Essay: An Explication of Thomas Hardy's " Man He Killed"
Writing Topics About the Nature of Poetry
11 Words: The Building Blocks of Poetry
Choice of Diction: Specific and Concrete, General and Abstract
Levels of Diction
Special Types of Diction
Syntax
Decorum: The Matching of Subject and Word
Denotation and Connotation
Robert Graves The Naked and the Nude
Poems for Study
WILLIAM BLAKE The Lamb
ROBERT BURNS Green Grow the Rashes
LEWIS CARROLL Jabberwocky
E. E. CUMMINGS next to of course god america i
JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 14: Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God
RICHARD EBERHART The Fury of Aerial Bombardment
BART EDELMAN Chemistry Experiment
THOMAS GRAY Sonnet on the Death of Richard West
A. E. HOUSMAN Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now
DENISE LEVERTOV Of Being
JUDITH ORTIZ [COFER] Latin Women Pray
EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON Richard Cory
KAY RYAN Crib
WALLACE STEVENS Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock
MARK STRAND Eating Poetry
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)
JAMES WRIGHT A Blessing
Writing Topics About the Words of Poetry
12 Imagery: The Poem's Link to the Senses
Responses and the Writer's Use of Detail
The Relationship of Imagery to Ideas and Attitudes
Types of Imagery
JOHN MASEFIELD Cargoes
WILFRED OWEN Anthem for Doomed Youth
ELIZABETH BISHOP The Fish
POEMS FOR STUDY
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese, Number 14: If Thou Must Love Me
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE Kubla Khan
T. S. ELIOT Preludes
LOUISE ERDRICH Indian Boarding School : The Runaways
SUSAN GRIFFIN Love Should Grow Up Like a Wild Iris in the Fields
THOMAS HARDY Channel Firing
GEORGE HERBERT The Pulley
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Spring
DENISE LEVERTOV A Time Past
EUGENIO MONTALE Buffalo (Buffalo)
PABLO NERUDA Every Day You Play
OCTAVIO PAZ The Street
EZRA POUND In a Station of the Metro
MIKLOS RADNOTI Forced March
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 13: My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun
Writing About Imagery
Illustrative Student Essay: Imagery in T. S. Eliot's "Preludes"
Writing Topics About Imagery in Poetry
13 Figures of Speech, or Metaphorical Language: A Source of Depth and Range in Poetry
Metaphors and Similes: The Major Figures of Speech
Characteristics of Metaphorical Language
JOHN KEATS On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
Vehicle and Tenor
Other Figures of Speech JOHN KEATS Bright Star
JOHN GAY Let Us Take the Road
POEMS FOR STUDY
JACK AGUEEROS Sonnet for You, Familiar Famine
WILLIAM BLAKE The Tyger
ROBERT BURNS A Red, Red Rose
JOHN DONNE A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
ABBIE HUSTON EVANS The Iceberg Seven-Eighths Under
JOY HARJO Remember
JOHN KEATS To Autumn
HENRY KING Sic Vita
ROBERT LOWELL Skunk Hour
PABLO NERUDA If You Forget Me
MARGE PIERCY A Work of Artifice
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 3: When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought
WALT WHITMAN Facing West from California's Shores
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH London, 1820
SIR THOMAS WYATT I Find No Peace
Writing About Figures of Speech
Illustrative Student Paragraph: Wordsworth's Use of Overstatement in "London, 1820"
Writing Topics About Figures of Speech in Poetry
14 Tone: The Creation of Attitude in Poetry
Tone, Choice, and Response
CORNELIUS WHUR The First-Rate Wife
Tone and the Need for Control
WILFRED OWEN Dulce et Decorum Est
Tone and Common Grounds of Assent
Tone in Conversation and Poetry
Tone and Irony
THOMAS HARDY The Workbox
Tone and Satire ALEXANDER POPE Epigram from the French
ALEXANDER POPE Epigram, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to His Royal Highness
POEMS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM BLAKE On Another's Sorrow
ROBERT BROWNING My Last Duchess
JIMMY CARTER I Wanted to Share My Father's World
BILLY COLLINS The Names
E. E. CUMMINGS she being Brand /-new
MARTIN ESPADA Bully
MARI EVANS I Am a Black Woman
SEAMUS HEANEY Mid-Term Break
DAVID IGNATOW The Bagel
YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Facing It
ABRAHAM LINCOLN My Childhood's Home
PAT MORA La Migra
SHARON OLDS The Planned Child
ALEXANDER POPEfrom Epilogue to the Satires Dialogue I
ANNE RIDLER Nothing Is Lost
THEODORE ROETHKE My Papa's Waltz
CATHY SONG Lost Sister
JONATHAN SWIFT A Description of the Morning
DAVID WAGONER My Physics Teacher
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH The Solitary Reaper
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS When You Are Old
Writing Topics About Tone in Poetry
15 Form: The Shape of Poems
Closed-Form Poetry
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Fragment from The Prelude
ALEXANDER POPE Fragment from The Rape of the Locke
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON The Eagle
JOHN MILTON Fragment from Lycidas
ANONYMOUS Spun in High, Dark Clouds
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 116: Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds
Open-Form Poetry WALT WHITMAN Reconciliation
E. E. CUMMINGS Buffalo Bill's Defunct
GEORGE HERBERT Colossians 3:3 (Our Life is Hid With Christ in God)
GEORGE HERBERT Easter Wings
CHARLES HARPER WEBB The Shape of History
JOHN HOLLANDER Swan and Shadow
WILLIAM HEYEN Mantle
MAY SWENSON Women
ROBERT HASS Museum
POEMS FOR STUDY
ELIZABETH BISHOP One Art
BILLY COLLINS Sonnet
ROBERT FROST Desert Places
GEORGE HERBERT Virtue
JOHN HALL INGHAM George Washington
JOHN KEATS Ode to a Nightingale
YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Grenade
CLAUDE McKAY In Bondage
HERMAN MELVILLE Shiloh
DUDLEY RANDALL Ballad of Birmingham
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 73
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY Ozymandias
DYLAN THOMAS Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Dance
Writing Topics About Poetic Form
16. Symbolism and Allusion: Windows to Wide Expanses of Meaning
Symbolism and Meanings
VIRGINIA SCOTT Snow
The Function of Symbolism in Poetry
Allusions and Meaning
Studying for Symbols and Allusions
POEMS FOR STUDY
PETER DAVISON Delphi
STEPHEN DUNN Hawk
RALPH WALDO EMERSON Concord Hymn
PART I The Process of Reading, Responding to, and Writing About Literature
What Is Literature, and Why Do We Study It?
Types of Literature: The Genres
Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively
Alice Walker Everyday Use
Reading and Responding in a Computer File or Notebook
Sample Notebook Entries on Walker's "Everyday Use"
Major Stages in Thinking and Writing about Literary Topics: Discovering Ideas, Preparing to Write, Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay, and Completing the Essay
Writing Does Not Come Easily-for Anyone
The Goal of Writing: To Show a Process of Thought
Discovering Ideas ("Brainstorming")
Study the Characters in the Work
Determine the Work's Historical Period and Background
Analyze the Work's Economic and Social Conditions
Explain the Work's Major Ideas
Describe the Work's Artistic Qualities
Explain Any Other Approaches That Seem Important
Preparing to Write
Build Ideas from Your Original Notes
Trace Patterns of Action and Thought
The Need for the Actual Physical Process of Writing
Raise and Answer Your Own Questions
Put Ideas Together Using a Plus-Minus, Pro-Con, or Either-Or Method
Originate and Develop Your Thoughts Through Writing
Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay
Base Your Essay on a Central Idea, Argument, or Statement
The Need for a Sound Argument in Essays About Literature
Create a Thesis Sentence as Your Guide to Organization
Begin Each Paragraph with a Topic Sentence
Select Only One Topic-No More-for Each Paragraph
Referring to the Names of Authors
Use Your Topic Sentences as the Arguments for Your Paragraph Development
The Use of Verb Tenses in the Discussion of Literary Works
Develop an Outline as the Means of Organizing Your Essay
Basic Writing Types: Paragraphs and Essays
Paragraph Assignment
Illustrative Student Essay (First Draft): Mrs. Johnson's Overly Self-Assured Daughter, Dee, in Walker's "Everyday Use"
Completing the Essay: Developing and Strengthening Your Essay Through Revision
Make Your Own Arrangement of Details and Ideas
Use Literary Material as Evidence to Support Your Argument
Always Keep to Your Point; Stick to It Tenaciously
Check Your Development and Organization
Try to Be Original
Write with Specific Readers as Your Intended Audience
Use Exact, Comprehensive, and Forceful Language
Illustrative Student Essay (Improved Draft): Mrs. Johnson's Overly Self-Assured Daughter, Dee, in Walker's "Everyday Use"
Commentary on the Essay
A Summary of Guidelines
A Short Guide to the Use of References and Quotations in Essays About Literature
Integrate Passages and Ideas into Your Essay
Distinguish Your Thoughts from Those of Your Author
Integrate Material by Using Quotation Marks
Blend Quotations into Your Own Sentences
Indent Long Quotations and Set Them in Block Format
PART II Reading and Writing About Fiction
1 Fiction: An Overview
Modern Fiction
The Short Story
Elements of Fiction I: Verisimilitude and Donnee
Elements of Fiction II: Character, Plot, Structure, and Idea or Theme
Elements of Fiction III: The Writer's Tools
Stories for Study
SANDRA CISNEROS 'Mericans
WILLIAM FAULKNER A Rose for Emily
LUIGI PIRANDELLO War
Plot: The Motivation and Causality of Fiction
Writing About the Plot of a Story
Illustrative Student Essay: Plot in William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily"
Writing Topics About Plot in Fiction
2 Point of View: The Position or Stance of the Work's Narrator or Speaker
An Exercise in Point of View: Reporting an Accident
Conditions That Affect Point of View
Point of View and Opinions
Determining a Work's Point of View
Mingling Points of View
Point of View and Verb Tense
Summary: Guidelines for Points of View
Stories for Study
SHERMAN ALEXIE This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona
SHIRLEY JACKSON The Lottery
LORRIE MOORE How to Become a Writer
Writing About Point of View
Illustrative Student Essay: Shirley Jackson's Dramatic Point of View in "The Lottery"
Writing Topics About Point of View
3 Characters: The People in Fiction
Character Traits
How Authors Disclose Character in Literature
Types of Characters: Round and Flat
Reality and Probability: Verisimilitude
Stories for Study
T. C. BOYLEGreasy Lake
SUSAN GLASPELL A Jury of Her Peers
KATHERINE MANSFIELD Miss Brill
AMY TAN Two Kinds
Writing About Character
Writing Topics About Character
4 Setting: The Background of Place, Objects, and Culture in Stories
What Is Setting?
The Literary Uses of Setting
Stories for Study
JAMES JOYCE Araby
CYNTHIA OZICK The Shawl
EDGAR A. POE The Cask of Amontillado
Writing Topics About Setting
5 Structure: The Organization of Stories
Formal Categories of Structure
Formal and Actual Structure
Stories for Study
RALPH ELLISON Battle Royal
HA JIN Saboteur
EUDORA WELTY A Worn Path
TOM WHITECLOUD Blue Winds Dancing
Writing Topics About Structure
6 Tone and Style: The Words That Convey Attitudes in Fiction
Diction: The Writer's Choice and Control of Words
Tone, Irony, and Style
Tone, Humor, and Style
Stories For Study
KATE CHOPIN The Story of an Hour
ERNEST HEMINGWAY Hills Like White Elephants
FRANK O'CONNOR First Confession
JOHN UPDIKE A & P
Writing Topics About Tone and Style
7 Symbolism and Allegory: Keys to Extended Meaning
Symbolism
Allegory
Fable, Parable, and Myth
Allusion in Symbolism and Allegory
Stories For Study
AESOP The Fox and the Grapes
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE Young Goodman Brown
LUKE The Parable of the Prodigal Son
GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
KATHERINE ANNE PORTER The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
Writing About Symbolism
Illustrative Student Essay (Symbolism): Symbols of Light and Darkness in Porter's "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall"
Writing Topics About Symbolism
8 Idea or Theme: The Meaning and the Message in Fiction
Ideas and Assertions
Ideas and Issues
Ideas and Values
The Place of Ideas in Literature
How to Find Ideas
Stories for Study
TONI CADE BAMBARA The Lesson
D. H. LAWRENCE The Horse Dealer's Daughter
AMeRICO PAREDES The Hammon and the Beans
Writing About a Major Idea in Fiction
Illustrative Student Essay: D. H. Lawrence's "The Horse Dealer's Daughter" as an Expression of the Idea that Loving Commitment is Essential in Life
Writing Topics About Ideas
9 Four Stories for Additional Enjoyment and Study
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN The Yellow Wallpaper
JOYCE CAROL OATES Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
FLANNERY O'CONNOR A Good Man Is Hard to Find
TOBIAS WOOLF Powder
PART III Reading and Writing About Poetry
10 Meeting Poetry: An Overview
The Nature of Poetry
BILLY COLLINS Schoolsville
LISEL MUELLER Hope
ROBERT HERRICK Here a Pretty Baby Lies Poetry of the English Language
How to Read a Poem
Studying Poetry
Anonymous Sir Patrick Spens
GWENDOLYN BROOKS The Mother
WILLIAM COWPER The Poplar Field
THOMAS HARDY The Man He Killed
JOY HARJO Eagle Poem
RANDALL JARRELL The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
DORRIANE LAUX The Life of Trees
EMMA LAZARUS The New Colossus
EUGENIO MONTALEEnglish Horn
JIM NORTHRUP Ogichidag
NAOMI SHIHAB NYE Where Children Live
OCTAVIO PAZ Two Bodies
PHIL RIZZUTO They Own the Wind
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 55: Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments
ELAINE TERRANOVA Rush Hour
Writing a Paraphrase of a Poem
Illustrative Student Paraphrase: A Paraphrase of Thomas Hardy's "The Man He Killed"
Writing an Explication of a Poem
Illustrative Student Essay: An Explication of Thomas Hardy's " Man He Killed"
Writing Topics About the Nature of Poetry
11 Words: The Building Blocks of Poetry
Choice of Diction: Specific and Concrete, General and Abstract
Levels of Diction
Special Types of Diction
Syntax
Decorum: The Matching of Subject and Word
Denotation and Connotation
Robert Graves The Naked and the Nude
Poems for Study
WILLIAM BLAKE The Lamb
ROBERT BURNS Green Grow the Rashes
LEWIS CARROLL Jabberwocky
E. E. CUMMINGS next to of course god america i
JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 14: Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God
RICHARD EBERHART The Fury of Aerial Bombardment
BART EDELMAN Chemistry Experiment
THOMAS GRAY Sonnet on the Death of Richard West
A. E. HOUSMAN Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now
DENISE LEVERTOV Of Being
JUDITH ORTIZ [COFER] Latin Women Pray
EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON Richard Cory
KAY RYAN Crib
WALLACE STEVENS Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock
MARK STRAND Eating Poetry
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)
JAMES WRIGHT A Blessing
Writing Topics About the Words of Poetry
12 Imagery: The Poem's Link to the Senses
Responses and the Writer's Use of Detail
The Relationship of Imagery to Ideas and Attitudes
Types of Imagery
JOHN MASEFIELD Cargoes
WILFRED OWEN Anthem for Doomed Youth
ELIZABETH BISHOP The Fish
POEMS FOR STUDY
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese, Number 14: If Thou Must Love Me
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE Kubla Khan
T. S. ELIOT Preludes
LOUISE ERDRICH Indian Boarding School : The Runaways
SUSAN GRIFFIN Love Should Grow Up Like a Wild Iris in the Fields
THOMAS HARDY Channel Firing
GEORGE HERBERT The Pulley
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Spring
DENISE LEVERTOV A Time Past
EUGENIO MONTALE Buffalo (Buffalo)
PABLO NERUDA Every Day You Play
OCTAVIO PAZ The Street
EZRA POUND In a Station of the Metro
MIKLOS RADNOTI Forced March
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 13: My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun
Writing About Imagery
Illustrative Student Essay: Imagery in T. S. Eliot's "Preludes"
Writing Topics About Imagery in Poetry
13 Figures of Speech, or Metaphorical Language: A Source of Depth and Range in Poetry
Metaphors and Similes: The Major Figures of Speech
Characteristics of Metaphorical Language
JOHN KEATS On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
Vehicle and Tenor
Other Figures of Speech JOHN KEATS Bright Star
JOHN GAY Let Us Take the Road
POEMS FOR STUDY
JACK AGUEEROS Sonnet for You, Familiar Famine
WILLIAM BLAKE The Tyger
ROBERT BURNS A Red, Red Rose
JOHN DONNE A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
ABBIE HUSTON EVANS The Iceberg Seven-Eighths Under
JOY HARJO Remember
JOHN KEATS To Autumn
HENRY KING Sic Vita
ROBERT LOWELL Skunk Hour
PABLO NERUDA If You Forget Me
MARGE PIERCY A Work of Artifice
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 3: When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought
WALT WHITMAN Facing West from California's Shores
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH London, 1820
SIR THOMAS WYATT I Find No Peace
Writing About Figures of Speech
Illustrative Student Paragraph: Wordsworth's Use of Overstatement in "London, 1820"
Writing Topics About Figures of Speech in Poetry
14 Tone: The Creation of Attitude in Poetry
Tone, Choice, and Response
CORNELIUS WHUR The First-Rate Wife
Tone and the Need for Control
WILFRED OWEN Dulce et Decorum Est
Tone and Common Grounds of Assent
Tone in Conversation and Poetry
Tone and Irony
THOMAS HARDY The Workbox
Tone and Satire ALEXANDER POPE Epigram from the French
ALEXANDER POPE Epigram, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to His Royal Highness
POEMS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM BLAKE On Another's Sorrow
ROBERT BROWNING My Last Duchess
JIMMY CARTER I Wanted to Share My Father's World
BILLY COLLINS The Names
E. E. CUMMINGS she being Brand /-new
MARTIN ESPADA Bully
MARI EVANS I Am a Black Woman
SEAMUS HEANEY Mid-Term Break
DAVID IGNATOW The Bagel
YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Facing It
ABRAHAM LINCOLN My Childhood's Home
PAT MORA La Migra
SHARON OLDS The Planned Child
ALEXANDER POPEfrom Epilogue to the Satires Dialogue I
ANNE RIDLER Nothing Is Lost
THEODORE ROETHKE My Papa's Waltz
CATHY SONG Lost Sister
JONATHAN SWIFT A Description of the Morning
DAVID WAGONER My Physics Teacher
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH The Solitary Reaper
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS When You Are Old
Writing Topics About Tone in Poetry
15 Form: The Shape of Poems
Closed-Form Poetry
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Fragment from The Prelude
ALEXANDER POPE Fragment from The Rape of the Locke
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON The Eagle
JOHN MILTON Fragment from Lycidas
ANONYMOUS Spun in High, Dark Clouds
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 116: Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds
Open-Form Poetry WALT WHITMAN Reconciliation
E. E. CUMMINGS Buffalo Bill's Defunct
GEORGE HERBERT Colossians 3:3 (Our Life is Hid With Christ in God)
GEORGE HERBERT Easter Wings
CHARLES HARPER WEBB The Shape of History
JOHN HOLLANDER Swan and Shadow
WILLIAM HEYEN Mantle
MAY SWENSON Women
ROBERT HASS Museum
POEMS FOR STUDY
ELIZABETH BISHOP One Art
BILLY COLLINS Sonnet
ROBERT FROST Desert Places
GEORGE HERBERT Virtue
JOHN HALL INGHAM George Washington
JOHN KEATS Ode to a Nightingale
YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Grenade
CLAUDE McKAY In Bondage
HERMAN MELVILLE Shiloh
DUDLEY RANDALL Ballad of Birmingham
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 73
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY Ozymandias
DYLAN THOMAS Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Dance
Writing Topics About Poetic Form
16. Symbolism and Allusion: Windows to Wide Expanses of Meaning
Symbolism and Meanings
VIRGINIA SCOTT Snow
The Function of Symbolism in Poetry
Allusions and Meaning
Studying for Symbols and Allusions
POEMS FOR STUDY
PETER DAVISON Delphi
STEPHEN DUNN Hawk
RALPH WALDO EMERSON Concord Hymn