Literature
An Introduction to Reading and Writing
9th Edition
Published on 28. November 2008
Book
Hardback
2080 pages
978-0-13-604099-6 (ISBN)
Description
This anthology focuses on writing about literature which is integrated in every chapter. Each element (i.e. character, setting, tone) is covered by a sample student essay and commentary on the essay. 32 MLA -Format Demonstrative student essays serve as models for good student writing. Three NEW chapters on research-one each for fiction, poetry and drama-feature full MLA-style research papers annotated to point out research information specific to each genre. NEW-MLA document maps: These visual representations help students locate key information on frequently-cited sources such as books and websites. NEW "visualizing" sections on fiction, poetry and drama each feature a section devoted to images that represent key literary principles or visual-based media within the genre. Color insert-This insert features works of art and connects them to various pieces of literature throughout the book. These images help reinforce the themes found in the literature. Fifty short illustrative writing examples embody the strategies and methods described in the various chapters and appendices.
More details
Edition
9th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
College/higher education
Dimensions
Height: 235 mm
Width: 162 mm
Weight
1957 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-13-604099-6 (9780136040996)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
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Edgar V. Roberts | Robert Zweig
Literature
An Introduction to Reading and Writing with NEW MyLiteratureLab -- Access Card Package
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Persons
Edgar V. Roberts, Emeritus Professor of English at Lehman College of The City University of New York, is a native of Minnesota. He graduated from the Minneapolis public schools in 1946, and received his Doctorate from the University of Minnesota in 1960. He taught English at Minnesota, the University of Maryland Overseas Division, Wayne State University, Hunter College, and Lehman College. From 1979 to 1988, He was Chair of the English Department of Lehman College.
He served in the U.S. Army in 1946 and 1947, seeing duty in Arkansas, the Philippine Islands, and Colorado.
He has published articles about the plays of Henry Fielding, the subject of his Ph.D. dissertation. In 1968 he published a scholarly edition of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera (1728), and in 1969 he published a similar edition of Fielding's The Grub-Street Opera (1731), both with the University of Nebraska Press. He first published Writing About Literature (then named Writing Themes About Literature) in 1964, with Prentice Hall. Since then, this book has undergone eleven separate revisions, for a total of twelve editions. In 1986, with Henry E. Jacobs of the University of Alabama, he published the first edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. After Professor Jacobs's untimely death in the summer of 1986, Professor Roberts continued working on changes and revisions to keep this text up to date. The Ninth Edition was published early in 2009, with Pearson Longman. The Fourth Compact Edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing was published in 2008.
Professor Roberts is an enthusiastic devote of symphonic music and choral singing, having sung in local church choirs for forty years. Recently he has sung (bass) with the New Choral Society of Scarsdale, New York (where he lives), singing in classic works by Handel, Beethoven, Bruckner, Bach, Orff, Britten, Brahms, and others. He is a fan of both the New York Mets and the New York Yankees. When the two teams play in inter-league games, he is uneasy because he dislikes seeing either team lose. He also likes both the Giants and the Jets. He has been an avid jogger ever since the early 1960s, and he enjoys watching national and international track meets.
Professor Roberts encourages queries, comments, and suggestions from students who have been using any of the various books. Use the following email address: .
He served in the U.S. Army in 1946 and 1947, seeing duty in Arkansas, the Philippine Islands, and Colorado.
He has published articles about the plays of Henry Fielding, the subject of his Ph.D. dissertation. In 1968 he published a scholarly edition of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera (1728), and in 1969 he published a similar edition of Fielding's The Grub-Street Opera (1731), both with the University of Nebraska Press. He first published Writing About Literature (then named Writing Themes About Literature) in 1964, with Prentice Hall. Since then, this book has undergone eleven separate revisions, for a total of twelve editions. In 1986, with Henry E. Jacobs of the University of Alabama, he published the first edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. After Professor Jacobs's untimely death in the summer of 1986, Professor Roberts continued working on changes and revisions to keep this text up to date. The Ninth Edition was published early in 2009, with Pearson Longman. The Fourth Compact Edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing was published in 2008.
Professor Roberts is an enthusiastic devote of symphonic music and choral singing, having sung in local church choirs for forty years. Recently he has sung (bass) with the New Choral Society of Scarsdale, New York (where he lives), singing in classic works by Handel, Beethoven, Bruckner, Bach, Orff, Britten, Brahms, and others. He is a fan of both the New York Mets and the New York Yankees. When the two teams play in inter-league games, he is uneasy because he dislikes seeing either team lose. He also likes both the Giants and the Jets. He has been an avid jogger ever since the early 1960s, and he enjoys watching national and international track meets.
Professor Roberts encourages queries, comments, and suggestions from students who have been using any of the various books. Use the following email address: .
Content
Topical and Thematic Contents
Preface
PART I
The Process of Reading, Responding
to, and Writing About Literature
WHAT IS LITERATURE, AND WHY DO WE STUDY IT?
Types of Literature: The Genres
Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively
GUY DE MAUPASSANT The Necklace
To go to a ball, Mathilde Loisel borrows a necklace from a rich friend, but her rhapsodic evening has unforeseen consequences
Reading and Responding in a Computer File or Notebook
Sample Notebook Entries on Maupassant's "The Necklace"
MAJOR STAGES IN THINKING AND WRITING ABOUT LITERARY TOPICS: DISCOVERING IDEAS, PREPARING TO
WRITE, MAKING AN INITIAL DRAFT OF YOUR ESSAY, AND COMPLETING THE ESSAY
Writing Does Not Come Easily-for Anyone
The Goal of Writing: To Show a Process of Thought
Discovering Ideas ("Brainstorming")
Study the Characters in the Work
Determine the Work's Historical Period and Background
Analyze the Work's Economic and Social Conditions
Explain the Work's Major Ideas
Describe the Work's Artistic Qualities
Explain Any Other Approaches that Seem Important
Preparing to Write
Build Ideas from Your Original Notes
Trace Patterns of Action and Thought
The Need for the Actual Physical Process of Writing
Raise and Answer Your Own Questions
Put Ideas Together Using a Plus-Minus, Pro-Con, or Either-Or Method
Originate and Develop Your Thoughts Through Writing
Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay
Base Your Essay on a Central Idea, Argument, or Statement
The Need for a Sound Argument in Essays About Literature
Create a Thesis Sentence as Your Guide to Organization
Begin Each Paragraph with a Topic Sentence
Select Only One Topic-No More-for Each Paragraph
Referring to the Names of Authors
Use Your Topic Sentences as the Arguments for Your Paragraph Development
The Use of Verb Tenses in the Discussion of Literary Works
Develop an Outline as the Means of Organizing Your Essay
Illustrative Student Essay (First Draft): How Setting in "The Necklace" Is Related to the Character of Mathilde
Completing the Essay: Developing and Strengthening Your Essay Through Revision
Make Your Own Arrangement of Details and Ideas
Use Literary Material as Evidence to Support Your Argument
Always Keep to Your Point; Stick to It Tenaciously
Check Your Development and Organization
Try to Be Original
Write with Specific Readers as Your Intended Audience
Use Exact, Comprehensive, and Forceful Language
Illustrative Student Essay (Improved Draft): How Maupassant Uses Setting in "The Necklace"to Show the Character of
Mathilde
Commentary on the Essay
Essay Commentaries
A Summary of Guidelines
Writing Topics About the Writing Process
A SHORT GUIDE TO THE USE OF REFERENCES AND QUOTATIONS IN ESSAYS ABOUT LITERATURE
Integrate Passages and Ideas into Your Essay
Distinguish Your Thoughts from Those of Your Author
Integrate Material by Using Quotation Marks
Blend Quotations into Your Own Sentences
Indent Long Quotations and Set Them in Block Format
Use an Ellipsis to Show Omissions
Use Square Brackets to Enclose Words that You Add Within Quotations
Be Careful Not to Overquote
Preserve the Spellings in Your Source
PART II
Reading and Writing About Fiction
1 FICTION: AN OVERVIEW
Modern Fiction
The Short Story
Elements of Fiction I: Verisimilitude and Donnee
Elements of Fiction II: Character, Plot, Structure, and Idea or Theme
Elements of Fiction III: The Writer's Tools
Visualizing Fiction: Cartoons, Graphic Narratives, Graphic Novels
Dan Piraro, Bizarro
Art Spiegelman, from Maus
STORIES FOR STUDY
AMBROSE BIERCE An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
EDWIDGE DANTICAT Night Talkers
WILLIAM FAULKNER A Rose for Emily
TIM O'BRIEN The Things They Carried
LUIGI PIRANDELLO War
ALICE WALKER Everyday Use
EUDORA WELTY A Worn Path
Plot: The Motivation and Causality of Fiction
Writing About the Plot of a Story
Illustrative Student Essay: The Plot of Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path"
Writing Topics About Plot in Fiction
2 POINT OF VIEW: THE POSITION OR STANCE OF THEWORK'S NARRATOR OR SPEAKER
An Exercise in Point of View: Reporting an Accident
Conditions That Affect Point of View
Point of View and Opinions
Determining a Work's Point of View
Mingling Points of View
Point of View and Verb Tense
Summary: Guidelines for Points of View
STORIES FOR STUDY
RAYMOND CARVER Neighbors
SHIRLEY JACKSON The Lottery
LORRIE MOORE How to Become a Writer
JOYCE CAROL OATES The Cousins
Writing About Point of View
Illustrative Student Essay: Shirley Jackson's Dramatic Point of View in "The Lottery"
Writing Topics About Point of View
3 CHARACTERS: THE PEOPLE IN FICTION
Character Traits
How Authors Disclose Character in Literature
Types of Characters: Round and Flat
Reality and Probability: Verisimilitude
STORIES FOR STUDY
RAYMOND CARVER Cathedral
SUSAN GLASPELL A Jury of Her Peers
KATHERINE MANSFIELD Miss Brill
AMY TAN Two Kinds
MARK TWAIN Luck
Writing About Character
Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of Minnie Wright in Glaspell's "A Jury of Her Peers"
Writing Topics About Character
4 SETTING: THE BACKGROUND OF PLACE, OBJECTS, AND CULTURE IN STORIES
What Is Setting?
The Literary Uses of Setting
STORIES FOR STUDY
SANDRA CISNEROS The House on Mango Street
JOSEPH CONRAD The Secret Sharer
JOANNE GREENBERG And Sarah Laughed
JAMES JOYCE Araby
CYNTHIA OZICK The Shawl
Writing About Setting
Illustrative Student Essay The Setting of Conrad's "The Secret Sharer"
Writing Topics About Setting
5 STRUCTURE: THE ORGANIZATION OF STORIES
Formal Categories of Structure
Formal and Actual Structure
STORIES FOR STUDY
RALPH ELLISON Battle Royal
THOMAS HARDY The Three Strangers
JAMAICA KINCAID What I Have Been Doing Lately
JOYCE CAROL OATES Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
TOM WHITECLOUD Blue Winds Dancing
Writing About Structure in a Story
Illustrative Student Essay: Conflict and Suspense in Hardy's "The Three Strangers"
Writing Topics About Structure
6 TONE AND STYLE: THEWORDS THAT CONVEY ATTITUDES IN FICTION
Diction: The Writer's Choice and Control of Words
Tone, Irony, and Style
Tone, Humor, and Style
STORIES FOR STUDY
KATE CHOPIN The Story of an Hour
WILLIAM FAULKNER Barn Burning
ERNEST HEMINGWAY Hills Like White Elephants
ALICE MUNRO The Found Boat
FRANK O'CONNOR First Confession
DANIEL OROZCO Orientation
JOHN UPDIKE A & P
Writing About Tone and Style
Illustrative Student Essay: Frank O'Connor's Control of Tone and Style in "First Confession"
Writing Topics About Tone and Style
7 SYMBOLISM AND ALLEGORY: KEYS TO EXTENDED MEANING
Symbolism
Allegory
Fable, Parable, and Myth
Allusion in Symbolism and Allegory
STORIES FOR STUDY
AESOP The Fox and the Grapes
ANONYMOUS The Myth of Atalanta
ANITA SCOTT COLEMAN Unfinished Masterpieces
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE Young Goodman Brown
FRANZ KAFKA A Hunger Artist
LUKE The Parable of the Prodigal Son
GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
KATHERINE ANNE PORTER The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
JOHN STEINBECK The Chrysanthemums
Writing About Symbolism and Allegory
Illustrative Student
Essay (Symbolism): Symbols of Light and Darkness in Porter's "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall"
Second Illustrative Student Essay (Allegory): The Allegory of Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown"
Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allegory
8 IDEA OR THEME: THE MEANING AND THE MESSAGE IN FICTION
Ideas and Assertions
Ideas and Issues
Ideas and Values
The Place of Ideas in Literature
How to Find Ideas
STORIES FOR STUDY
JAMES BALDWIN Sonny's Blues
TONI CADE BAMBARA The Lesson
ANTON CHEKHOV The Lady with the Dog
D. H. LAWRENCE The Horse Dealer's Daughter
AMERICO PAREDES The Hammon and the Beans
Writing About a Major Idea in Fiction
Illustrative Student Essay: D. H. Lawrence's "The Horse Dealer's Daughter"as an Expression of the Idea that Loving Commitment is Essential in Life
Writing Topics About Ideas
9 A CAREER IN FICTION: FOUR STORIES BY EDGAR ALLAN POE WITH CRITICAL READINGS FOR RESEARCH
POE'S LIFE AND CAREER
Poe's Work as a Journalist and Writer of Fiction
Poe's Reputation
Bibliographic Sources
Writing Topics About Poe
FOUR STORIES BY EDGAR A. POE (IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER)
The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)
The Masque of the Red Death (1842)
The Black Cat (1843)
The Cask of Amontillado (1846)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Poe's Stories
1. Poe's Irony
2.The Narrators of "The Cask of Amontillado"and "The Fall of the House of Usher"
3. "The Fall of the House of Usher"
4."The Black Cat"and "The Tell-Tale Heart"
5."The Masque of the Red Death"
6. Symbolism in "The Masque of the Red Death"
7."The Masque of the Red Death "as Representative of a "Diseased Age"
8. Sources and Analogues of "The Cask of Amontillado"
9. Poe's Idea of Unity and "The Fall of the House of Usher"
10.The Narrators of "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Black Cat"
11. Poe, Women, and "The Fall of the House of Usher"
12.The Deceptive Narrator of "The Black Cat"
10 SEVEN STORIES FOR ADDITIONAL ENJOYMENT AND STUDY
JOHN CHIOLES Before the Firing Squad
STEPHEN CRANE The Open Boat
ANDRE DUBUS The Curse
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN The Yellow Wallpaper
FLANNERY O'CONNOR A Good Man Is Hard to Find
TILLIE OLSEN I Stand Here Ironing
PETRONIUS (GAIUS PETRONIUS ARBITER) The Widow of Ephesus
10A WRITING RESEARCH ESSAYS ON FICTION
Selecting a Topic
Setting up a Bibliography
Online Library Services
Important Considerations About Computer-Aided Research
Taking Notes and Paraphrasing Material
Being Creative and Original While Doing Research
Documenting Your Work
Strategies for Organizing Ideas in Your Research Essay
Plagiarism: An Embarrassing but Vital Subject-and a Danger to be Overcome
Illustrative Student Essay Using Research: The Structure of Katherine Mansfield's "Miss Brill"
Writing Topics About How to Undertake Research Essays
PART III
Reading and Writing About Poetry
11 MEETING POETRY: AN OVERVIEW
The Nature of Poetry
BILLY COLLINS Schoolsville
LISEL MUELLER Hope
ROBERT HERRICK Here a Pretty Baby Lies
Poetry of the English Language
How to Read a Poem
Studying Poetry
ANONYMOUS Sir Patrick Spens
POEMS FOR STUDY
GWENDOLYN BROOKS The Mother
EMILY DICKINSON Because I Could Not Stop for Death
ROBERT FRANCIS Catch
ROBERT FROST Stopping by Woods on aSnowy Evening
THOMAS HARDY The Man He Killed
JOY HARJO Eagle Poem
RANDALL JARRELL The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
BEN JONSON On My First Daughter
EMMA LAZARUS The New Colossus
LOUIS MACNEICE Snow
JIM NORTHRUP Ogichidag
NAOMI SHIHAB NYE Where Children Live
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 55: Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY To - ["Music, When Soft Voices Die"]
ELAINE TERRANOVA Rush Hour
Writing a Paraphrase of a Poem
Illustrative Student Paraphrase: A Paraphrase of Thomas Hardy's "The Man He Killed"
Writing an Explication of a Poem
Illustrative Student Essay: An Explication of Thomas Hardy's "The Man He Killed"
Writing Topics About the Nature of Poetry
12 WORDS: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF POETRY
Choice of Diction: Specific and Concrete, General and Abstract
Levels of Diction
Special Types of Diction
Syntax
Decorum: The Matching of Subject and Word
Denotation and Connotation
ROBERT GRAVES The Naked and the Nude
POEMS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM BLAKE The Lamb
ROBERT BURNS Green Grow the Rashes, O
LEWIS CARROLL Jabberwocky 663
HAYDEN CARRUTH An Apology for Using the Word "Heart" in Too Many Poems
E. E. CUMMINGS next to of course god america
JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 14: Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God
RICHARD EBERHART The Fury of Aerial Bombardment
BART EDELMAN Chemistry Experiment
THOMAS GRAY Sonnet on the Death of Richard West
JANE HIRSHFIELD The Lives of the Heart
A. E. HOUSMAN Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now
CAROLYN KIZER Night Sounds
DENISE LEVERTOV Of Being
EUGENIO MONTALE English Horn (Corno Inglese)
JUDITH ORTIZ [COFER] Latin Women Pray
HENRY REED Naming of Parts
EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON Richard Cory
THEODORE ROETHKE Dolor
STEPHEN SPENDER I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great
WALLACE STEVENS Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock
MARK STRAND Eating Poetry
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)
Writing About Diction and Syntax in Poetry 679 * Illustrative Student
Essay: Diction and Character in Robinson's `Richard Cory'
Writing Topics About the Words of Poetry
13 CHARACTERS AND SETTING: WHO, WHAT, WHERE, AND WHEN IN POETRY
Characters in Poetry
ANONYMOUS Western Wind, When Wilt Thou Blow?
ANONYMOUS Bonny George Campbell
BEN JONSON Drink to Me, Only, with Thine Eyes
BEN JONSON To the Reader
Setting and Character in Poetry
LISEL MUELLER Alive Together
POEMS FOR STUDY
MATTHEW ARNOLD Dover Beach
WILLIAM BLAKE London
ELIZABETH BREWSTER Where I Come From
ROBERT BROWNING My Last Duchess
WILLIAM COWPER The Poplar Field
ALLEN GINSBERG A Further Proposal
LOUISE GLUECK Snowdrops
THOMAS GRAY Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
THOMAS HARDY The Ruined Maid
DORIANNE LAUX The Life of Trees
C. DAY LEWIS Song
ROBERT LOWELL Memories of West Street and Lepke
CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
JOYCE CAROL OATES Loving
SIR WALTER RALEGH The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd
CHRISTINA ROSSETTI A Christmas Carol
JANE SHOREA Letter Sent to Summer
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
JAMES WRIGHT A Blessing
Writing About Character and Setting in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of the Duke in Browning's "My Last Duchess"
Writing Topics About Character and Setting in Poetry
14 IMAGERY: THE POEM'S LINK TO THE SENSES
Responses and the Writer's Use of Detail
The Relationship of Imagery to Ideas and Attitudes
Types of Imagery
JOHN MASEFIELD Cargoes
WILFRED OWEN Anthem for Doomed Youth
ELIZABETH BISHOP The Fish
POEMS FOR STUDY
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese, Number 14: If Thou Must Love Me
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE Kubla Khan
T. S. ELIOT Preludes
SUSAN GRIFFIN Love Should Grow Up Like a Wild Iris in the Fields
THOMAS HARDY Channel Firing
GEORGE HERBERT The Pulley
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Spring
A. E. HOUSMAN On Wenlock Edge
DENISE LEVERTOV A Time Past
THOMAS LUX The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently
EUGENIO MONTALE Buffalo (Buffalo)
MARIANNE MOORE The Fish
PABLO NERUDA Every Day You Play
EZRA POUND In a Station of the Metro
MIKLOS RADNOTI Forced March
FRIEDRICH RUECKERT If You Love for the Sake of Beauty
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 130: My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun
JAMES TATE Dream On
DAVID WOJAHN "It's Only Rock and Roll, but I Like It": The Fall of Saigon
Writing About Imagery
Illustrative Student Essay: Imagery in T. S. Eliot's "Preludes"
Writing Topics About Imagery in Poetry
15 FIGURES OF SPEECH, OR METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE: A SOURCE OF DEPTH AND RANGE IN POETRY
Metaphors and Similes: The Major Figures of Speech
Characteristics of Metaphorical Language
JOHN KEATS On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
Vehicle and Tenor
Other Figures of Speech
JOHN KEATS Bright Star
JOHN GAY Let Us Take the Road
POEMS FOR STUDY
JACK AGUEEROS Sonnet for You, Familiar Famine
WILLIAM BLAKE The Tyger
ROBERT BURNS A Red, Red Rose
JOHN DONNE A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
JOHN DRYDEN A Song for St. Cecilia's Day
ABBIE HUSTON EVANS The Iceberg Seven-Eighths Under
THOMAS HARDY The Convergence of the Twain
JOY HARJO Remember
JOHN KEATS To Autumn
MAURICE KENNY Legacy
JANE KENYON Let Evening Come
HENRY KING Sic Vita
ROBERT LOWELL Skunk Hour
JUDITH MINTY Conjoined
PABLO NERUDA If You Forget Me
MARGE PIERCY A Work of Artifice
MURIEL RUKEYSER Looking at Each Other
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 30: When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought
ELIZABETH TUDOR, QUEEN ELIZABETH I On Monsieur's Departure
MONA VAN DUYN Earth Tremors Felt in Missouri
WALT WHITMAN Facing West from California's Shores
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH London, 1802
SIR THOMAS WYATT I Find No Peace
Writing About Figures of Speech
Illustrative Student Paragraph: Wordsworth's Use of Overstatement in "London, 1802"
Illustrative Student Essay: A Study of Shakespeare's Metaphors in Sonnet 30: "When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought"
Writing Topics About Figures of Speech in Poetry
16 TONE: THE CREATION OF ATTITUDE IN POETRY
Tone, Choice, and Response
CORNELIUS WHUR The First-Rate Wife
Tone and the Need for Control
WILFRED OWEN Dulce et Decorum Est
Tone and Common Grounds of Assent
Tone in Conversation and Poetry
Tone and Irony
THOMAS HARDY The Workbox
Tone and Satire
ALEXANDER POPE Epigram from the French
ALEXANDER POPE Epigram, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to His Royal Highness
POEMS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM BLAKE On Another's Sorrow
JIMMY CARTER I Wanted to Share My Father's World
LUCILLE CLIFTON homage to my hips
BILLY COLLINS The Names
E. E. CUMMINGS she being Brand /-new
BART EDELMAN Trouble
MARI EVANS I Am a Black Woman
SEAMUS HEANEY Mid-Term Break
WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY When You Are Old
DAVID IGNATOW The Bagel
YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Facing It
ABRAHAM LINCOLN My Childhood's Home
PAT MORA La Migra
SHARON OLDS The Planned Child
ROBERT PINSKY Dying
ALEXANDER POPE from Epilogue to the Satires Dialogue I
SALVATORE QUASIMODO Auschwitz
ANNE RIDLER Nothing Is Lost
THEODORE ROETHKE My Papa's Waltz
JANE SHOREA Letter Sent to Summer
JONATHAN SWIFT A Description of the Morning
DAVID WAGONER My Physics Teacher
C. K. WILLIAMS Dimensions
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH The Solitary Reaper
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS When You Are Old
Writing About Tone in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: The Speaker's Attitudes in Sharon Olds's "The Planned Child"
Writing Topics About Tone in Poetry
17 PROSODY: SOUND, RHYTHM, AND RHYME IN POETRY
Important Definitions for Studying Prosody
Segments: Individually Meaningful Sounds
Poetic Rhythm
The Major Metrical Feet
Special Meters
Substitution
Accentual Strong-Stress, and "Sprung" Rhythms
The Caesura: The Pause Creating Variety and Natural Rhythms in Poetry
Segmental Poetic Devices
Rhyme: The Duplication and Similarity of Sounds
Rhyme and Meter
Rhyme Schemes
POEMS FOR STUDY
GWENDOLYN BROOKS We Real Cool
ROBERT BROWNING Porphyria's Lover
EMILY DICKINSON To Hear an Oriole Sing
JOHN DONNE The Sun Rising
T. S. ELIOT Macavity: The Mystery Cat
RALPH WALDO EMERSON Concord Hymn
ISABELLA GARDNER At a Summer Hotel
ROBERT HERRICK Upon Julia's Voice
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS God's Grandeur
JOHN HALL INGHAM George Washington
PHILIP LEVINE A Theory of Prosody
HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW The Sound of the Sea
HERMAN MELVILLE Shiloh: A Requiem
OGDEN NASH Very Like a Whale
EDGAR ALLAN POE Annabel Lee
EDGAR ALLAN POE The Bells
ALEXANDER POPE From An Essay on Man Epistle I
WYATT PRUNTY March
EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON Miniver Cheevy
CHRISTINA ROSSETTI Echo
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 73: That Time of Year Thou May'st in Me Behold
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY Ode to the West Wind
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON From Idylls of the King: The Passing of Arthur
DAVID WAGONER March for a One-Man Band
Writing About Prosody
Referring to Sounds in Poetry
First Illustrative Student Essay: Rhyme, Rhythm, and Sound in Browning's "Porphyria's Lover"
Second Illustrative Student Essay: The Rhymes and Repeated Words in Christina Rossetti's "Echo"
Writing Topics About Rhythm and Rhyme in Poetry
18 FORM: THE SHAPE OF POEMS
Closed-Form Poetry
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Fragment from The Prelude
ALEXANDER POPE Fragment from The Rape of the Locke
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON The Eagle
JOHN MILTON Fragment from Lycidas
ANONYMOUS Spun in High, Dark Clouds
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 116: Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds
Open-Form Poetry
WALT WHITMAN Reconciliation
Visualizing Poetry: Poetry and Artistic Expression: Visual Poetry, Concrete Poetry, and Prose Poems
E. E. CUMMINGS Buffalo Bill's Defunct
GEORGE HERBERT Colossians 3:3 (Our Life is Hid With Christ in God)
GEORGE HERBERT Easter Wings
CHARLES HARPER WEBB The Shape of History
JOHN HOLLANDER Swan and Shadow
WILLIAM HEYEN Mantle
MAY SWENSON Women
CAROLYN FORCHE The Colonel
POEMS FOR STUDY
ELIZABETH BISHOP One Art
BILLY COLLINS Sonnet
JOHN DRYDEN To the Memory of Mr. Oldham
ROBERT FROST Desert Places
ALLEN GINSBERG A Supermarket in California
NIKKI GIOVANNI Nikki-Rosa
ROBERT HASS Museum
GEORGE HERBERT Virtue
JOHN KEATS Ode to a Nightingale
CLAUDE MCKAY In Bondage
JOHN MILTON On His Blindness (When I Consider How
My Light Is Spent)
DUDLEY RANDALL Ballad of Birmingham
THEODORE ROETHKE The Waking
GEORGE WILLIAM RUSSELL (AE) Continuity
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY Ozymandias
DYLAN THOMAS Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night
JEAN TOOMER Reapers
PHYLLIS WEBB Poetics Against the Angel of Death
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Dance
Writing About Form in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: Form and Meaning in George Herbert's "Virtue"
Writing Topics About Poetic Form
19 SYMBOLISM AND ALLUSION: WINDOWS TO WIDE EXPANSES OF MEANING
Symbolism and Meanings
VIRGINIA SCOTT Snow
The Function of Symbolism in Poetry
Allusions and Meaning
Studying for Symbols and Allusions
POEMS FOR STUDY
EMILY BRONTE No Coward Soul Is Mine
AMY CLAMPITT Beach Glass
ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth
PETER DAVISON III Delphi
JOHN DONNE The Canonization
STEPHEN DUNN Hawk
ISABELLA GARDNER Collage of Echoes
DAN GEORGAKIS Hiroshima Crewman
LOUISE GLUECK Celestial Music
JORIE GRAHAM The Geese
THOMAS HARDY In Time of "The Breaking of Nations"
GEORGE HERBERT The Collar
JOSEPHINE JACOBSEN Tears
ROBINSON JEFFERS The Purse-Seine
JOHN KEATS La Belle Dame Sans Merci: A Ballad
X. J. KENNEDY Old Men Pitching Horseshoes
TED KOOSER Year's End
PHILIP LARKIN Next, Please
DAVID LEHMAN Venice Is Sinking
ANDREW MARVELL To His Coy Mistress
MARY OLIVER Wild Geese
GARY SNYDER Milton by Firelight
JUDITH VIORST A Wedding Sonnet for the Next Generation
WALT WHITMAN A Noiseless Patient Spider
RICHARD WILBUR Year's End
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS The Second Coming
Writing About Symbolism and Allusion in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: Symbolism in Oliver's "Wild Geese"
Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allusion
20 MYTHS: SYSTEMS OF SYMBOLIC ALLUSION IN POETRY
Mythology as an Explanation of How Things Are
Mythology and Literature
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS Leda and the Swan
MONA VAN DUYN Leda
Six Poems Related to the Myth of Odysseus
POEMS FOR STUDY
LOUISE GLUECK Penelope's Song
W. S. MERWIN Odysseus
DOROTHY PARKER Penelope
LINDA PASTAN The Suitor
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON Ulysses
PETER ULISSE Odyssey: 20 Years Later
Six Poems Related to the Myth of Icarus
POEMS FOR STUDY
BRIAN ALDISS Flight 063
W. H. AUDEN Musee des Beaux Arts
EDWARD FIELD Icarus
MURIEL RUKEYSER Waiting for Icarus
ANNE SEXTON To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
Four Poems Related to the Myth of Orpheus
POEMS FOR STUDY
EDWARD HIRSCH The Swimmers
RAINER MARIA RILKE The Sonnets to Orpheus, 1.19
MARK STRAND Orpheus Alone
ELLEN BRYANT VOIGT Song and Story
Three Poems Related to the Myth of the Phoenix
POEMS FOR STUDY
AMY CLAMPITT Berceuse
DENISE LEVERTOV Hunting the Phoenix
MAY SARTON The Phoenix Again
Two Poems Related to the Myth of Oedipus
POEMS FOR STUDY
MURIEL RUKEYSER Myth
JOHN UPDIKE On the Way to Delphi
Three Poems Related to the Myth of Pan
POEMS FOR STUDY
E. E. CUMMINGS in Just-
JOHN CHIPMAN FARRAR Song for a Forgotten Shrine to Pan
ROBERT FROST Pan with Us
Writing About Myths in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: Myth and Meaning in Dorothy Parker's "Penelope"
Writing Topics About Myths in Poetry
21 FOUR MAJOR AMERICAN POETS: EMILY DICKINSON, ROBERT FROST, LANGSTON HUGHES, AND SYLVIA PLATH
EMILY DICKINSON'S LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Emily Dickinson
POEMS BY EMILY DICKINSON (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)
After Great Pain, a Formal Feeling Comes (J341, F372)
Because I Could Not Stop for Death (J712, F479)
(Included in Chapter 11, p. 635)
The Bustle in a House (J1078, F1108)
The Heart Is the Capital of the Mind (J1354, F1381)
I Cannot Live with You (J640, F706)
I Died for Beauty - But Was Scarce (J449, F448)
I Dwell in Possibility (F466, J657)
I Felt a Funeral in My Brain (J280, F340)
I Heard a Fly Buzz - When I Died (J465, F491)
I Like to See It Lap the Miles (J585, F383)
I'm Nobody! Who Are You? (J288, F260)
I Never Lost as Much but Twice (J49, F39)
I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed (J214, F207)
Much Madness Is Divinest Sense (J435, F620)
My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close (J1732, F1773)
My Triumph Lasted Till the Drums (J1227, F1212)
One Need Not Be a Chamber - To Be Haunted (J670, F407)
Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers (J216, F124)
Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church (J324, F236)
The Soul Selects Her Own Society (J303, F409)
Success Is Counted Sweetest (J67, F112)
Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant (J1129, F1263)
There's a Certain Slant of Light (J258, F320)
To Hear an Oriole Sing (J526, F402) (Included in Chapter 17 p. 859)
Wild Nights - Wild Nights! (J249, F269)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Dickinson's Poems
1. From "Orthodox Modernisms"
2."The Landscape of the Spirit"
3. From "The American Plain Style"
4. From "The Histrionic Imagination"
5. From "The Gothic Mode"
ROBERT FROST'S LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Robert Frost
POEMS BY ROBERT FROST (CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED)
The Tuft of Flowers (1913)
Pan with Us (in Chapter 20, p. 1015)
Mending Wall (1914)
Birches (1915)
The Road Not Taken (1915)
"Out, Out-" (1916)
The Oven Bird (1916)
Fire and Ice (1920)
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (1923)
(In Chapter 11, p. 637)
Misgiving (1923)
Nothing Gold Can Stay (1923)
Acquainted with the Night (1928)
Desert Places (1936) (In Chapter 18, p. 918)
Design (1936)
The Silken Tent (1936)
The Gift Outright (1941)
A Considerable Speck (1942)
Take Something Like a Star (1943)
LANGSTON HUGHES' LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Langston Hughes
POEMS OF LANGSTON HUGHES (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)
Bad Man
Cross
Dead in There
Dream Variations
Harlem
Let America Be America Again
Madam and Her Madam
Negro
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
125th Street
Po' Boy Blues
Silhouette
Subway Rush Hour
Theme for English B
The Weary Blues
SYLVIA PLATH'S LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Sylvia Plath
POEMS OF SYLVIA PLATH (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)
Ariel
The Colossus
Cut
Daddy
Edge
The Hanging Man
Lady Lazarus
Last Words
Metaphors
Mirror
The Rival
Song for a Summer's Day
Tulips
22 ONE HUNDRED SIXTEEN POEMS FOR ADDITIONAL ENJOYMENT AND STUDY
MAYA ANGELOU My Arkansas
ANONYMOUS (NAVAJO) Healing Prayer from the Beautyway Chant
ANONYMOUS Lord Randal
MARGARET ATWOOD Variation on the Word Sleep
W. H. AUDEN The Unknown Citizen
WENDELL BERRY Another Descent
LOUISE BOGAN Women
ARNA BONTEMPS A Black Man Talks of Reaping
ANNE BRADSTREET To My Dear and Loving Husband
GWENDOLYN BROOKS Primer for Blacks
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese: Number 43, How Do I Love Thee
ROBERT BROWNING Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister
WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT To Cole, the Painter, Departing for Europe
GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON The Destruction of Sennacherib
NEW GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON She Walks in Beauty
LEONARD COHEN "The killers that run . . ."
BILLY COLLINS Days
FRANCES CORNFORD From a Letter to America on a Visit to Sussex: Spring 1942
STEPHEN CRANE Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War Is Kind
ROBERT CREELEY "Do you think . . ."
E. E. CUMMINGS if there are any heavens
CARL DENNIS The God Who Loves You
JOHN DONNE The Good Morrow
JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 10: Death Be Not Proud
JOHN DONNE A Hymn to God the Father
PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR Sympathy [I Know What the Caged Bird Feels]
T. S. ELIOT The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
JAMES EMANUEL The Negro
LYNN EMANUEL Like God
CHIEF DAN GEORGE The Beauty of the Trees
NIKKI GIOVANNI Woman
NIKKI GIOVANNI Poetry
MARILYN HACKER Sonnet Ending with a Film Subtitle
DANIEL HALPERN Snapshot of Hue
DANIEL HALPERN Summer in the Middle Class
H. S. (SAM) HAMOD Leaves
FRANCES E. W. HARPER She's Free!
MICHAEL S. HARPER Called
ROBERT HASS Spring Rain
ROBERT HAYDEN Those Winter Sundays
ROBERT HERRICK To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
WILLIAM HEYEN The Hair: Jacob Korman's Story
A. D. HOPE Advice to Young Ladies
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Pied Beauty
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS The Windhover
CAROLINA HOSPITALDear Tia
ROBINSON JEFFERS The Answer
DONALD JUSTICE On the Death of Friends in Childhood
JOHN KEATS Ode on a Grecian Urn
GALWAY KINNELL After Making Love We Hear Footsteps
KATHERINE LARSON Statuary
IRVING LAYTON Rhine Boat Trip
LI-YOUNG LEE A Final Thing
ALAN P. LIGHTMAN In Computers
LIZ LOCHHEAD The Choosing
AUDRE LORDE Every Traveler Has One Vermont Poem
AMY LOWELL Patterns
ARCHIBALD MACLEISH Ars Poetica
HEATHER MCHUGH Lines
CLAUDE MCKAY The White City
W. S. MERWIN Listen
EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why
N. SCOTT MOMADAY The Bear
MARIANNE MOORE Poetry
LISEL MUELLER Monet Refuses the Operation
HOWARD NEMEROV Life Cycle of Common Man
JIM NORTHRUP wahbegan
MARY OLIVER Ghosts
SIMON ORTIZ A Story of How a Wall Stands
DOROTHY PARKER Resume
LINDA PASTAN Ethics
LINDA PASTAN Marks
MOLLY PEACOCK Desire
MARGE PIERCY The Secretary Chant
EDGAR ALLAN POE The Raven
JOHN CROWE RANSOM Bells for John Whiteside's Daughter
JOHN RAVEN Assailant
ADRIENNE RICH Diving into the Wreck
ALBERTO RIOS The Vietnam Wall
LUIS OMAR SALINAS In a Farmhouse
SONIA SANCHEZ rite on: white america
CARL SANDBURG Chicago
SIEGFRIED SASSOON Dreamers
GJERTRUD SCHNACKENBERG The Paperweight
ALAN SEEGER I Have a Rendezvous with Death
BRENDA SEROTTE My Mother's Face
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 29: When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 146: Poor Soul, the Center of My Sinful Earth
KARL SHAPIRO Auto Wreck
LESLIE MARMON SILKO Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer
STEVIE SMITH Not Waving But Drowning
GARY SOTO Oranges
WILLIAM STAFFORD Traveling Through the Dark
GERALD STERN Burying an Animal on the Way to New York
WALLACE STEVENS The Emperor of Ice-Cream
MAY SWENSON Question
DYLAN THOMAS A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London
DANIEL TOBIN My Uncle's Watch
CHASE TWICHELL Blurry Cow
JOHN UPDIKE Perfection Wasted
TINO VILLANUEVA Day-Long Day
JUDITH VIORST True Love
SHELLY WAGNER The Boxes
ALICE WALKER Revolutionary Petunias
EDMUND WALLER Go, Lovely Rose
BRUCE WEIGL Song of Napalm
PHILLIS WHEATLEY On Being Brought from Africa to America
WALT WHITMAN Beat! Beat! Drums!
WALT WHITMAN Dirge for Two Veterans
WALT WHITMAN Full of Life Now
WALT WHITMAN I Hear America Singing
JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER The Bartholdi Statue
RICHARD WILBUR April 5, 1974
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Red Wheelbarrow
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS The Wild Swans at Coole
PAUL ZIMMER The Day Zimmer Lost Religion
22A WRITING RESEARCH ESSAYS ON POETRY
Topics to Discover in Research
Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: "Beat! Beat! Drums!" and "I Hear America Singing": Two Whitman Poems Spanning the Civil War
PART IV
Reading and Writing About Drama
23 THE DRAMATIC VISION: AN OVERVIEW
Drama as Literature
Performance: The Unique Aspect of Drama
Drama from Ancient Times to Our Own: Tragedy, Comedy, and Additional Forms
ANONYMOUS The Visit to the Sepulcher (Visitatio Sepulchri)
How do the Three Marys respond to the news told by the angel? Visualizing Plays
PLAYS FOR STUDY
EDWARD ALBEE The Sandbox
SUSAN GLASPELL Trifles
BETTY KELLER Tea Party
EUGENE O'NEILL Before Breakfast
Writing About the Elements of Drama
Referring to Plays and Parts of Plays
Illustrative Student Essay: Eugene O'Neill's Use of Negative Descriptions and Stage Directions in Before Breakfast as a Means of Revealing Character
Writing Topics About the Elements of Drama
24 THE TRAGIC VISION: AFFIRMATION THROUGH LOSS
The Origins of Tragedy
The Ancient Athenian Competitions in Tragedy
The Origin of Tragedy in Brief
Aristotle and the Nature of Tragedy
Aristotle's View of Tragedy in Brief
Irony in Tragedy
The Ancient Athenian Audience and Theater
Ancient Greek Tragic Actors and Their Costumes
Performance and the Formal Organization of Greek Tragedy
PLAYS FOR STUDY
SOPHOCLES Oedipus the King
Renaissance Drama and Shakespeare's Theater
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
Tragedy from Shakespeare to Arthur Miller
Death of a Salesman: Tragedy, Symbolism, and Broken Dreams
ARTHUR MILLER Death of a Salesman
Writing About Tragedy
Illustrative Student Essay: The Problem of Hamlet's Apparent Delay
Writing Topics About Tragedy
25 THE COMIC VISION: RESTORING THE BALANCE
The Origins of Comedy
Comedy from Roman Times to the Renaissance
The Patterns, Characters, and Language of Comedy
Types of Comedy
PLAYS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE A Midsummer Night's Dream
The Life and Theater of Moliere
Love Is the Doctor (L'Amour Medecin): A Comic Farce
MOLIERE (Jean Baptiste Poguelin) Love Is the Doctor (L'Amour Medecin)
Comedy Since Shakespeare and Moliere
ANTON CHEKHOV The Bear, A Joke in One Act
BETH HENLEY Am I Blue
Writing About Comedy
Illustrative Student Essay: Setting as Symbol and Comic Structure in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
Writing Topics About Comedy
26 VISIONS OF DRAMATIC REALITY AND NONREALITY: VARYING THE IDEA OF DRAMA AS IMITATION
Realism and Nonrealism in Drama
Elements of Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama
PLAYS FOR STUDY
Langston Hughes Biography
Hughes and the African American Theater after 1920
Hughes's Career as a Dramatist
Mulatto and the Reality of the Southern Black Experience
LANGSTON HUGHES Mulatto
TENNESSEE WILLIAMS The Glass Menagerie
August Wilson Biography
The Background of Fences
AUGUST WILSON Fences
Writing About Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama
Illustrative Student Essay: Realism and Nonrealism in Tom's Triple Role in The Glass Menagerie
Writing Topics About Dramatic Reality and Nonreality
27 DRAMATIC VISION ON FILM: FROM THE SILVER SCREEN TO THEWORLD OF DIGITAL FANTASY
A Thumbnail History of Film
Stage Plays and Film
DVD Technology and Film Study
The Aesthetics of Film
The Techniques of Film
TWO FILM SCENES FOR STUDY
ORSON WELLES AND HERMAN J. MANKIEWICZ Shot 71 from the Shooting Script of Citizen Kane
ARTHUR LAURENTS A Scene from The Turning Point
Writing About Film
Illustrative Student Essay: Welles's Citizen Kane: Whittling a Giant Down to Size
Writing Topics About Film
28 HENRIK IBSEN AND THE REALISTIC PROBLEM PLAY: A DOLLHOUSE
Ibsen's Life and Early Work
Ibsen's Major Prose Plays
A Dollhouse: Ibsen's Best-Known Problem Play
Ibsen's Symbolism in A Dollhouse
A Dollhouse as a "Well-Made Play"
The Timeliness and Dramatic Power of A Dollhouse
Bibliographic Studies
HENRIK IBSEN A Dollhouse (Et Dukkehjem)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Ibsen's A Dollhouse and Other Plays
1. Freedom,Truth, and Society-Rhetoric and Reality
2. Ibsen's Feminist Characters
3."A Marxist Approach to A Doll House"
28A WRITING RESEARCH ESSAYS ON DRAMA
Topics to Discover in Research
Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: The Ghost in Hamlet
PART V
Special Writing Topics About Literature
29 CRITICAL APPROACHES IMPORTANT IN THE STUDY OF LITERATURE
Moral/Intellectual
Topical/Historical
New Critical/Formalist
Structuralist
Feminist Criticism/Gender Studies/Queer Theory
Economic Determinist/Marxist
Psychological/Psychoanalytic
Archetypal/Symbolic/Mythic
Deconstructionist
Reader-Response
30 COMPARISON-CONTRAST AND EXTENDED COMPARISON-CONTRAST: LEARNING BY SEEING LITERARY WORKS TOGETHER
Guidelines for the Comparison-Contrast Method
The Extended Comparison-Contrast Essay
Writing a Comparison-Contrast Essay
Illustrative Student Essay (Two Works): The Treatment of Responses to War in Amy Lowell's "Patterns" and Wilfred Owen's "Anthem for Doomed Youth"
Illustrative Student Essay (Extended Comparison-Contrast): Literary Treatments of the Conflicts Between Private and Public Life
Writing Topics for Comparison and Contrast
31 TAKING EXAMINATIONS ON LITERATURE
Answer the Questions That Are Asked
Systematic Preparation
Two Basic Types of Questions About Literature
APPENDIXES
I. MLA RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DOCUMENTING SOURCES
II. BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF THE POETS IN PART III
A GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT LITERARY TERMS
Preface
PART I
The Process of Reading, Responding
to, and Writing About Literature
WHAT IS LITERATURE, AND WHY DO WE STUDY IT?
Types of Literature: The Genres
Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively
GUY DE MAUPASSANT The Necklace
To go to a ball, Mathilde Loisel borrows a necklace from a rich friend, but her rhapsodic evening has unforeseen consequences
Reading and Responding in a Computer File or Notebook
Sample Notebook Entries on Maupassant's "The Necklace"
MAJOR STAGES IN THINKING AND WRITING ABOUT LITERARY TOPICS: DISCOVERING IDEAS, PREPARING TO
WRITE, MAKING AN INITIAL DRAFT OF YOUR ESSAY, AND COMPLETING THE ESSAY
Writing Does Not Come Easily-for Anyone
The Goal of Writing: To Show a Process of Thought
Discovering Ideas ("Brainstorming")
Study the Characters in the Work
Determine the Work's Historical Period and Background
Analyze the Work's Economic and Social Conditions
Explain the Work's Major Ideas
Describe the Work's Artistic Qualities
Explain Any Other Approaches that Seem Important
Preparing to Write
Build Ideas from Your Original Notes
Trace Patterns of Action and Thought
The Need for the Actual Physical Process of Writing
Raise and Answer Your Own Questions
Put Ideas Together Using a Plus-Minus, Pro-Con, or Either-Or Method
Originate and Develop Your Thoughts Through Writing
Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay
Base Your Essay on a Central Idea, Argument, or Statement
The Need for a Sound Argument in Essays About Literature
Create a Thesis Sentence as Your Guide to Organization
Begin Each Paragraph with a Topic Sentence
Select Only One Topic-No More-for Each Paragraph
Referring to the Names of Authors
Use Your Topic Sentences as the Arguments for Your Paragraph Development
The Use of Verb Tenses in the Discussion of Literary Works
Develop an Outline as the Means of Organizing Your Essay
Illustrative Student Essay (First Draft): How Setting in "The Necklace" Is Related to the Character of Mathilde
Completing the Essay: Developing and Strengthening Your Essay Through Revision
Make Your Own Arrangement of Details and Ideas
Use Literary Material as Evidence to Support Your Argument
Always Keep to Your Point; Stick to It Tenaciously
Check Your Development and Organization
Try to Be Original
Write with Specific Readers as Your Intended Audience
Use Exact, Comprehensive, and Forceful Language
Illustrative Student Essay (Improved Draft): How Maupassant Uses Setting in "The Necklace"to Show the Character of
Mathilde
Commentary on the Essay
Essay Commentaries
A Summary of Guidelines
Writing Topics About the Writing Process
A SHORT GUIDE TO THE USE OF REFERENCES AND QUOTATIONS IN ESSAYS ABOUT LITERATURE
Integrate Passages and Ideas into Your Essay
Distinguish Your Thoughts from Those of Your Author
Integrate Material by Using Quotation Marks
Blend Quotations into Your Own Sentences
Indent Long Quotations and Set Them in Block Format
Use an Ellipsis to Show Omissions
Use Square Brackets to Enclose Words that You Add Within Quotations
Be Careful Not to Overquote
Preserve the Spellings in Your Source
PART II
Reading and Writing About Fiction
1 FICTION: AN OVERVIEW
Modern Fiction
The Short Story
Elements of Fiction I: Verisimilitude and Donnee
Elements of Fiction II: Character, Plot, Structure, and Idea or Theme
Elements of Fiction III: The Writer's Tools
Visualizing Fiction: Cartoons, Graphic Narratives, Graphic Novels
Dan Piraro, Bizarro
Art Spiegelman, from Maus
STORIES FOR STUDY
AMBROSE BIERCE An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
EDWIDGE DANTICAT Night Talkers
WILLIAM FAULKNER A Rose for Emily
TIM O'BRIEN The Things They Carried
LUIGI PIRANDELLO War
ALICE WALKER Everyday Use
EUDORA WELTY A Worn Path
Plot: The Motivation and Causality of Fiction
Writing About the Plot of a Story
Illustrative Student Essay: The Plot of Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path"
Writing Topics About Plot in Fiction
2 POINT OF VIEW: THE POSITION OR STANCE OF THEWORK'S NARRATOR OR SPEAKER
An Exercise in Point of View: Reporting an Accident
Conditions That Affect Point of View
Point of View and Opinions
Determining a Work's Point of View
Mingling Points of View
Point of View and Verb Tense
Summary: Guidelines for Points of View
STORIES FOR STUDY
RAYMOND CARVER Neighbors
SHIRLEY JACKSON The Lottery
LORRIE MOORE How to Become a Writer
JOYCE CAROL OATES The Cousins
Writing About Point of View
Illustrative Student Essay: Shirley Jackson's Dramatic Point of View in "The Lottery"
Writing Topics About Point of View
3 CHARACTERS: THE PEOPLE IN FICTION
Character Traits
How Authors Disclose Character in Literature
Types of Characters: Round and Flat
Reality and Probability: Verisimilitude
STORIES FOR STUDY
RAYMOND CARVER Cathedral
SUSAN GLASPELL A Jury of Her Peers
KATHERINE MANSFIELD Miss Brill
AMY TAN Two Kinds
MARK TWAIN Luck
Writing About Character
Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of Minnie Wright in Glaspell's "A Jury of Her Peers"
Writing Topics About Character
4 SETTING: THE BACKGROUND OF PLACE, OBJECTS, AND CULTURE IN STORIES
What Is Setting?
The Literary Uses of Setting
STORIES FOR STUDY
SANDRA CISNEROS The House on Mango Street
JOSEPH CONRAD The Secret Sharer
JOANNE GREENBERG And Sarah Laughed
JAMES JOYCE Araby
CYNTHIA OZICK The Shawl
Writing About Setting
Illustrative Student Essay The Setting of Conrad's "The Secret Sharer"
Writing Topics About Setting
5 STRUCTURE: THE ORGANIZATION OF STORIES
Formal Categories of Structure
Formal and Actual Structure
STORIES FOR STUDY
RALPH ELLISON Battle Royal
THOMAS HARDY The Three Strangers
JAMAICA KINCAID What I Have Been Doing Lately
JOYCE CAROL OATES Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
TOM WHITECLOUD Blue Winds Dancing
Writing About Structure in a Story
Illustrative Student Essay: Conflict and Suspense in Hardy's "The Three Strangers"
Writing Topics About Structure
6 TONE AND STYLE: THEWORDS THAT CONVEY ATTITUDES IN FICTION
Diction: The Writer's Choice and Control of Words
Tone, Irony, and Style
Tone, Humor, and Style
STORIES FOR STUDY
KATE CHOPIN The Story of an Hour
WILLIAM FAULKNER Barn Burning
ERNEST HEMINGWAY Hills Like White Elephants
ALICE MUNRO The Found Boat
FRANK O'CONNOR First Confession
DANIEL OROZCO Orientation
JOHN UPDIKE A & P
Writing About Tone and Style
Illustrative Student Essay: Frank O'Connor's Control of Tone and Style in "First Confession"
Writing Topics About Tone and Style
7 SYMBOLISM AND ALLEGORY: KEYS TO EXTENDED MEANING
Symbolism
Allegory
Fable, Parable, and Myth
Allusion in Symbolism and Allegory
STORIES FOR STUDY
AESOP The Fox and the Grapes
ANONYMOUS The Myth of Atalanta
ANITA SCOTT COLEMAN Unfinished Masterpieces
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE Young Goodman Brown
FRANZ KAFKA A Hunger Artist
LUKE The Parable of the Prodigal Son
GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
KATHERINE ANNE PORTER The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
JOHN STEINBECK The Chrysanthemums
Writing About Symbolism and Allegory
Illustrative Student
Essay (Symbolism): Symbols of Light and Darkness in Porter's "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall"
Second Illustrative Student Essay (Allegory): The Allegory of Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown"
Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allegory
8 IDEA OR THEME: THE MEANING AND THE MESSAGE IN FICTION
Ideas and Assertions
Ideas and Issues
Ideas and Values
The Place of Ideas in Literature
How to Find Ideas
STORIES FOR STUDY
JAMES BALDWIN Sonny's Blues
TONI CADE BAMBARA The Lesson
ANTON CHEKHOV The Lady with the Dog
D. H. LAWRENCE The Horse Dealer's Daughter
AMERICO PAREDES The Hammon and the Beans
Writing About a Major Idea in Fiction
Illustrative Student Essay: D. H. Lawrence's "The Horse Dealer's Daughter"as an Expression of the Idea that Loving Commitment is Essential in Life
Writing Topics About Ideas
9 A CAREER IN FICTION: FOUR STORIES BY EDGAR ALLAN POE WITH CRITICAL READINGS FOR RESEARCH
POE'S LIFE AND CAREER
Poe's Work as a Journalist and Writer of Fiction
Poe's Reputation
Bibliographic Sources
Writing Topics About Poe
FOUR STORIES BY EDGAR A. POE (IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER)
The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)
The Masque of the Red Death (1842)
The Black Cat (1843)
The Cask of Amontillado (1846)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Poe's Stories
1. Poe's Irony
2.The Narrators of "The Cask of Amontillado"and "The Fall of the House of Usher"
3. "The Fall of the House of Usher"
4."The Black Cat"and "The Tell-Tale Heart"
5."The Masque of the Red Death"
6. Symbolism in "The Masque of the Red Death"
7."The Masque of the Red Death "as Representative of a "Diseased Age"
8. Sources and Analogues of "The Cask of Amontillado"
9. Poe's Idea of Unity and "The Fall of the House of Usher"
10.The Narrators of "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Black Cat"
11. Poe, Women, and "The Fall of the House of Usher"
12.The Deceptive Narrator of "The Black Cat"
10 SEVEN STORIES FOR ADDITIONAL ENJOYMENT AND STUDY
JOHN CHIOLES Before the Firing Squad
STEPHEN CRANE The Open Boat
ANDRE DUBUS The Curse
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN The Yellow Wallpaper
FLANNERY O'CONNOR A Good Man Is Hard to Find
TILLIE OLSEN I Stand Here Ironing
PETRONIUS (GAIUS PETRONIUS ARBITER) The Widow of Ephesus
10A WRITING RESEARCH ESSAYS ON FICTION
Selecting a Topic
Setting up a Bibliography
Online Library Services
Important Considerations About Computer-Aided Research
Taking Notes and Paraphrasing Material
Being Creative and Original While Doing Research
Documenting Your Work
Strategies for Organizing Ideas in Your Research Essay
Plagiarism: An Embarrassing but Vital Subject-and a Danger to be Overcome
Illustrative Student Essay Using Research: The Structure of Katherine Mansfield's "Miss Brill"
Writing Topics About How to Undertake Research Essays
PART III
Reading and Writing About Poetry
11 MEETING POETRY: AN OVERVIEW
The Nature of Poetry
BILLY COLLINS Schoolsville
LISEL MUELLER Hope
ROBERT HERRICK Here a Pretty Baby Lies
Poetry of the English Language
How to Read a Poem
Studying Poetry
ANONYMOUS Sir Patrick Spens
POEMS FOR STUDY
GWENDOLYN BROOKS The Mother
EMILY DICKINSON Because I Could Not Stop for Death
ROBERT FRANCIS Catch
ROBERT FROST Stopping by Woods on aSnowy Evening
THOMAS HARDY The Man He Killed
JOY HARJO Eagle Poem
RANDALL JARRELL The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
BEN JONSON On My First Daughter
EMMA LAZARUS The New Colossus
LOUIS MACNEICE Snow
JIM NORTHRUP Ogichidag
NAOMI SHIHAB NYE Where Children Live
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 55: Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY To - ["Music, When Soft Voices Die"]
ELAINE TERRANOVA Rush Hour
Writing a Paraphrase of a Poem
Illustrative Student Paraphrase: A Paraphrase of Thomas Hardy's "The Man He Killed"
Writing an Explication of a Poem
Illustrative Student Essay: An Explication of Thomas Hardy's "The Man He Killed"
Writing Topics About the Nature of Poetry
12 WORDS: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF POETRY
Choice of Diction: Specific and Concrete, General and Abstract
Levels of Diction
Special Types of Diction
Syntax
Decorum: The Matching of Subject and Word
Denotation and Connotation
ROBERT GRAVES The Naked and the Nude
POEMS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM BLAKE The Lamb
ROBERT BURNS Green Grow the Rashes, O
LEWIS CARROLL Jabberwocky 663
HAYDEN CARRUTH An Apology for Using the Word "Heart" in Too Many Poems
E. E. CUMMINGS next to of course god america
JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 14: Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God
RICHARD EBERHART The Fury of Aerial Bombardment
BART EDELMAN Chemistry Experiment
THOMAS GRAY Sonnet on the Death of Richard West
JANE HIRSHFIELD The Lives of the Heart
A. E. HOUSMAN Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now
CAROLYN KIZER Night Sounds
DENISE LEVERTOV Of Being
EUGENIO MONTALE English Horn (Corno Inglese)
JUDITH ORTIZ [COFER] Latin Women Pray
HENRY REED Naming of Parts
EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON Richard Cory
THEODORE ROETHKE Dolor
STEPHEN SPENDER I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great
WALLACE STEVENS Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock
MARK STRAND Eating Poetry
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)
Writing About Diction and Syntax in Poetry 679 * Illustrative Student
Essay: Diction and Character in Robinson's `Richard Cory'
Writing Topics About the Words of Poetry
13 CHARACTERS AND SETTING: WHO, WHAT, WHERE, AND WHEN IN POETRY
Characters in Poetry
ANONYMOUS Western Wind, When Wilt Thou Blow?
ANONYMOUS Bonny George Campbell
BEN JONSON Drink to Me, Only, with Thine Eyes
BEN JONSON To the Reader
Setting and Character in Poetry
LISEL MUELLER Alive Together
POEMS FOR STUDY
MATTHEW ARNOLD Dover Beach
WILLIAM BLAKE London
ELIZABETH BREWSTER Where I Come From
ROBERT BROWNING My Last Duchess
WILLIAM COWPER The Poplar Field
ALLEN GINSBERG A Further Proposal
LOUISE GLUECK Snowdrops
THOMAS GRAY Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
THOMAS HARDY The Ruined Maid
DORIANNE LAUX The Life of Trees
C. DAY LEWIS Song
ROBERT LOWELL Memories of West Street and Lepke
CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
JOYCE CAROL OATES Loving
SIR WALTER RALEGH The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd
CHRISTINA ROSSETTI A Christmas Carol
JANE SHOREA Letter Sent to Summer
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
JAMES WRIGHT A Blessing
Writing About Character and Setting in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of the Duke in Browning's "My Last Duchess"
Writing Topics About Character and Setting in Poetry
14 IMAGERY: THE POEM'S LINK TO THE SENSES
Responses and the Writer's Use of Detail
The Relationship of Imagery to Ideas and Attitudes
Types of Imagery
JOHN MASEFIELD Cargoes
WILFRED OWEN Anthem for Doomed Youth
ELIZABETH BISHOP The Fish
POEMS FOR STUDY
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese, Number 14: If Thou Must Love Me
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE Kubla Khan
T. S. ELIOT Preludes
SUSAN GRIFFIN Love Should Grow Up Like a Wild Iris in the Fields
THOMAS HARDY Channel Firing
GEORGE HERBERT The Pulley
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Spring
A. E. HOUSMAN On Wenlock Edge
DENISE LEVERTOV A Time Past
THOMAS LUX The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently
EUGENIO MONTALE Buffalo (Buffalo)
MARIANNE MOORE The Fish
PABLO NERUDA Every Day You Play
EZRA POUND In a Station of the Metro
MIKLOS RADNOTI Forced March
FRIEDRICH RUECKERT If You Love for the Sake of Beauty
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 130: My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun
JAMES TATE Dream On
DAVID WOJAHN "It's Only Rock and Roll, but I Like It": The Fall of Saigon
Writing About Imagery
Illustrative Student Essay: Imagery in T. S. Eliot's "Preludes"
Writing Topics About Imagery in Poetry
15 FIGURES OF SPEECH, OR METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE: A SOURCE OF DEPTH AND RANGE IN POETRY
Metaphors and Similes: The Major Figures of Speech
Characteristics of Metaphorical Language
JOHN KEATS On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
Vehicle and Tenor
Other Figures of Speech
JOHN KEATS Bright Star
JOHN GAY Let Us Take the Road
POEMS FOR STUDY
JACK AGUEEROS Sonnet for You, Familiar Famine
WILLIAM BLAKE The Tyger
ROBERT BURNS A Red, Red Rose
JOHN DONNE A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
JOHN DRYDEN A Song for St. Cecilia's Day
ABBIE HUSTON EVANS The Iceberg Seven-Eighths Under
THOMAS HARDY The Convergence of the Twain
JOY HARJO Remember
JOHN KEATS To Autumn
MAURICE KENNY Legacy
JANE KENYON Let Evening Come
HENRY KING Sic Vita
ROBERT LOWELL Skunk Hour
JUDITH MINTY Conjoined
PABLO NERUDA If You Forget Me
MARGE PIERCY A Work of Artifice
MURIEL RUKEYSER Looking at Each Other
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 30: When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought
ELIZABETH TUDOR, QUEEN ELIZABETH I On Monsieur's Departure
MONA VAN DUYN Earth Tremors Felt in Missouri
WALT WHITMAN Facing West from California's Shores
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH London, 1802
SIR THOMAS WYATT I Find No Peace
Writing About Figures of Speech
Illustrative Student Paragraph: Wordsworth's Use of Overstatement in "London, 1802"
Illustrative Student Essay: A Study of Shakespeare's Metaphors in Sonnet 30: "When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought"
Writing Topics About Figures of Speech in Poetry
16 TONE: THE CREATION OF ATTITUDE IN POETRY
Tone, Choice, and Response
CORNELIUS WHUR The First-Rate Wife
Tone and the Need for Control
WILFRED OWEN Dulce et Decorum Est
Tone and Common Grounds of Assent
Tone in Conversation and Poetry
Tone and Irony
THOMAS HARDY The Workbox
Tone and Satire
ALEXANDER POPE Epigram from the French
ALEXANDER POPE Epigram, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to His Royal Highness
POEMS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM BLAKE On Another's Sorrow
JIMMY CARTER I Wanted to Share My Father's World
LUCILLE CLIFTON homage to my hips
BILLY COLLINS The Names
E. E. CUMMINGS she being Brand /-new
BART EDELMAN Trouble
MARI EVANS I Am a Black Woman
SEAMUS HEANEY Mid-Term Break
WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY When You Are Old
DAVID IGNATOW The Bagel
YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Facing It
ABRAHAM LINCOLN My Childhood's Home
PAT MORA La Migra
SHARON OLDS The Planned Child
ROBERT PINSKY Dying
ALEXANDER POPE from Epilogue to the Satires Dialogue I
SALVATORE QUASIMODO Auschwitz
ANNE RIDLER Nothing Is Lost
THEODORE ROETHKE My Papa's Waltz
JANE SHOREA Letter Sent to Summer
JONATHAN SWIFT A Description of the Morning
DAVID WAGONER My Physics Teacher
C. K. WILLIAMS Dimensions
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH The Solitary Reaper
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS When You Are Old
Writing About Tone in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: The Speaker's Attitudes in Sharon Olds's "The Planned Child"
Writing Topics About Tone in Poetry
17 PROSODY: SOUND, RHYTHM, AND RHYME IN POETRY
Important Definitions for Studying Prosody
Segments: Individually Meaningful Sounds
Poetic Rhythm
The Major Metrical Feet
Special Meters
Substitution
Accentual Strong-Stress, and "Sprung" Rhythms
The Caesura: The Pause Creating Variety and Natural Rhythms in Poetry
Segmental Poetic Devices
Rhyme: The Duplication and Similarity of Sounds
Rhyme and Meter
Rhyme Schemes
POEMS FOR STUDY
GWENDOLYN BROOKS We Real Cool
ROBERT BROWNING Porphyria's Lover
EMILY DICKINSON To Hear an Oriole Sing
JOHN DONNE The Sun Rising
T. S. ELIOT Macavity: The Mystery Cat
RALPH WALDO EMERSON Concord Hymn
ISABELLA GARDNER At a Summer Hotel
ROBERT HERRICK Upon Julia's Voice
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS God's Grandeur
JOHN HALL INGHAM George Washington
PHILIP LEVINE A Theory of Prosody
HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW The Sound of the Sea
HERMAN MELVILLE Shiloh: A Requiem
OGDEN NASH Very Like a Whale
EDGAR ALLAN POE Annabel Lee
EDGAR ALLAN POE The Bells
ALEXANDER POPE From An Essay on Man Epistle I
WYATT PRUNTY March
EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON Miniver Cheevy
CHRISTINA ROSSETTI Echo
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 73: That Time of Year Thou May'st in Me Behold
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY Ode to the West Wind
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON From Idylls of the King: The Passing of Arthur
DAVID WAGONER March for a One-Man Band
Writing About Prosody
Referring to Sounds in Poetry
First Illustrative Student Essay: Rhyme, Rhythm, and Sound in Browning's "Porphyria's Lover"
Second Illustrative Student Essay: The Rhymes and Repeated Words in Christina Rossetti's "Echo"
Writing Topics About Rhythm and Rhyme in Poetry
18 FORM: THE SHAPE OF POEMS
Closed-Form Poetry
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Fragment from The Prelude
ALEXANDER POPE Fragment from The Rape of the Locke
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON The Eagle
JOHN MILTON Fragment from Lycidas
ANONYMOUS Spun in High, Dark Clouds
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 116: Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds
Open-Form Poetry
WALT WHITMAN Reconciliation
Visualizing Poetry: Poetry and Artistic Expression: Visual Poetry, Concrete Poetry, and Prose Poems
E. E. CUMMINGS Buffalo Bill's Defunct
GEORGE HERBERT Colossians 3:3 (Our Life is Hid With Christ in God)
GEORGE HERBERT Easter Wings
CHARLES HARPER WEBB The Shape of History
JOHN HOLLANDER Swan and Shadow
WILLIAM HEYEN Mantle
MAY SWENSON Women
CAROLYN FORCHE The Colonel
POEMS FOR STUDY
ELIZABETH BISHOP One Art
BILLY COLLINS Sonnet
JOHN DRYDEN To the Memory of Mr. Oldham
ROBERT FROST Desert Places
ALLEN GINSBERG A Supermarket in California
NIKKI GIOVANNI Nikki-Rosa
ROBERT HASS Museum
GEORGE HERBERT Virtue
JOHN KEATS Ode to a Nightingale
CLAUDE MCKAY In Bondage
JOHN MILTON On His Blindness (When I Consider How
My Light Is Spent)
DUDLEY RANDALL Ballad of Birmingham
THEODORE ROETHKE The Waking
GEORGE WILLIAM RUSSELL (AE) Continuity
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY Ozymandias
DYLAN THOMAS Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night
JEAN TOOMER Reapers
PHYLLIS WEBB Poetics Against the Angel of Death
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Dance
Writing About Form in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: Form and Meaning in George Herbert's "Virtue"
Writing Topics About Poetic Form
19 SYMBOLISM AND ALLUSION: WINDOWS TO WIDE EXPANSES OF MEANING
Symbolism and Meanings
VIRGINIA SCOTT Snow
The Function of Symbolism in Poetry
Allusions and Meaning
Studying for Symbols and Allusions
POEMS FOR STUDY
EMILY BRONTE No Coward Soul Is Mine
AMY CLAMPITT Beach Glass
ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth
PETER DAVISON III Delphi
JOHN DONNE The Canonization
STEPHEN DUNN Hawk
ISABELLA GARDNER Collage of Echoes
DAN GEORGAKIS Hiroshima Crewman
LOUISE GLUECK Celestial Music
JORIE GRAHAM The Geese
THOMAS HARDY In Time of "The Breaking of Nations"
GEORGE HERBERT The Collar
JOSEPHINE JACOBSEN Tears
ROBINSON JEFFERS The Purse-Seine
JOHN KEATS La Belle Dame Sans Merci: A Ballad
X. J. KENNEDY Old Men Pitching Horseshoes
TED KOOSER Year's End
PHILIP LARKIN Next, Please
DAVID LEHMAN Venice Is Sinking
ANDREW MARVELL To His Coy Mistress
MARY OLIVER Wild Geese
GARY SNYDER Milton by Firelight
JUDITH VIORST A Wedding Sonnet for the Next Generation
WALT WHITMAN A Noiseless Patient Spider
RICHARD WILBUR Year's End
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS The Second Coming
Writing About Symbolism and Allusion in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: Symbolism in Oliver's "Wild Geese"
Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allusion
20 MYTHS: SYSTEMS OF SYMBOLIC ALLUSION IN POETRY
Mythology as an Explanation of How Things Are
Mythology and Literature
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS Leda and the Swan
MONA VAN DUYN Leda
Six Poems Related to the Myth of Odysseus
POEMS FOR STUDY
LOUISE GLUECK Penelope's Song
W. S. MERWIN Odysseus
DOROTHY PARKER Penelope
LINDA PASTAN The Suitor
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON Ulysses
PETER ULISSE Odyssey: 20 Years Later
Six Poems Related to the Myth of Icarus
POEMS FOR STUDY
BRIAN ALDISS Flight 063
W. H. AUDEN Musee des Beaux Arts
EDWARD FIELD Icarus
MURIEL RUKEYSER Waiting for Icarus
ANNE SEXTON To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
Four Poems Related to the Myth of Orpheus
POEMS FOR STUDY
EDWARD HIRSCH The Swimmers
RAINER MARIA RILKE The Sonnets to Orpheus, 1.19
MARK STRAND Orpheus Alone
ELLEN BRYANT VOIGT Song and Story
Three Poems Related to the Myth of the Phoenix
POEMS FOR STUDY
AMY CLAMPITT Berceuse
DENISE LEVERTOV Hunting the Phoenix
MAY SARTON The Phoenix Again
Two Poems Related to the Myth of Oedipus
POEMS FOR STUDY
MURIEL RUKEYSER Myth
JOHN UPDIKE On the Way to Delphi
Three Poems Related to the Myth of Pan
POEMS FOR STUDY
E. E. CUMMINGS in Just-
JOHN CHIPMAN FARRAR Song for a Forgotten Shrine to Pan
ROBERT FROST Pan with Us
Writing About Myths in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: Myth and Meaning in Dorothy Parker's "Penelope"
Writing Topics About Myths in Poetry
21 FOUR MAJOR AMERICAN POETS: EMILY DICKINSON, ROBERT FROST, LANGSTON HUGHES, AND SYLVIA PLATH
EMILY DICKINSON'S LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Emily Dickinson
POEMS BY EMILY DICKINSON (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)
After Great Pain, a Formal Feeling Comes (J341, F372)
Because I Could Not Stop for Death (J712, F479)
(Included in Chapter 11, p. 635)
The Bustle in a House (J1078, F1108)
The Heart Is the Capital of the Mind (J1354, F1381)
I Cannot Live with You (J640, F706)
I Died for Beauty - But Was Scarce (J449, F448)
I Dwell in Possibility (F466, J657)
I Felt a Funeral in My Brain (J280, F340)
I Heard a Fly Buzz - When I Died (J465, F491)
I Like to See It Lap the Miles (J585, F383)
I'm Nobody! Who Are You? (J288, F260)
I Never Lost as Much but Twice (J49, F39)
I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed (J214, F207)
Much Madness Is Divinest Sense (J435, F620)
My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close (J1732, F1773)
My Triumph Lasted Till the Drums (J1227, F1212)
One Need Not Be a Chamber - To Be Haunted (J670, F407)
Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers (J216, F124)
Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church (J324, F236)
The Soul Selects Her Own Society (J303, F409)
Success Is Counted Sweetest (J67, F112)
Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant (J1129, F1263)
There's a Certain Slant of Light (J258, F320)
To Hear an Oriole Sing (J526, F402) (Included in Chapter 17 p. 859)
Wild Nights - Wild Nights! (J249, F269)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Dickinson's Poems
1. From "Orthodox Modernisms"
2."The Landscape of the Spirit"
3. From "The American Plain Style"
4. From "The Histrionic Imagination"
5. From "The Gothic Mode"
ROBERT FROST'S LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Robert Frost
POEMS BY ROBERT FROST (CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED)
The Tuft of Flowers (1913)
Pan with Us (in Chapter 20, p. 1015)
Mending Wall (1914)
Birches (1915)
The Road Not Taken (1915)
"Out, Out-" (1916)
The Oven Bird (1916)
Fire and Ice (1920)
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (1923)
(In Chapter 11, p. 637)
Misgiving (1923)
Nothing Gold Can Stay (1923)
Acquainted with the Night (1928)
Desert Places (1936) (In Chapter 18, p. 918)
Design (1936)
The Silken Tent (1936)
The Gift Outright (1941)
A Considerable Speck (1942)
Take Something Like a Star (1943)
LANGSTON HUGHES' LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Langston Hughes
POEMS OF LANGSTON HUGHES (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)
Bad Man
Cross
Dead in There
Dream Variations
Harlem
Let America Be America Again
Madam and Her Madam
Negro
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
125th Street
Po' Boy Blues
Silhouette
Subway Rush Hour
Theme for English B
The Weary Blues
SYLVIA PLATH'S LIFE AND WORK
Writing Topics About the Poetry of Sylvia Plath
POEMS OF SYLVIA PLATH (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)
Ariel
The Colossus
Cut
Daddy
Edge
The Hanging Man
Lady Lazarus
Last Words
Metaphors
Mirror
The Rival
Song for a Summer's Day
Tulips
22 ONE HUNDRED SIXTEEN POEMS FOR ADDITIONAL ENJOYMENT AND STUDY
MAYA ANGELOU My Arkansas
ANONYMOUS (NAVAJO) Healing Prayer from the Beautyway Chant
ANONYMOUS Lord Randal
MARGARET ATWOOD Variation on the Word Sleep
W. H. AUDEN The Unknown Citizen
WENDELL BERRY Another Descent
LOUISE BOGAN Women
ARNA BONTEMPS A Black Man Talks of Reaping
ANNE BRADSTREET To My Dear and Loving Husband
GWENDOLYN BROOKS Primer for Blacks
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese: Number 43, How Do I Love Thee
ROBERT BROWNING Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister
WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT To Cole, the Painter, Departing for Europe
GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON The Destruction of Sennacherib
NEW GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON She Walks in Beauty
LEONARD COHEN "The killers that run . . ."
BILLY COLLINS Days
FRANCES CORNFORD From a Letter to America on a Visit to Sussex: Spring 1942
STEPHEN CRANE Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War Is Kind
ROBERT CREELEY "Do you think . . ."
E. E. CUMMINGS if there are any heavens
CARL DENNIS The God Who Loves You
JOHN DONNE The Good Morrow
JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 10: Death Be Not Proud
JOHN DONNE A Hymn to God the Father
PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR Sympathy [I Know What the Caged Bird Feels]
T. S. ELIOT The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
JAMES EMANUEL The Negro
LYNN EMANUEL Like God
CHIEF DAN GEORGE The Beauty of the Trees
NIKKI GIOVANNI Woman
NIKKI GIOVANNI Poetry
MARILYN HACKER Sonnet Ending with a Film Subtitle
DANIEL HALPERN Snapshot of Hue
DANIEL HALPERN Summer in the Middle Class
H. S. (SAM) HAMOD Leaves
FRANCES E. W. HARPER She's Free!
MICHAEL S. HARPER Called
ROBERT HASS Spring Rain
ROBERT HAYDEN Those Winter Sundays
ROBERT HERRICK To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
WILLIAM HEYEN The Hair: Jacob Korman's Story
A. D. HOPE Advice to Young Ladies
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Pied Beauty
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS The Windhover
CAROLINA HOSPITALDear Tia
ROBINSON JEFFERS The Answer
DONALD JUSTICE On the Death of Friends in Childhood
JOHN KEATS Ode on a Grecian Urn
GALWAY KINNELL After Making Love We Hear Footsteps
KATHERINE LARSON Statuary
IRVING LAYTON Rhine Boat Trip
LI-YOUNG LEE A Final Thing
ALAN P. LIGHTMAN In Computers
LIZ LOCHHEAD The Choosing
AUDRE LORDE Every Traveler Has One Vermont Poem
AMY LOWELL Patterns
ARCHIBALD MACLEISH Ars Poetica
HEATHER MCHUGH Lines
CLAUDE MCKAY The White City
W. S. MERWIN Listen
EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why
N. SCOTT MOMADAY The Bear
MARIANNE MOORE Poetry
LISEL MUELLER Monet Refuses the Operation
HOWARD NEMEROV Life Cycle of Common Man
JIM NORTHRUP wahbegan
MARY OLIVER Ghosts
SIMON ORTIZ A Story of How a Wall Stands
DOROTHY PARKER Resume
LINDA PASTAN Ethics
LINDA PASTAN Marks
MOLLY PEACOCK Desire
MARGE PIERCY The Secretary Chant
EDGAR ALLAN POE The Raven
JOHN CROWE RANSOM Bells for John Whiteside's Daughter
JOHN RAVEN Assailant
ADRIENNE RICH Diving into the Wreck
ALBERTO RIOS The Vietnam Wall
LUIS OMAR SALINAS In a Farmhouse
SONIA SANCHEZ rite on: white america
CARL SANDBURG Chicago
SIEGFRIED SASSOON Dreamers
GJERTRUD SCHNACKENBERG The Paperweight
ALAN SEEGER I Have a Rendezvous with Death
BRENDA SEROTTE My Mother's Face
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 29: When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 146: Poor Soul, the Center of My Sinful Earth
KARL SHAPIRO Auto Wreck
LESLIE MARMON SILKO Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer
STEVIE SMITH Not Waving But Drowning
GARY SOTO Oranges
WILLIAM STAFFORD Traveling Through the Dark
GERALD STERN Burying an Animal on the Way to New York
WALLACE STEVENS The Emperor of Ice-Cream
MAY SWENSON Question
DYLAN THOMAS A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London
DANIEL TOBIN My Uncle's Watch
CHASE TWICHELL Blurry Cow
JOHN UPDIKE Perfection Wasted
TINO VILLANUEVA Day-Long Day
JUDITH VIORST True Love
SHELLY WAGNER The Boxes
ALICE WALKER Revolutionary Petunias
EDMUND WALLER Go, Lovely Rose
BRUCE WEIGL Song of Napalm
PHILLIS WHEATLEY On Being Brought from Africa to America
WALT WHITMAN Beat! Beat! Drums!
WALT WHITMAN Dirge for Two Veterans
WALT WHITMAN Full of Life Now
WALT WHITMAN I Hear America Singing
JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER The Bartholdi Statue
RICHARD WILBUR April 5, 1974
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Red Wheelbarrow
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS The Wild Swans at Coole
PAUL ZIMMER The Day Zimmer Lost Religion
22A WRITING RESEARCH ESSAYS ON POETRY
Topics to Discover in Research
Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: "Beat! Beat! Drums!" and "I Hear America Singing": Two Whitman Poems Spanning the Civil War
PART IV
Reading and Writing About Drama
23 THE DRAMATIC VISION: AN OVERVIEW
Drama as Literature
Performance: The Unique Aspect of Drama
Drama from Ancient Times to Our Own: Tragedy, Comedy, and Additional Forms
ANONYMOUS The Visit to the Sepulcher (Visitatio Sepulchri)
How do the Three Marys respond to the news told by the angel? Visualizing Plays
PLAYS FOR STUDY
EDWARD ALBEE The Sandbox
SUSAN GLASPELL Trifles
BETTY KELLER Tea Party
EUGENE O'NEILL Before Breakfast
Writing About the Elements of Drama
Referring to Plays and Parts of Plays
Illustrative Student Essay: Eugene O'Neill's Use of Negative Descriptions and Stage Directions in Before Breakfast as a Means of Revealing Character
Writing Topics About the Elements of Drama
24 THE TRAGIC VISION: AFFIRMATION THROUGH LOSS
The Origins of Tragedy
The Ancient Athenian Competitions in Tragedy
The Origin of Tragedy in Brief
Aristotle and the Nature of Tragedy
Aristotle's View of Tragedy in Brief
Irony in Tragedy
The Ancient Athenian Audience and Theater
Ancient Greek Tragic Actors and Their Costumes
Performance and the Formal Organization of Greek Tragedy
PLAYS FOR STUDY
SOPHOCLES Oedipus the King
Renaissance Drama and Shakespeare's Theater
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
Tragedy from Shakespeare to Arthur Miller
Death of a Salesman: Tragedy, Symbolism, and Broken Dreams
ARTHUR MILLER Death of a Salesman
Writing About Tragedy
Illustrative Student Essay: The Problem of Hamlet's Apparent Delay
Writing Topics About Tragedy
25 THE COMIC VISION: RESTORING THE BALANCE
The Origins of Comedy
Comedy from Roman Times to the Renaissance
The Patterns, Characters, and Language of Comedy
Types of Comedy
PLAYS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE A Midsummer Night's Dream
The Life and Theater of Moliere
Love Is the Doctor (L'Amour Medecin): A Comic Farce
MOLIERE (Jean Baptiste Poguelin) Love Is the Doctor (L'Amour Medecin)
Comedy Since Shakespeare and Moliere
ANTON CHEKHOV The Bear, A Joke in One Act
BETH HENLEY Am I Blue
Writing About Comedy
Illustrative Student Essay: Setting as Symbol and Comic Structure in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
Writing Topics About Comedy
26 VISIONS OF DRAMATIC REALITY AND NONREALITY: VARYING THE IDEA OF DRAMA AS IMITATION
Realism and Nonrealism in Drama
Elements of Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama
PLAYS FOR STUDY
Langston Hughes Biography
Hughes and the African American Theater after 1920
Hughes's Career as a Dramatist
Mulatto and the Reality of the Southern Black Experience
LANGSTON HUGHES Mulatto
TENNESSEE WILLIAMS The Glass Menagerie
August Wilson Biography
The Background of Fences
AUGUST WILSON Fences
Writing About Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama
Illustrative Student Essay: Realism and Nonrealism in Tom's Triple Role in The Glass Menagerie
Writing Topics About Dramatic Reality and Nonreality
27 DRAMATIC VISION ON FILM: FROM THE SILVER SCREEN TO THEWORLD OF DIGITAL FANTASY
A Thumbnail History of Film
Stage Plays and Film
DVD Technology and Film Study
The Aesthetics of Film
The Techniques of Film
TWO FILM SCENES FOR STUDY
ORSON WELLES AND HERMAN J. MANKIEWICZ Shot 71 from the Shooting Script of Citizen Kane
ARTHUR LAURENTS A Scene from The Turning Point
Writing About Film
Illustrative Student Essay: Welles's Citizen Kane: Whittling a Giant Down to Size
Writing Topics About Film
28 HENRIK IBSEN AND THE REALISTIC PROBLEM PLAY: A DOLLHOUSE
Ibsen's Life and Early Work
Ibsen's Major Prose Plays
A Dollhouse: Ibsen's Best-Known Problem Play
Ibsen's Symbolism in A Dollhouse
A Dollhouse as a "Well-Made Play"
The Timeliness and Dramatic Power of A Dollhouse
Bibliographic Studies
HENRIK IBSEN A Dollhouse (Et Dukkehjem)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Ibsen's A Dollhouse and Other Plays
1. Freedom,Truth, and Society-Rhetoric and Reality
2. Ibsen's Feminist Characters
3."A Marxist Approach to A Doll House"
28A WRITING RESEARCH ESSAYS ON DRAMA
Topics to Discover in Research
Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: The Ghost in Hamlet
PART V
Special Writing Topics About Literature
29 CRITICAL APPROACHES IMPORTANT IN THE STUDY OF LITERATURE
Moral/Intellectual
Topical/Historical
New Critical/Formalist
Structuralist
Feminist Criticism/Gender Studies/Queer Theory
Economic Determinist/Marxist
Psychological/Psychoanalytic
Archetypal/Symbolic/Mythic
Deconstructionist
Reader-Response
30 COMPARISON-CONTRAST AND EXTENDED COMPARISON-CONTRAST: LEARNING BY SEEING LITERARY WORKS TOGETHER
Guidelines for the Comparison-Contrast Method
The Extended Comparison-Contrast Essay
Writing a Comparison-Contrast Essay
Illustrative Student Essay (Two Works): The Treatment of Responses to War in Amy Lowell's "Patterns" and Wilfred Owen's "Anthem for Doomed Youth"
Illustrative Student Essay (Extended Comparison-Contrast): Literary Treatments of the Conflicts Between Private and Public Life
Writing Topics for Comparison and Contrast
31 TAKING EXAMINATIONS ON LITERATURE
Answer the Questions That Are Asked
Systematic Preparation
Two Basic Types of Questions About Literature
APPENDIXES
I. MLA RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DOCUMENTING SOURCES
II. BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF THE POETS IN PART III
A GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT LITERARY TERMS