Human Population Genetics

Foreword vii Preface ix 1 GENETIC, MATHEMATICAL, AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 1 I. The Scope of Population Genetics 2 II. Genetics Background 5 III. Principles of Probability 14 IV. The Anthropological Connection 17 V. A Closing Thought 21 2 HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM 23 I. Genotype and Allele Frequencies 24 II. What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? 30 III. The Mathematics of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 31 IV. Using Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 37 V. Extensions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 40 VI. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Evolution 44 VII. Summary 45 3 INBREEDING 49 I. Quantifying Inbreeding 51 II. Population Genetics and Inbreeding 62 III. Inbreeding in Human Populations 65 IV. Summary 75 4 MUTATION 77 I. The Nature of Mutations 77 II. Models of Mutation 81 III. Mutational History and Anthropological Questions 88 IV. Summary 96 5 GENETIC DRIFT 101 I. What is Genetic Drift? 102 II. Genetic Drift and Population Size 112 III. Effects on Genetic Variation 120 IV. Mutation and Genetic Drift 121 V. Coalescent Theory 125 VI. Summary 131 6 MODELS OF NATURAL SELECTION 139 I. How Does Natural Selection Work? 140 II. A General Model of Natural Selection 145 III. Types of Natural Selection 147 IV. Other Aspects of Selection 160 V. Summary 167 7 NATURAL SELECTION IN HUMAN POPULATIONS 181 I. Case Studies of Natural Selection in Human Populations 182 II. Are Humans Still Evolving? 198 III. Summary 203 8 GENE FLOW 205 I. The Evolutionary Impact of Gene Flow 206 II. Models of Gene Flow 208 III. Gene Flow and Genetic Drift 213 IV. Estimating Admixture in Human Populations 226 V. Summary 230 9 HUMAN POPULATION STRUCTURE AND HISTORY 237 I. Case Studies of Human Population Structure 238 II. The Origin of Modern Humans 242 III. Case Studies of Population Origins 247 IV. Summary 255 Glossary 257 References 267 Index 279