Depositional Sedimentary Environments

I: Primary Structures and Textures.- Depositional Environments.- Physical Parameters.- General Information.- Inorganic Primary Sedimentary Structures.- Hydrodynamic Factors and Bedforms in Water.- Flow Regime.- Lower Flow Regime.- Transition Regime.- Upper Flow Regime.- Bedforms.- Plane Bed without Movement.- Small Ripples.- Megaripples.- Plane Bed with Sediment Movement.- Antidunes.- Rate of Migration of Bedforms.- Bedforms, Stream Power, and Water Depth.- Current and Wave Ripples.- General Information.- Description of Ripple Marks.- Internal Structure of a Ripple.- Pattern of Flow over a Lee Face of a Small Ripple, Megaripple, and "Microdeltas".- Zone of No Diffusion.- Zone of Mixing.- Zone of Backflow.- Development of Lamination in the Lee Face 19.- Variables Controlling the Shape and Slope of Foreset Laminae.- Velocity and Bed Shear Stress.- Influence of Depth Ratio.- Sediment Type.- Causes for the Production of Foreset Laminae of Varying Composition.- Sediment Movement in Symmetrical Wave Ripples.- Sediment Movement in Asymmetrical Wave Ripples.- Wave Ripples.- Symmetrical Wave Ripples.- Asymmetrical Wave Ripples.- Current Ripples.- Small-Current Ripples.- Straight-Crested Small Ripples.- Undulatory Small Ripples.- Lingoid Small Ripples.- Rhomboid Small Ripples.- Megaripples.- Straight-Crested Megaripples.- Undulatory Megaripples.- Lunate Megaripples.- Lingoid Megaripples.- Rhomboid Megaripples.- Giant Ripples.- Antidunes.- Combined Current/Wave Ripples.- Longitudinal Combined Current/Wave Ripples.- Transverse Combined Current/Wave Ripples.- Isolated Ripples.- Wind Ripples.- Movement of Sand in a Wind Regime.- Wind Sand Ripples.- Wind Granule Ripples.- Tables for the Identification of Ripples.- Distribution of Ripples in Various Depositional Environments.- Surface Markings and Imprints.- Mud and Sand Volcanoes and Other Similar Features.- Clastic Dykes.- Mud Cracks.- Frost and Ice Cracks.- Raindrop Imprints.- Foam Impressions.- Crystal Imprints and Casts.- Water Level Marks.- Primary Current Lineation.- Wrinkle Marks.- Antiripplets (Adhesion Ripples).- Bubble Sand Structure and Other Bubble Cavities.- Swash Marks.- Rill Marks.- Tooth-Shaped Rill Marks.- Comb-Shaped Rill Marks.- Fringy Rill Marks.- Conical Rill Marks.- Branching Rill Marks.- Meandering Rill Marks.- Bifurcating Rill Marks.- Rill Marks with Accumulation Tongues.- Scour-and-Fill Structures.- Channels.- Scour Marks.- Flute Marks.- Transverse Scour Marks.- Flute Rill Marks.- Longitudinal Furrows and Ridges.- Triangular Marks Tapering Down-Current.- Pillow-like Scour Marks.- Tool Marks.- Stationary Tool Marks.- Obstacle Marks.- Moving Tool Marks.- Groove Marks.- Chevron Marks.- Prod Marks.- Bounce Marks.- Brush Marks.- Skip and Roll Marks.- Penecontemporaneous Deformation Structures.- Load Structures.- Ball-and-Pillow-Structure.- Convolute Bedding.- Slump Structures.- Bedding.- General Information.- Cross-bedding.- Small-ripple Bedding-,.- Megaripple Bedding.- Wave-ripple Bedding.- Longitudinal Cross-bedding.- Channel-fill Cross-bedding.- Antidune Cross-bedding.- Microdelta Cross-bedding.- Beach and Longshore Bar Cross-bedding.- Sand Dune Cross-bedding.- Sand-Drift Cross-bedding.- Scour-and-Fill Cross-bedding.- Climbing-ripple Lamination.- Flaser and Lenticular Bedding.- Ripple Bedding with Flasers.- Flaser Bedding.- Wavy Bedding.- Lenticular Bedding.- Graded Bedding.- Evenly Laminated Sand and Horizontal Bedding.- Coarsely Interlayered Bedding.- Thinly Interlayered Bedding (Rhythmites).- Thinly Laminated Mud.- Homogeneous Bedding.- Sediment Grain Parameters.- General Information.- Grain Size.- Grain Size Distribution.- Suspension Transport.- Saltation Transport.- Rolling Transport.- Shape and Roundness of Sediment Grains.- Shape and Roundness of Gravel.- Shape and Roundness of Sand.- Surface Texture of Sediment Grains.- Primary Fabric or Grain Orientation.- Orientation of Pebbles.- Orientation of Sand Grains.- Orientation of Clay Particles.- Orientation of Organic Remains.- Chemical and Mineralogical Parameters.- Oxidation-Reduction Potential (Eh).- Acidity-Alkalinity.- Salinity.- Temperature.- Index Minerals.- Color.- Trace Elements.- Biological Parameters.- General Information.- Hard Skeletal Parts.- Bioturbation Structures.- Surface Lebensspuren.- Internal Lebensspuren.- Dwelling Structures.- Characterizing of Environments by Lebensspuren.- Fecal Pellets.- Environmental Reconstructions.- II: Modern Environments.- General Information.- Importance of Sequence in Environmental Reconstruction.- Glacial Environment.- General Information.- Geomorphology of Glaciers.- Glacial Flow.- Glacial Erosion.- Glacial Transport.- Glacial Deposit.- Eskers.- Kames.- Small-Delta Deposits.- Glacial Lake Deposits.- Sandur Deposits.- Interglacial Deposits.- Evidences of Glacial Activity.- Grain Size Characteristics of Glacial Deposits.- Wind Activity in Outwash Plains.- Ancient Sediments of Glacial Environments.- Desert Environments.- General Information.- Erosion and Sedimentation Processes in the Desert.- Deposits of Desert Environments.- Hamada Deposits.- Serir Deposits.- Desert Lake and Inland Sebkha Deposits.- Wadi Deposits.- Aeolian Sand Deposits.- Sand Drifts and Sand Shadows.- Gozes.- Sand Sheets.- Sand Dunes.- Internal Structure of Sand Dunes.- Horizontal Bedding.- Cross-Bedding.- The Lower Bounding Surfaces.- Other Bedding Types.- Sand Dune Types.- Barchan Dunes.- Seif Dunes.- Transverse Dunes..- Parabolic Dunes.- Dome-shaped Dunes.- Star Dunes.- Reversing Dunes.- Dikaka.- Interdune Areas.- Dust or Loess Deposits.- Grain-size Characteristics of Aeolian Sand Deposits.- Identification of the Desert Environment in Ancient Sediments.- Wind-deposited Sands.- Water-deposited Sediments.- Criterion for the Recognition of Subaerial Exposure of Water-laid Sediments.- Ancient Deposits of the Desert Environments.- Lake Environment.- General Information.- Clastic Lake Deposits.- Lake Geneva.- Delta Foreslope Outside the Channel and the Fan.- Central Plain.- Lateral Slope.- Channel Bottom.- Central Fan.- Marginal Part of the Fan.- Sublacustrine Natural Levees.- Lake Constance.- Rhine River Delta in Lake Constance.- Ripple Bedding.- Graded Bedding.- Thinly Interlayered Bedding.- Laminated Bedding.- Diffuse Bedding.- Bioturbation Structures.- Bubble Cavities and Plant Remains.- Distribution of Sedimentary Structures in the Delta.- Body.- Delta Topset Deposit.- Delta Foreset Deposit.- Delta Bottomset Deposits.- The Life in the Lakes.- Chemical Precipitates in Lakes.- Examples of Ancient Lake Deposits.- Fluvial Environment.- General Information.- Channel Pattern.- Straight Channels.- Braided Channels.- Meandering Channels.- Form of a Channel and Fluvial Processes.- Fluvial Environments and Their Deposits.- Channel Lag Deposits.- Point Bar Deposits.- Channel Bar and Braided River Deposits.- Natural Levee Deposits.- Crevasse-Splay Deposits.- Channel-fill Deposits (Cut-off Channels and Lakes).- Flood Basin Deposits.- Flood Plain Deposits.- Alluvial Fan Deposits.- Fluvial Associations.- Alluvial Fan Association.- Flood Plain Association.- Coastal Plain-Delta Association.- Some General Remarks.- Role of Aeolian Sediments in Fluvial Deposits.- Grain-size Characteristics of Fluvial Sediments.- Ancient Fluvial Deposits.- Deltaic Environment.- General Information.- The Structure of a Delta.- Topset Deposits.- Foreset Deposits.- Bottomset Deposits.- Marginal Deposits.- Subenvironments of a Delta.- Subenvironments of Subaerial Topset Deposits.- Subaqueous Topset Deposits and Their Environments.- Distributary Channel.- Subaqueous Levees.- Distributary Mouth Bar.- Distal Bar.- Interdistributary Bay.- Deltaic Sand Bodies.- Delta Front Sheet Sand.- Bar Finger Sand.- Prodelta Environment.- Shelf-mud Environment (Delta Bottomset).- Development of Repetitive Lateral and Vertical Sequences in a Delta System.- Examples of Ancient Deposits of the Delta Environment.- The Coast.- The Coast: Definition and Classification.- Coastal Sand.- Geomorphology of Coastal Sand (Beach).- Beach Dynamics and Sediment Transport.- Coastal Sand Dunes.- Beach Ridges and Cheniers.- Beach Ridges of the Coast of Nayarit, Mexico.- Chenier Plain of Southwestern Louisiana.- Washover Fans.- Backshore.- Foreshore.- Shoreface.- The Shelf.- Hydrodynamic Conditions on the Continental Shelf.- Transition Zone.- Shelf Sediments.- Examples of Beach-Shelf Profiles from Modern Environments.- Beach Sand-Shelf Mud Profile, Gulf of Gaeta, Mediterranean Sea, Italy.- Channels and Sand Bars (Shoals) - Channels and Sand Tongues, North Sea.- The Channels and Sand Bars (Shoals) of the Outer Jade, North Sea.- Sand Tongues (Shoals) and Channels in the Region of Nordergründe, North Sea.- Profile of the Biisum: Coastal Sand - Transition Zone -Shelf Mud with Storm Sand Layers.- Coastal Sand.- Transition Zone.- Shelf Mud with Storm Sand Layers.- Galveston Island.- Beach Profile of a High-energy Coast.- Beach-Shelf Profile, Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA.- Distribution of Sedimentary Structures.- Distribution of Fauna.- Distribution of Trace Fossils.- Summary.- Sand Deposits on the Continental Shelf.- Sand Ribbons.- Giant Ripples.- Tidal Current Ridges.- Examples of Ancient Sand Deposits of the Shelf.- Examples of Ancient Coastal Sand and Shelf Sediments.- Coastal Lagoons.- General Information.- Distribution of Sediment and Sedimentary Structures.- Example of a Modern Coastal Lagoon.- Barrier Beach.- Barrier and Sand Bar.- Tidal Delta and Algal-bound Sand Flats.- Tidal Channels.- Lagoonal Bottom (Subtidal Pond).- Gullies (Tidal Creeks).- Intertidal Zone.- Barren Zone.- Marsh.- Salt Pans.- Examples of Ancient Lagoonal Sediments.- Tidal Flats.- General Information.- Physiography and Morphology.- Type of Bedding in Tidal Flat Sediments.- Bioturbation and Fauna.- Tidal Channels.- Surface Structures.- Horizontal and Vertical Sequences of Tidal Flat Deposits.- Diagnostic Features of Tidal Flat Deposits.- Ancient Tidal Flat Deposits.- Continental Margin, Slope and Ocean Basin.- General Information.- Major Units of Continental Margins.- Tectonic or Erosional Type of Continental Margin.- Depositional Continental Margins.- Submarine Canyons and Fan Valleys.- Transport System in the Continental Shelf, Margin and Ocean Basins.- Fluvial Mixed Transport and Separation of Sand and Lutum (Mud).- Transport and Deposition of Sand.- Low-velocity, Low-density Turbidity Currents.- High-density, High-velocity Turbidity Currents.- Turbidite Deposits.- Large-scale Gravity Slide and Slump Deposits.- Pebbly Mudstone Deposits.- Contour Currents.- Deposition in Submarine Canyons.- Deposition in the Deep-sea Fan Region.- Examples of Ancient Deep-sea Fan and Fan Valley Deposits.- Deep-sea Sediments.- Brown Clay (Red Clay).- Globigerina Ooze.- Radiolarian Ooze.- Diatom Ooze.- Pteropod Ooze.- Diagenetic (Hydrogenous) Deposits.- Manganese Nodules.- Current Markings and Related Sedimentary Structures in the Deep-sea Sediments.- Bedding and Bioturbation Structures in the Bottom Samples of Deep-Sea Sediment off the East African Coast.- Distribution of Sediments.- Red Deep-Sea Clay.- Globigerina Ooze.- Zoophycos.- Pyritic Burrows.- Burrows with Thick Walls.- Nonoriented Burrows.- Green-colored Streaks.- Graded Bedding.- Foraminiferal Sand.- Olive-gray Mud.- Biogenic Carbonate Sand.- Continental Slope, Rise and Abyssal Plain of the Gulf of Mexico.- General Information.- Sedimentary Structures in the Sediments of the Gulf of Mexico.- Thin Bedding and Lamination.- Turbidite Layers.- Load Structures.- Muddy Conglomerate Layers.- Primary Homogeneous Layers.- Burrows.- Mottling.- Mycelia.- Shells and Shell Fragments.- Distribution of Sedimentary Structures over Physiographic Provinces.- Sedimentation in the Deeper Parts of the Adjacent Seas.- Varve-like Thinly Interlayered Bedding.- Alternating Bedding of Fine Sand, Silt/Clay.- Primary Homogeneous Bedding.- Strongly Bioturbated Layers.- Turbidite-like Intercalations.- Concluding Remarks.- References.