Horizons in World Physics. Volume 314

This book focuses on new developments in physics research. Chapter 1 discusses universal features of the relationship of local and segmental dynamics and the manifestation of excess density of vibrational states at terahertz frequencies in IR and Raman spectra of glassy polymers. Using glow discharge with a liquid electrolyte cathode as an example, the effects of the kinetics of the mass transfer of solution components on the physicochemical properties of the liquid and gas (plasma zone) are considered in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents the analytical and practical proofs of the synchronous rotation of an object about its center of mass and a fixed point. Chapter 4 studies gravitational over-the-horizon noise (GN) from oscillations of the sub-preon generator inside the NGH (dark energy) void. Chapter 5 uses the gravitational mass spectroscopy (GMS) method for the re-examination of the self-induction phenomenon carried out by analyzing the gravitational noise (GN) emanating from the RLC circuit when the alternating electric current is turned on and off (self-induction), as well as analyzing the GN flows from the centers of the galaxies M51 and M87. In Chapter 6 the mechanism of transformation of a two-dimensional electron gas into a gas of quasiparticles at low temperature in a strong magnetic field is considered in the framework of the quantum fractional Hall effect. Chapter 7 describes these remarkable developments along with the various prizes instituted by the AAPPS-DPP. Finally, Chapter 8 explores the theoretical framework for studying entropy generation in classical mechanics systems, with a particular focus on the Gouy-Stodola theorem, and how energy that remains unused by the system, often referred to as dissipated energy, plays a significant role in increasing the entropy of the system, following the principle of increase of entropy.