The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers

Table of Contents

Thematic Contents

Preface

Credits



Chapter 1 Writing Myths and Rituals

Writing Fitness: Rituals and Practice

Place, Time, and Tools

Energy and Attitude

Keeping a Journal

Reading Entries I Write-to-Learn Entries I Writing Entries

Warming Up: Journal Exercises

"On Keeping a Journal" by Roy Hoffman



Chapter 2 Situations, Purposes, and Processes for Writing

The Rhetorical Situation

Elements of the Rhetorical Situation

The Writer I The Occasion I Purpose I Audience I Genre I Context

Why the Rhetorical Situation Is Important

Purposes for Writing

Writer-Based Purposes

Subject- and Audience-Based Purposes

Combinations of Purposes

Subject, Purpose, and Thesis

Purpose and Audience

Audience Analysis

Purpose, Audience, and Genre

Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation

Purpose, Audience, and Context in Two Essays

"The Struggle to Be an All-American Girl" by Elizabeth Wong

"I'm OK, but You're Not" by Robert Zoellner

Dimensions of the Writing Process

Collecting

Shaping

Drafting

Revising

The Whole Process

Warming Up: Journal Exercises

A Writing Process at Work: Collecting and Shaping

"Athletes and Education" by Neil H. Petrie

"On Writing `Athletes and Education'" by Neil Petrie

A Writing Process at Work: Drafting and Revising

From the Rough Draft of "The Declaration of Independence" by Thomas Jefferson



Chapter 3 Observing

Techniques for Writing About Observations

Observing People

Observing Places

Observing Objects

Warming Up: Journal Exercises

"Take This Fish and Look at It" by Samuel H. Scudder

* "Trailing History" by Scott Vogel

Observing: The Writing Process

Assignment for Observing

Choosing a Subject

Collecting

Sketching I Taking Double-Entry Notes I Answering Questions I Freewriting

Shaping

Spatial Order I Chronological Order I Comparison/Contrast I Definition I Simile, Metaphor, and Analogy I Title, Introduction, and Conclusion

Drafting

Reread Journal Entries and Notes I Reobserve Your Subject I Reexamine Purpose, Audience, Dominant Idea, and Shape I Create a Draft

Revising

Gaining Distance and Objectivity I Rereading and Responding to Your Readers I Guidelines for Revision I Genre I Context

Peer Response

Postscript on the Writing Process

"Permanent Tracings" by Jennifer Macke (student)

"Empty Windows" by Stephen White (student)



Chapter 4 Remembering

Techniques for Writing About Memories

Remembering People

Remembering Places

Remembering Events

Warming Up: Journal Exercises

"Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self" by Alice Walker

"Cesar Chavez Saved My Life" by Daniel "Nene" Alejandrez

Remembering: The Writing Process

Assignment for Remembering

Choosing a Subject

Collecting

Shaping

Genre I Chronological Order I Comparison/Contrast I Image I Voice and Tone I Persona I Dialogue I Title, Introduction, and Conclusion

Drafting

Revising

Guidelines for Revision

Peer Response

Postscript on the Writing Process

"The Wind Catcher" by Todd Petry (student)

"The Red Chevy" by Juli Bovard (student)



Chapter 5 Reading

Techniques for Analyzing and Responding to Texts

Critical Reading Strategies

Double-Entry Log I Critical Rereading Guide

Guidelines for Class Discussion

Summarizing and Responding to an Essay

"Teach Diversity-with a Smile" by Barbara Ehrenreich

Summarizing

Summary of "Teach Diversity-with a Smile"

Responding

Types of Responses I Kinds of Evidence

Response to "Teach Diversity-with a Smile"

Warming Up: Journal Exercises

"Letter to America" by Margaret Atwood

Casebook on Responses to Climate Change

"The IPCC Fourth Assessment" by Jerald L. Schnoor

*"A Climate Repair Manual" by Gary Stix

* "The Rise of Renewable Energy" by Daniel M. Kammen

* "50 Things You Can Do"

Reading and Writing Processes

Assignment for Reading/Writing

Choosing a Subject

"Teaching Tolerance in America" by Dudley Erskine Devlin

Collecting

Text Annotation I Reading Log

Shaping

Avoiding Plagiarism

Summary Shaping

Description I Paraphrase I Direct Quotation I Avoiding Plagiarism

Sample Summaries

Response Shaping

Analyzing I Agreeing/Disagreeing I Interpreting and Reflecting

Outlines for Summary/Response Essays

Drafting

Revising

Guidelines for Revision

Peer Response

Postscript on the Writing Process

"Letter to Margaret Atwood" by Dean C. Swift (student)

"Two Responses to Deborah Tannen" by Jennifer Koester and Sonja H. Browe (students)



Chapter 6 Analyzing and Designing Visuals

Techniques for Analyzing Visuals

Analyzing Visuals

Composition I Focal Point I Narrative I Themes

Analyzing Visuals with Text

Analyzing Visuals in Context

"Progress or Not" by Jonathan Alter

"Who's a Looter?" by Tania Ralli

Analyzing the Genre of the Visual

Rhetorical Appeals to the Audience

Appeal to Reason I Appeal to Emotion I Appeal to Character and Credibility I Combined Appeal in an Ad

Techniques for Designing Visuals

Warming Up: Journal Exercises

* "Analysis of RosettaStone Ad" by Sarah Kay Hurst (student)

"Miss Clairol's `Does She ... or Doesn't She?': How to Advertise a Dangerous Product" by James B. Twitchell

Processes for Analyzing and Designing Visuals

Assignment for Analyzing Visuals

Assignment for Designing Visuals

Choosing a Subject

Collecting

Shaping

Analysis Focused on the Visual

"Triple Self-Portrait" by Charles Rosen and Henri Zerner

Analysis Focused on the Social Context

"Out of the Picture on the Abortion Ban" by Ellen Goodman

Analysis Focused on the Story

"Coming Home" by Carolyn Kleiner Butler

Drafting

Peer Response

Revising

Guidelines for Revision

Postscript on the Writing Process

"Some Don't Like Their Blues at All" by Karyn M. Lewis (student)

"Weight Loss 101 for the Adult Fitness Program" by Lawrence Fletcher (student)



Chapter 7 Investigating

Techniques for Investigative Writing

Report on a Research Study

* "Drivers on Cell Phones Are as Bad as Drunks"

Brief Report with Graphics

"Gimme An A (I Insist!)" by Abigail Sullivan Moore

Profile of a Person

* "Face to Face" by David Kushner

Interview

* "Henry Louis Gates Jr. Will Now Take Your Questions"

Warming Up: Journal Exercises

"Surfin' the Louvre" by Elizabeth Larsen

"The Homeless and Their Children" by Jonathan Kozol

Investigating: The Writing Process

Assignment for Investigating

Choosing a Subject

Community Service Learning

Collecting

Asking Questions I Summarizing I Citing Sources in Your Text

Research Tips

Doing Field Research

Interviewing I Writing Questionnaires

Shaping

Inverted Pyramid I Chronological Order I Comparison and Contrast I Additional Shaping Strategies I Title, Introduction, and Conclusion

Drafting

Peer Response

Revising

Guidelines for Revision

Postscript on the Writing Process

"The Hollywood Indian " by Lauren Strain (student)

"My Friend Michelle, an Alcoholic" by Bridgid Stone (student)



Chapter 8 Explaining

Techniques for Explaining

Explaining What: Definition

Explaining How: Process Analysis

Explaining Why: Causal Analysis

Warming Up: Journal Exercises

"Multiracialness" by LaMer Steptoe (student)

"How to Take Control of Your Credit Cards" by Suze Orman

"How Male and Female Students Use Language Differently" by Deborah Tannen

Explaining: The Writing Process

Assignment for Explaining

Choosing a Subject

Collecting

Questions I Branching I Observing I Remembering I Reading I Investigating

Research Tips

Shaping

Audience and Genre I Definition and Classification I Example I Voice and Tone I Chronological Order and Process Analysis I Causal Analysis I Introduction and Lead-In I Lead-In, Thesis, and Essay Map I Paragraph Transitions and Hooks I Body Paragraphs

Tips for Integrating Images

Drafting

Revising

Guidelines for Revision

Peer Response

Postscript on the Writing Process

* "White Lies: White-Collar Crime in America" by Chris Blakely (student)

"Anorexia Nervosa" by Nancie Brosseau (student)



Chapter 9 Evaluating

Techniques for Writing Evaluations

Evaluating Commercial Products or Services

"The Hybrid Grows Up," by Consumer Reports

Evaluating Works of Art

* "'American Gothic,' Pitchfork Perfect" by Paul Richard

Evaluating Performances

* "Slumdog Millionaire" by Manohla Dargis

Warming Up: Journal Exercises

"Evaluating a Web Site" by Robin Williams and John Tollett

"All's Not Well in Land of `The Lion King'" by Margaret Lazarus

"Today's Special" by David Sedaris

Evaluating: The Writing Process

Assignment for Evaluating

Choosing a Subject

Collecting

Observing I Remembering I Reading I Investigating

Shaping

Audience and Genre I Analysis by Criteria I Comparison and Contrast I Chronological Order I Causal Analysis I Title, Introduction, and Conclusion

Research Tips

Peer Response

Drafting

Revising

Guidelines for Revision

Postscript on the Writing Process

"Borrowers Can be Choosy" by Linda Meininger (student)

* "Vulgar Propriety" by Courtney Klockeman (student)



Chapter 10 Problem Solving

Techniques for Problem Solving

Demonstrating That a Problem Exists

Proposing a Solution and Convincing Your Readers

Warming Up: Journal Exercises

*"Should Educators Use Commercial Services to Combat Plagiarism?" by John Barrie and Rebecca Moore Howard

"One Thing to Do About Food" by Eric Schlosser, Marion Nestle, Michael Pollan, Troy Duster and Elizabeth Ransom, Peter Singer, and Jim Hightower

"The Argument Culture" by Deborah Tannen

Problem Solving: The Writing Process

Assignment for Problem Solving

Choosing a Subject

Collecting

Identify and Focus on the Specific Problem I Demonstrate That the Problem Needs a Solution I Discover Possible Solutions I Evaluate Possible Solutions I Convince Your Readers I Answers Possible Objections I List Possible Steps for Implementation I Observing I Remembering I Reading and Investigating

Research Tips

Shaping

Genres for Problem Solving I Outlines for Problem Solving I Causal Analysis I Criteria Analysis I Chronological Order

Drafting

Peer Response

Revising

Guidelines for Revision

Postscript on the Writing Process

* "Can Citizen Journalism Pick Up the Pieces?" by Adam Richman (student)

"New Regulations and You" by Jessica Cook (student)



Chapter 11 Arguing

Techniques for Writing Arguments

Claims for Written Argument

Claims of Fact or Definition I Claims about Cause and Effect I Claims about Value I Claims about Solutions or Policies

Appeals for Written Argument

Appeal to Reason I Appeal to Character I Appeal to Emotion I Combined Appeals

Rogerian Argument

The Toulmin Method of Argument

Example of a Toulmin Analysis I Using the Toulmin Model

Warming Up: Journal Exercises

"The Internet: A Clear and Present Danger?" by Cathleen A. Cleaver

* Multigenre Casebook on Web 2.0

* "You Have No Friends" by Farhad Manjoo

* "...And Why I Hate It" by Sarah Kliff

* "Facebook U.S. Audience Growth"

* "Teens Feel Safe on MySpace" by Larry D. Rosen

* "Protect the Willfully Ignorant" by Lily Huang

* "Think Before You Post" AdCouncil

* "Wikipedia and the Meaning of Truth" by Simson L. Garfinkel

* "Can Wikipedia Handle Stephen Colbert's Truthiness?" by James Montgomery

* "Why You Can't Cite Wikipedia in My Class" by Neil L. Waters

* "Professors Should Embrace Wikipedia" by Mark A. Wilson

* "Twitter on the Barricades in Iran: Six Lessons Learned" by Noam Cohen

Arguing: The Writing Process

Assignment for Arguing

Choosing a Subject

Collecting

Remembering I Observing I Investigating

Analyzing Statistics

Shaping

List "Pro" and "Con" Arguments I Draw Circle of Alternative Positions I Outlines for Arguments I Developing Arguments

Research Tips

Drafting

Revising

Revision Guidelines I Revising Fallacies in Logic

Peer Response

Postscript on the Writing Process

"Welfare Is Still Necessary for Women and Children in the U.S." by Crystal Sabatke (student)

"Standardized Tests: Shouldn't We Be Helping Our Students?" by Eric Boese (student)



Chapter 12 Responding to Literature

Responding to a Short Story

"The Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin

Responding to a Poem

"Musee des Beaux Arts" by W. H. Auden

Techniques for Responding to Literature

Warming Up: Journal Exercises

Purposes for Responding to Literature

Responding to Short Fiction

Character I Plot I Narrative Point of View I Setting I Style I Theme

"The Lesson" by Toni Cade Bambara

Responding to Poetry

Voice and Tone I Word Choice I Figures of Speech I Sound, Rhyme, and Rhythm I Style I Theme

Five Contemporary Poems by Aurora Levins Morales, Gary Soto, Joy Harjo, Wislawa Szymborska, and Yusef Komunyakaa

Responding to Literature: The Writing Process

Assignment for Responding to Literature

Collecting

Shaping

Explaining Relationships I Evaluating I Arguing I Investigating Changes in Interpretation

Drafting

Revising

Guidelines for Revision

Postscript on the Writing Process

* "Facing It: Reflections on War" by Grace Rexroth (student)

"Death: The Final Freedom" by Pat Russell (student)



Chapter 13 Researching

Techniques for Researching

Using Purpose, Audience and Genre as Guides

Know Your Purpose / Accommodate Your Audience / Consider Your Genre

Finding the Best Sources: Currency, Reliability, and Relevance

Planning Your Research

Warming Up: Journal Exercise

Maintaining Your Voice and Purpose: Effectively Incorporating Sources

Documenting Your Sources

Research Processes

Assignment for Researching

Choosing a Subject

Narrowing and Focusing Your Subject

Warming Up: Journal Exercise

Developing a Research Strategy

Collecting and Notetaking

Record Bibliographic Information I Note the Source's Relevance, Reliability, and Currency I Summarize Pertinent Source Material I Note Key Quotations ISynthesize Sources in Your Notes I Rethink and Revise Your Hypothesis or Working Thesis

Choosing and Evaluating Sources

Primary and Secondary Sources I Background Information and General Reference I The 21st Century Library: Physical and Online Sources I Online Database Sources I Open Web Sources

Writing Processes

Shaping

Plan I Working Outline

Drafting

What Sources to Cite I Avoiding Plagiarism I How to Cite Sources in Your Text I Identify Cited References (MLA Style)

Revising

Guidelines for Revision

Documenting Sources

In-Text Documentation: MLA Style I Works Cited List: MLA Style I In-Text Documentation: APA Style I References List: APA Style

"Foreign Language Study: An American Necessity" by Kate McNerny (student) (MLA Format Research Paper)



Appendix: Writing Under Pressure

Know Your Audience

Analyze Key Terms

Make a Sketch Outline

Know the Material

Practice Writing

Proofread and Edit

Sample Essay Questions and Responses



Handbook

Section 1-Review of Basic Sentence Elements

Section 2-Sentence Structure and Grammar

Section 3-Diction and Style

Section 4-Punctuation and Mechanics



Index



* new to this edition