Normal Values in Pregnancy

INTRODUCTION I MATERNAL VALUES PHYSIOLOGY Nutrition Weight gain Nutritional requirements Cardiovascular Function Blood pressure Pulse rate Cardiac output Invasive monitoring Pulmonary Function and Respiration Arterial blood gases Transcutaneous gases Respiration rate Tidal volume Respiratory function tests Chromosomal Abnormalities BIOCHEMISTRY Hepatic Function Total serum protein and albumin Liver enzymes, serum bile acids, bilirubin, amylase, copper and zinc Lipids: cholesterol and triglyceride Renal Function Serum urate Serum osmolality, electrolytes and urea Creatinine clearance and serum creatinine Urine composition: glucose, amino acids and protein Carbohydrate Metabolism Fasting plasma glucose Glucose tolerance test (GTT) Serum fructosamine, glycosylated hemoglobin Amniotic fluid insulin, glucose and C-peptide Antioxidants HEMATOLOGY White Cell Count (total and differential) Hemoglobin and Red Blood Cell Indices Platelet Count and Indices Iron Metabolism Serum and Red Cell Folate Homocysteine Vitamin B12 Coagulation Factors Naturally Occurring Anticoagulants and Fibrinolytic Factors IMMUNOLOGY Complement System, Immune Complexes Markers of Inflammation Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) ENDOCRINOLOGY Thyroid Function Total thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), T3-uptake, thyroid binding globulin (TBG) Free thyroxine (free T4), free tri-iodothyronine (free T3), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenal Function Catecholamines Glucocorticoids Prolactin Calcium Metabolism Total and ionized calcium, magnesium, albumin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, vitamin D Placental Biochemistry Plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) Serum alpha fetoprotein (SAFP) Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) Human placental lactogen (hPL) Estriol (E3) II FETAL VALUES PHYSIOLOGY Early Embryonic Structures Biometry Crown-rump length (CRL) Nuchal translucency (NT) Biparietal diameter (BPD) Head circumference (HC) Abdominal circumference (AC) Femur length (FL) Limb bone lengths Foot Kidney Orbital diameters Cerebral ventricles Cerebellum Other fetal measurements Biometry in multiple gestations Birth weight Weight estimated from ultrasound measurements Amniotic Fluid Total volume Amniotic fluid index (AFI) Pressure Osmolality Cardiac dimensions Cardiac circumference Ventricular dimensions Ventricular and septal wall thickness Ascending aorta and pulmonary artery dimensions Cardiovascular Doppler Indices Ductus venosus Inferior vena cava Cardiac Cardiac output Middle cerebral artery Descending aorta Umbilical artery Fetal-placental Doppler Ratios Cardiovascular and behavioural parameters Umbilical venous pressure (UVP) Mean umbilical arterial pressure (MAP) Fetal heart rate (FHR) Biophysical profile score (BPS) BIOCHEMISTRY Proteins Renal Function Tests, Liver Function Tests, Glucose Urinary Biochemistry Blood Gases Oxygen pressure (Po2), carbon dioxide pressure (Pco2), pH and base deficit HEMATOLOGY Full Blood Count (FBC) Coagulation Factors Iron Metabolism Amniotic Fluid Bilirubin ENDOCRINOLOGY Thyroid Function III LABOR Progress of Labor Fetal Heart Rate Parameters by Cardiotocography (CTG) Umbilical Cord blood sampling Blood gases Lactate Full blood count Biochemistry REFERENCES INDEX