Bash Reference Manual

Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, for the gnu operating system. The name is an acronym for the 'Bourne-Again SHell', a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of the current Unix shell sh, which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version of Unix. Bash is largely compatible with sh and incorporates useful features from the Korn shell ksh and the C shell csh. It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the ieee posix Shell and Tools portion of the ieee posix specification (ieee Standard 1003.1). It offers functional improvements over sh for both interactive and programming use. While the gnu operating system provides other shells, including a version of csh, Bash is the default shell. Like other gnu software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems. This manual is available online for free at gnu.org. This manual is printed in grayscale.