Separation and Purification Technologies in Biorefineries

List of Contributors xix Preface xxiii PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Overview of Biomass Conversion Processes and Separation and Purification Technologies in Biorefineries 3 Hua-Jiang Huang and Shri Ramaswamy 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Biochemical conversion biorefineries 4 1.3 Thermo-chemical and other chemical conversion biorefineries 8 1.4 Integrated lignocellulose biorefineries 14 1.5 Separation and purification processes 15 1.6 Summary 27 References 28 PART II EQUILIBRIUM-BASED SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES 37 2 Distillation 39 Zhigang Lei and Biaohua Chen 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Ordinary distillation 40 2.3 Azeotropic distillation 45 2.4 Extractive distillation 48 2.5 Molecular distillation 54 2.6 Comparisons of different distillation processes 55 2.7 Conclusions and future trends 58 Acknowledgement 58 References 58 3 Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) 61 Jianguo Zhang and Bo Hu 3.1 Introduction to LLE: Literature review and recent developments 61 3.2 Fundamental principles of LLE 62 3.3 Categories of LLE design 65 3.4 Equipment for the LLE process 67 3.5 Applications in biorefineries 70 3.6 The future development of LLE for the biorefinery setting 74 References 75 4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 79 Casimiro Mantell, Lourdes Casas, Miguel Rodríguez and Enrique Martínez de la Ossa 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Principles of supercritical fluids 81 4.3 Market and industrial needs 83 4.4 Design and modeling of the process 84 4.4.1 Film theory 88 4.5 Specific examples in biorefineries 89 4.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 93 4.7 Conclusions and future trends 96 References 96 PART III AFFINITY-BASED SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES 101 5 Adsorption 103 Saravanan Venkatesan 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Essential principles of adsorption 104 5.3 Adsorbent selection criteria 110 5.4 Commercial and new adsorbents and their properties 111 5.5 Adsorption separation processes 116 5.6 Adsorber modeling 123 5.7 Application of adsorption in biorefineries 124 5.8 A case study: Recovery of 1-butanol from ABE fermentation broth using TSA 136 5.9 Research needs and prospects 142 5.10 Conclusions 143 Acknowledgement 143 References 143 6 Ion Exchange 149 M. Berrios, J. A. Siles, M. A. Martín and A. Martín 6.1 Introduction 149 6.1.1 Ion exchangers: Operational conditions--sorbent selection 150 6.2 Essential principles 151 6.3 Ion-exchange market and industrial needs 153 6.4 Commercial ion-exchange resins 154 6.5 Specific examples in biorefineries 156 6.6 Conclusions and future trends 164 References 164 7 Simulated Moving-Bed Technology for Biorefinery Applications 167 Chim Yong Chin and Nien-Hwa Linda Wang 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 Essential SMB design principles and tools 171 7.3 Simulated moving-bed technology in biorefineries 191 7.4 Conclusions and future trends 197 References 197 PART IV MEMBRANE SEPARATION 203 8 Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration and Diafiltration 205 Ann-Sofi Jönsson 8.1 Introduction 205 8.2 Membrane plant design 207 8.3 Economic considerations 210 8.4 Process design 213 8.5 Operating parameters 216 8.6 Diafiltration 222 8.7 Fouling and cleaning 224 8.8 Conclusions and future trends 226 References 226 9 Nanofiltration 233 Mika Mänttäri, Bart Van der Bruggen and Marianne Nyström 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 Nanofiltration market and industrial needs 235 9.3 Fundamental principles 236 9.4 Design and simulation 238 9.5 Membrane materials and properties 241 9.6 Commercial nanofiltration membranes 245 9.7 Nanofiltration examples in biorefineries 246 9.8 Conclusions and challenges 256 References 256 10 Membrane Pervaporation 259 Yan Wang, Natalia Widjojo, Panu Sukitpaneenit and Tai-Shung Chung 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 Membrane pervaporation market and industrial needs 260 10.3 Fundamental principles 261 10.4 Design principles of the pervaporation membrane 265 10.5 Pervaporation in the current integrated biorefinery system 283 10.6 Conclusions and future trends 288 Acknowledgements 289 References 289 11 Membrane Distillation 301 M. A. Izquierdo-Gil 11.1 Introduction 301 11.2 Membrane distillation market and industrial needs 304 11.3 Basic principles of membrane distillation 308 11.4 Design and simulation 313 11.5 Examples in biorefineries 315 11.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 317 11.7 Comparisons with other membrane-separation technologies 319 11.8 Conclusions and future trends 321 References 322 PART V SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATIONS 327 12 Filtration-Based Separations in the Biorefinery 329 Bhavin V. Bhayani and Bandaru V. Ramarao 12.1 Introduction 329 12.2 Biorefinery 330 12.3 Solid-liquid separations in the biorefinery 335 12.4 Introduction to cake filtration 336 12.5 Basics of cake filtration 336 12.6 Designing a dead-end filtration 340 12.7 Model development 346 12.8 Conclusions 348 References 348 13 Solid-Liquid Extraction in Biorefinery 351 Zurina Zainal Abidin, Dayang Radiah Awang Biak, Hamdan Mohamed Yusoff and Mohd Yusof Harun 13.1 Introduction 351 13.2 Principles of solid-liquid extraction 352 13.3 State of the art technology 356 13.4 Design and modeling of SLE process 357 13.5 Industrial extractors 363 13.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 368 13.7 Conclusions 371 References 371 PART VI HYBRID/INTEGRATED REACTION-SEPARATION SYSTEMS--PROCESS INTENSIFICATION 375 14 Membrane Bioreactors for Biofuel Production 377 Sara M. Badenes, Frederico Castelo Ferreira and Joaquim M. S. Cabral 14.1 Introduction 377 14.2 Basic principles 381 14.2.1 Biofuels: Production principles and biological systems 381 14.3 Examples of membrane bioreactors for biofuel production 390 14.4 Conclusions and future trends 403 References 404 15 Extraction-Fermentation Hybrid (Extractive Fermentation) 409 Shang-Tian Yang and Congcong Lu 15.1 Introduction 409 15.2 The market and industrial needs 410 15.3 Basic principles of extractive fermentation 412 15.4 Separation technologies for integrated fermentation product recovery 413 15.5 Examples in biorefineries 426 15.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 428 15.7 Conclusions and future trends 431 References 431 16 Reactive Distillation for the Biorefinery 439 Aspi K. Kolah, Carl T. Lira and Dennis J. Miller 16.1 Introduction 439 16.2 Column internals for reactive distillation 441 16.3 Simulation of reactive distillation systems 446 16.4 Reactive distillation for the biorefinery 451 16.5 Recently commercialized reactive distillation processes for the biorefinery 458 16.6 Conclusions 458 References 459 17 Reactive Absorption 467 Anton A. Kiss and Costin Sorin Bildea 17.1 Introduction 467 17.2 Market and industrial needs 468 17.3 Basic principles of reactive absorption 468 17.4 Modelling, design and simulation 469 17.5 Case study: Biodiesel production by catalytic reactive absorption 470 17.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 482 17.7 Conclusions and future trends 482 References 482 PART VII CASE STUDIES OF SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN BIOREFINERIES 485 18 Cellulosic Bioethanol Production 487 Mats Galbe, Ola Wallberg and Guido Zacchi 18.1 Introduction: The market and industrial needs 487 18.2 Separation procedures and their integration within a bioethanol plant 488 18.3 Importance and challenges of separation processes 490 18.4 Pilot and demonstration scale 498 18.5 Conclusions and future trends 500 References 500 19 Dehydration of Ethanol using Pressure Swing Adsorption 503 Marian Simo 19.1 Introduction 503 19.2 Ethanol dehydration process using pressure swing adsorption 504 19.3 Future trends and industrial challenges 510 19.4 Conclusions 511 References 511 20 Separation and Purification of Lignocellulose Hydrolyzates 513 G. Peter van Walsum 20.1 Introduction 513 20.2 The market and industrial needs 516 20.3 Operation variables and conditions 517 20.4 The hydrolyzates detoxification and separation processes 519 20.5 Separation performances and results 524 20.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 525 20.7 Conclusions 527 References 527 21 Case Studies of Separation in Biorefineries--Extraction of Algae Oil from Microalgae 533 Michael Cooney 21.1 Introduction 533 21.2 The market and industrial needs 534 21.3 The algae oil extraction process 539 21.4 Extraction 540 21.5 Separation performance and results 546 21.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 548 21.7 Conclusions and future trends 549 References 550 22 Separation Processes in Biopolymer Production 555 Sanjay P. Kamble, Prashant P. Barve, Imran Rahman and Bhaskar D. Kulkarni 22.1 Introduction 555 22.2 The market and industrial needs 556 22.3 Lactic acid recovery processes 559 22.4 Separation performance and results of autocatalytic counter current reactive distillation of lactic acid with methanol and hydrolysis of methyl lactate into highly pure lactic acid using 3-CSTRs in series 561 22.5 Economic importance and industrial challenges 564 22.6 Conclusions and future trends 565 Acknowledgements 566 References 566 Index 569