Integrated Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering

Preface xiii 1. Protocols for Biomaterial Scaffold Fabrication 1 Azadeh Seidi and Murugan Ramalingam 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Scaffolding Materials 4 1.3 Techniques for Biomaterial Scaffolds Fabrication 7 1.4 Summary 19 Acknowledgements 20 2. Ceramic Scaffolds, Current Issues and Future Trends 25 Seyed-Iman Roohani-Esfahani S. I. and Hala Zreiqat H. 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Essential Properties and Current Problems of Ceramic Scaffolds 27 2.3 Approaches to Overcome Ceramic Scaffolds Issues for the Next Generation of Scaffolds 30 2.4 Silk - a Bioactive Material 35 Acknowledgements 36 References 36 3. Preparation of Porous Scaffolds from Ice Particulate Templates for Tissue Engineering 47 Guoping Chen and Naoki Kawazoe 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Preparation of Porous Scaffolds Using Ice Particulates as Porogens 48 3.3 Preparation of Funnel-like Porous Scaffolds Using Embossed Ice Particulate Templates 51 3.4 Application of Funnel-like Porous Scaffolds in Three-dimensional Cell Culture 56 3.5 Application of Funnel-like Collagen Sponges in Cartilage Tissue Engineering 57 3.6 Summary 60 References 60 4. Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 63 Naznin Sultana and Min Wang 4.1 Introduction 64 4.2 Materials for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 65 4.3 Fabrication Techniques for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 68 4.4 Fabrication of Pure Polymer Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the Scaffolds 70 4.5 Fabrication of Polymer Blend Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the Scaffolds 78 4.6 Fabrication of Nanocomposite Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the Scaffolds 80 4.7 Surface Modification for PHBV-based Scaffolds 85 4.8 Concluding Remarks 87 Acknowledgments 87 References 88 5. Electrospun Nanofiber and Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering 91 Susan Liao, Seeram Ramakrishna and Murugan Ramalingam 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Biodegradable Materials for Tissue Engineering 93 5.3 Nanofibrous Scaffolds 97 5.4 Stem Cells: A Potential Tool for Tissue Engineering 109 5.5 Prospects 114 Acknowledgement 116 References 116 6. Materials at the Interface Tissue-implant 121 Antonio Peramo 6.1 Introduction 122 6.2 Description of the Tissue-device Interface 123 6.3 Expected Function of the Materials at the Interface and their Evaluation and Selection 125 6.4 Experimental Techniques for the Tissue-implant Interface 132 6.5 Conclusion 135 References 135 7. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration 139 Kalpana S. Katti, Avinash A. Ambre, and Dinesh R. Katti 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) 144 7.3 Understanding the Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) 149 7.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Culture 152 7.5 Characterization of MSCs 155 7.6 MSCs in Bone Remodeling, Fracture Repair and their Use in Bone Tissue Engineering Applications 158 7.7 Influence of External Stimuli on MSC Behavior 159 7.8 Perspectives on Future of hMSCs in Tissue Engineering 161 References 162 8. Endochondral Bone Tissue Engineering 167 Sanne K. Both, Fang Yang, and John A. Jansen 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells 171 8.3 Scaffolds 175 8.4 Summary 181 References 182 9. Principles, Applications, and Technology of Craniofacial Bone Engineering 185 Mona K. Marei, Mohamed A. Alkhodary, Rania M. Elbackly, Samer H. Zaky, Admed M. Eweida, Muhammad A. Gad, Maglaa Abdel-Wahed and Yasser M. Kahad 9.1 Introduction 186 9.2 Road Map for the Application of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine for Craniofacial Bone Regeneration 197 9.3 Stem Cell-based Craniofacial Bone Engineering 201 9.4 Biomaterial-based Therapy in Craniofacial Bone Engineering 208 9.5 Principles of Imaging in Craniofacial Bone Regeneration 214 9.6 Current Clinical Application and Future Direction in the Field of Craniofacial Bone Engineering 222 9.7 Future Prospects 227 9.8 Economics and Marketing 227 9.9 Conclusions 228 References 228 10. Functionally-Graded Biomimetic Vascular Grafts for Enhanced Tissue Regeneration and Bio-integration 237 Vinoy Thomas and Yogesh K. Vohra 10.1 Introduction 238 10.2 Approaches in Vascular Tissue Engineering 239 10.3 Nanostructured Scaffolds for Vascular Tissue Engineering 241 10.4 Functionally-Graded Tubular Scaffolds 249 10.5 Summary and Future Outlook 268 Acknowledgements 269 List of Abbreviations Used 270 References 271 11. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors in Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Prospects for Therapeutic Angiogenesis 277 Ekaterina S. Lifirsu, Murugan Ramalingam, and Ziyad S. Haidar 11.1 Introduction 278 11.2 VEGF and Angiogenesis 278 11.3 VEGF Family 279 11.4 VEGF Therapy 281 11.5 VEGF Delivery Systems 282 11.6 Soft versus hard Tissues 284 11.7 Concluding Remarks 289 References 292