Animal Behavior

Chapter 1. An Introduction to Animal BehaviorNatural Selection and the Evolution of Behavior The Cost-Benefit Approach to Behavioral Biology The Levels of AnalysisBox 1.1. Natural selection and infanticide in primates The Integrative Study of Animal BehaviorApproaches to Studying Behavior The Adaptive Basis of Behavior: Mobbing in GullsBox 1.2. Phylogenies and the comparative methodBox 1.3. The benefit of high nest density for the arctic skua The Science of Animal BehaviorThe Integrative Study of Behavior Chapter 2. The Integrative Study of BehaviorThe Development of Song LearningBox 2.1. Characterizing sounds made by animals Intraspecific Variation and Dialects Social Experience and Song DevelopmentMechanisms of Song LearningBox 2.2. Song learning in birds adopted by another species The Genetics of Song Learning Control of the Avian Song SystemBox 2.3. Proximate mechanisms underlying song preferences in femalesThe Evolution of Song Learning An Evolutionary History of Bird Song Mechanisms of Song Learning and the Comparative Approach Human versus Avian Vocal LearningThe Adaptive Value of Song LearningBox 2.4. Why might song learning make males communicate more effectively with rivals or potential mates? Adapting to the Local Environment Recognition: Friends versus Foes Sexual Selection: Male-Male Competition Sexual Selection: Female Choice and Assortative MatingThe Integrative Study of Bird Song Chapter 3. The Developmental and Genetic Bases of BehaviorBehavior Requires Genes and the Environment The Interactive Theory of DevelopmentBox 3.1. Behavioral genetics: Identifying the genetic basis of differences in behavior Environmental Differences Can Cause Behavioral Differences Genetic Differences Can Also Cause Behavioral DifferencesBox 3.2. Migratory restlessnessLearning and Cognition Learning Requires Both Genes and Environment Learning in Complex Environments The Adaptive Value of LearningThe Evolutionary Development of Behavior The Evo-Devo Approach to Understanding BehaviorBox 3.3. The genetics of foraging behavior in honey beesEarly Life Developmental Conditions The Role of the Social Environment Developmental Homeostasis versus Developmental Constraint Developmental Switch Mechanisms Supergenes and Behavioral Polymorphisms Chapter 4. The Neural Basis of BehaviorResponding to Stimuli Complex Responses to Simple Stimuli How Moths Avoid BatsBox 4.1. Ultrasound detection in the moth ear Ultrasonic Hearing in Other InsectsNeural Command and Control Decision Making in the Brain From Ultrasound to Ultraviolet Radiation Selective Relaying of Sensory Inputs Responding to Relayed Messages The Proximate Basis of Stimulus FilteringBox 4.2. Determining how female parasitoid wasps choose their singing male bush-cricket hostsBox 4.3. Cortical magnification in mammalsThe Evolution of Cognitive Skills Box 4.4. Do energetic demands explain why humans have such large brains? Chapter 5. The Physiological Basis of BehaviorEndogenous Rhythms and Changing Behavioral Priorities Mechanisms of Changing Behavioral Priorities The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing The Genetics of Circadian Timing The Physiology of Circadian Timing Seasonal and Annual Cycles of BehaviorCues That Entrain Cycles of Behavior Predictable Environmental CuesBox 5.1. Hormonal responses to light in birds Unpredictable Environmental Cues Social Conditions and Changing PrioritiesHormonal Mechanisms Underlying Behavioral Change Organizational versus Activational Effects of Hormones on Behavior and DevelopmentBox 5.2. Measuring hormones in animalsBox 5.3. Do steroid hormones modulate male parental behavior in California mice? Hormones and Reproduction Testosterone and Reproductive Behavior The Costs of Hormonal Regulation Glucocorticoids and Responding to Environmental Change Chapter 6. Avoiding Predators and Finding FoodAvoiding Predators Social DefensesBox 6.1. Evolutionary game theory Game Theory and Social DefensesBox 6.2. Game theory and the selfish herd Blending In Standing Out Optimality Theory and Antipredator BehaviorFinding Food Optimality Theory and Foraging DecisionsBox 6.3. Territoriality and feeding behavior in golden-winged sunbirdsBox 6.4. Optimal foraging by pike cichlid fish Criticisms of Optimal Foraging Theory Landscapes of Fear Game Theory and Feeding Behavior Chapter 7. Territoriality and MigrationWhere to Live Habitat Selection Territoriality and Resource-Holding PotentialBox 7.1. How to track migratory songbirds Why Give Up Quickly When Fighting for a Territory? The Dear Enemy EffectTo Stay or Go DispersalBox 7.2. Opposite patterns of sex-biased dispersal in mammals and birds Migration The Costs and Benefits of MigrationBox 7.3. Behaviors to reduce the costs of flying during migration Variation in Migratory BehaviorBox 7.4. Migratory pathways of Swainson's thrush Chapter 8. Principles of CommunicationCommunication and Animal Signals Information Use and Animal SignalsThe Evolution of Animal Signals Preexisting Traits and the Development of a Strange Display The Panda Principle and Preexisting Traits Preexisting Biases and the Evolution of Animal SignalsBox 8.1. Spiders hunting prey at night Preexisting Traits versus Preexisting BiasesBox 8.2. Why do female moths mate with males that produce ultrasonic mimetic signals similar to those produced by predatory bats?The Function of Animal Signals The Adaptive Function of a Strange Display Honest Communication and Threat Displays Honest SignalingBox 8.3. Mechanisms and measurement of animal coloration When Multiple Honest Signals Are Better Than One Deceitful Signaling Eavesdropping on Others Chapter 9. Reproductive BehaviorSexual Selection and the Evolution of Sex Differences Sex Differences in Reproductive BehaviorBox 9.1. Are sperm always cheap? Sex Differences and Parental Investment A Reversal in Sex DifferencesIntrasexual Selection and Competition for Mates Competition and Access to Mates Coexistence of Conditional Mating Tactics Coexistence of Alternative Mating Strategies Sperm Competition Mate Guarding and Paternity AssuranceIntersexual Selection and Mate Choice Female Mate Choice for Direct Benefits Female Mate Choice for Indirect BenefitsBox 9.2. Sexual selection in the peacock Runaway versus Chase-away Sexual Selection Cryptic Female ChoiceSexual Conflict The Manipulation of Female Choice Sexual Arms Races Chapter 10. Mating SystemsMonogamy: A Lack of Multiple Mating Why Be Monogamous? Monogamy in Species with Paternal Care Monogamy When Paternal Care Is RarePolyandry: Multiple Mating by Females Monogamous Males and Polyandrous FemalesBox 10.1. Sexual parasitism, dwarf males, and the evolution of gigolos Polyandry and Indirect Genetic BenefitsBox 10.2. Extra-pair paternity and good genes in birds Polyandry and Direct BenefitsPolygyny: Multiple Mating by Males Female Defense Polygyny Resource Defense Polygyny Lek Polygyny Scramble Competition PolygynyBox 10.3. Lekking females in a sex-role reversed pipefishPolygynandry and Promiscuity: Multiple Mating by Both Sexes Polygynandry Promiscuity Chapter 11. Parental CareOffspring Value and Parental Investment Parental Care Decisions Parental Favoritism in Offspring Care and Production Parental Favoritism in Humans Family ConflictTo Care or Not to Care The Costs and Benefits of Parental Care Sexual Conflict and Parental Care: Who Cares?Box 11.1. Why do females provide all of the care in treehoppers? Why Do Females Care? Why Do Males Care?Box 11.2. Reactions of nest-defending bluegill males to potential egg and fry predators under two conditionsDiscriminating Parental Care Recognizing One's Own OffspringBox 11.3. Why do parents in some species adopt genetic strangers of their own species? Interspecific Brood Parasitism Choosing the Correct Host Coevolutionary Arms Races The Evolution of Interspecific Brood Parasitism Chapter 12. Principles of Social EvolutionBox 12.1. The major evolutionary transitionsAltruism and the Levels of Selection Individual versus Group Selection Altruism and the Role of Kin SelectionBox 12.2. Calculating genetic relatednessKin Selection and Inclusive Fitness Theory Challenges to Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness TheoryBox 12.3. Altruism in amoebae Haplodiploidy and the Evolution of Eusociality Testing the Haplodiploidy Hypothesis Inclusive Fitness and Monogamy in Eusocial InsectsBox 12.4. Division of labor in clonal trematode flatworms Sterility and Caste DifferentiationSocial Conflict in Animal Societies Reproductive Conflict Chapter 13. Social Behavior and SocialityThe Evolution of Social Behavior Forms of Social Behavior Mutual BenefitBox 13.1. How do groups of animals decide where to go?Box 13.2. Social network analysis Altruism and Reciprocity Non-cooperative Social Behaviors: Selfishness and SpiteIndividual Differences in Social Behavior Personalities in Social SpeciesThe Evolution of Cooperative Breeding Reproductive Cooperation and Kin Selection Reproductive Benefits and Cooperative BreedingBox 13.3. Mobbing and kinship in groups of Siberian jays Reproductive Costs and Cooperative BreedingReproductive Conflict in Cooperative Breeders Reproductive Suppression Reproductive Skew, Extra-pair Paternity, and Social StructureBox 13.4. Why do males and females both have elaborate traits in social species? Chapter 14. Human BehaviorCommunication The Development and Evolutionary History of Human SpeechBox 14.1. Ethical studies of humans and other animals The Neurophysiology of Speech The Adaptive Value of SpeechReproductive Behavior An Evolutionary Analysis of Human Mate Choice Mate Choice by WomenBox 14.2. Female choice and the features of dominant versus attractive menBox 14.3. Human mate choice in an online world Mate Choice by Men Reproductive and Sexual Conflict in Humans Extreme Sexual Conflict in Humans: Polygamy and Extramarital Affairs Coercive SexPractical Applications of Behavioral Theory Evolutionary Medicine The Triumph of an Evolutionary Analysis of Human Behavior