Practical Masonry: A Guide to the Art of Stone Cutting

Tools and Appliances Squares; Mallet; Hammer; Chisels; Boasters; Claw-tool; Pitcher; Jumper; Drags; Dummy; Cross-cut saw; Pick; Axe; Patent axe; Spalling hammer; To frame up a saw, for hand sawing; To cope or split a block of stone or granite; Wedges; Plugs and feathers; Lewises; Dogs or Nippers; Trammel heads; Platform or drawing board; Sheet zinc. Arches and Joints Definition of arches; Segment arch, and joints; Semcircular arch and joints; Semi-oval arch and joints; Semi-elliptic arch and joints; Equilateral arch and joints; Lancet arch and joints; Drop arch and joints; Tudor arches and joints; Flat or straight arches and joints; Joggle joints, secret arch joint; Saddle or water joint in cornice; Rebated joint in coping; Bed joints in spires; Dovetailed joints; Dowels and cramps. Masonry Details To form a plane surface; To form a winding surface; To form a cylindrical surface; To work a length of cornice; Various examples of dressing stone; the entasis of a column, by two methods; To diminish or enlarge a section; To draw a raking mould; To draw a stretching mould; To set out the Grecian fret. Staircases Definitions of steps; Proportions of the tread and rise; To set out a spandril step; Plan of a good type of stair; Part plan of winders, and development; Bed mould, and well-hole mould; Working of the winders; A spiral stair with solid newel; A sketch of one of the winders; A spiral stair with open newel; Development of the winders; Bracketed steps; Solid steps; Treads and risers; Method of sawing spandrel steps. Circular Work (Ramp And Twist) A terrace stair, circular on plan, with raking balustrade; Plan of balustrade and steps; To set out the development of outside and inside elevation, and moulds for the same; To work the plinth block; A sketch of the finished plinth; To work the length of capping; A sketch of the finished length of capping; Section of the balustrade. ARCHES, CIRCULAR On PLAN A semicircular arch in a cylindrical wall, the soffit line at springing converging to a centre; To set out the plan and developed elevations; The bed and face moulds; Working of the arch stones, or voussoirs; A sketch of segment of hollow cylinder; A sketch of one of the arch stones; A semi-circular arch in a cylindrical wall, the soffit line at springing being parallel to the axis of cylinder; To set out the plan and developed elevations; The bed and face moulds; Working of the arch stones; Diagrams of the developments; Working of small models. Skew Arch And Niches To set out an oblique semicircular arch rib; Plan and elevation of the arch; The face and joint moulds; Working of the arch stones, or voussoirs; To set out a spherical niche, with horizontal beds; Plan and elevation of the niche; The bed and face moulds; Working of the stones; To set out a spherical niche, with joints radiating to a centre; Plan and elevation of the niche; The bed and face moulds; Working of the stones; A sketch of one of the finished stones. Cylindrical Vaulting To obtain the profiles of the rectangular and annular groins; To set out a rectangular cylindrical vault; The bed and section moulds; Working of the angular groins; Working of the key-stone; Sketches of the several stones; A sketch of the vault. Domes & Pendentives Definitions; A square area covered by a dome and supported by pendentives; To set out the plan and sectional elevation; The bed, face and section moulds; Working of the stones; A sketch of one of the stones in dome; A spheroidal dome; To set out the plan and section; The bed and section moulds; Working of the voussoirs; A sketch of one of the finished voussoirs; A sketch of the dome. Groined Vaulting A groined vault in four compartments, square on plan, and supported by a central shaft; To act out the plan (one quarter) of the vault; The bed and section moulds of the springers; Working of the springers; The bed and section moulds of centre key; Working of the key stone; A sketch of the rib; Working of the rib; A sketch of part of the vault; Skeleton plan of vault. GROINED VAULTING (Continued) To set out the plan (one quarter) of the vault and elevation of the ribs; Plan of the springer; The bed and section moulds of the bosses; Working of the boss stones; A sketch of part of the vault; Part plan of vault, Houses of Parliament. Tracery Windows Their infinite variety; Geometrical tracery, based on the equilateral triangle, the polygon and circle; Setting out windows generally; Constructional lines of equilateral window; Equilateral window completed; Constructional lines of circular window; Circular window completed; Constructional and completed lines of pointed window; The face and section moulds of springer; Working of the springer; Sketches of various cusps. Gothic Mouldings Their general characteristics; Profiles of the Norman period, 1066 to 1189; Of the Early English period, 1189 to 1300; Of the Decorated period, 1300 to 1377; Of the Perpendicular period, 1377 to 1547. Grecian Mouldings Their general characteristics; Types of mouldings. Roman Mouldings Their characteristics as compared with their Greek originals; Types of mouldings. Supplementary Matter. Masonry estimating and quantity surveying. Building stones. Lists of stones: sandstones, limestones, alabaster, marbles: foreign, British, Irish; granites Tables of diameters, circumferences, and areas of circles Glossary of terms used in masonry and stone cutting.