Free Radicals

Introduction. 1: Direct and indirect measurements of free radicals by physico-chemical methods. 1.1: In vitro and in vivo detection of free radicals metabolites with electron spin resonance. 1.2: The application of high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the detection of products arising from the reactions of free radicals in chemical model systems, biosystems, and foodstuffs. 2: Direct and indirect measurement of free radicals by other methods. 2.1: Intrinsic (low-level) chemiluminescence. 2.2: Visual assessment of oxidative stress by multifunctional digital microfluorography. 2.3: Salicylic acid and phenylalanine as probes to detect hydroxyl radicals. 3: Measurement of free radical products. 3.1: Lipids (i): peroxides and other products. 3.2: Lipids (ii): quantitative analysis of 4-hydroxyl 2-nonenal. 3.3: Lipids (iii): F2-isoprostanes: prostaglandin-like products of lipid peroxidation. 3.4: Proteins (i): determination of carbonyl groups in oxidized proteins. 3.5: Proteins (ii): protein hydroperoxides, protein hydroxides, and protein-bound DOPA. 3.6: Carbohydrates: investigating the effects of oxygen free radicals and carbohydrates in biological systems. 3.7: Nucleic acids: measurement of products of free radical attack on nucleic acids. 4: Measurement of antioxidants. 4.1: Glutathione. 4.2: Glutathione peroxidase: activity and steady-state level of mRBA. 4.3: Superoxide dismutase. 4.4: Application of deuterium labelling and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to the measurement of vitamin E bioavailability in tissue and body fluids. 4.5: Selective and sensitive measurement of vitamin C, ubiquinol-10, and other low molecular weight antioxidants. 4.6: Measurement of antioxidant gene expression. Appendix