Fundamentals of Communication Systems
2nd Edition
Published on 19. July 2013
Book
Hardback
928 pages
978-0-13-335485-0 (ISBN)
Description
For a one/two-semester senior or first-year graduate level course in analog and digital communications. This text is also a suitable reference for electrical engineers for all basic relevant topics in digital communication system design.
With an emphasis on digital communications, Communication Systems Engineering, introduces the basic principles underlying the analysis and design of communication systems. In addition, this text gives a solid introduction to analog communications and a review of important mathematical foundation topics.
With an emphasis on digital communications, Communication Systems Engineering, introduces the basic principles underlying the analysis and design of communication systems. In addition, this text gives a solid introduction to analog communications and a review of important mathematical foundation topics.
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Content
PREFACE xvii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Historical Review 1
1.2 Elements of an Electrical Communication System 4
1.2.1 Digital Communication System, 7
1.2.2 Early Work in Digital Communications, 10
1.3 Communication Channels and Their Characteristics 12
1.4 Mathematical Models for Communication Channels 18
1.5 Summary and Further Reading 20
2 SIGNALS AND LINEAR SYSTEMS 21
2.1 Basic Concepts 21
2.1.1 Basic Operations on Signals, 21
2.1.2 Classification of Signals, 23
2.1.3 Some Important Signals and Their Properties, 31
2.1.4 Classification of Systems, 38
2.1.5 Analysis of LTI Systems in the Time Domain, 41
2.2 Fourier Series 43
2.2.1 Fourier Series and Its Properties, 44
2.2.2 Response of LTI Systems to Periodic Signals, 54
2.2.3 Parseval's Relation, 56
2.3 Fourier Transform 58
2.3.1 From Fourier Series to Fourier Transforms, 58
2.3.2 Basic Properties of the Fourier Transform, 64
2.3.3 Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals, 78
2.3.4 Transmission over LTI Systems, 81
2.4 Filter Design 85
2.5 Power and Energy 89
2.5.1 Energy-Type Signals, 89
2.5.2 Power-Type Signals, 92
2.6 Hilbert Transform and Its Properties 95
2.7 Lowpass and Bandpass Signals 98
2.8 Summary and Further Reading 100
Problems 101
3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION 117
3.1 Introduction to Modulation 118
3.2 Amplitude Modulation 119
3.2.1 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier AM, 119
3.2.2 Conventional Amplitude Modulation, 126
3.2.3 Single-Sideband AM, 132
3.2.4 Vestigial-Sideband AM, 134
3.3 Implementation of Amplitude Modulators and Demodulators 137
3.4 Signal Multiplexing 144
3.4.1 Frequency-Division Multiplexing, 144
3.4.2 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing, 145
3.5 AM Radio Broadcasting 146
3.6 Summary and Further Reading 149
Appendix 3A: Derivation of the Expression for SSB-AM Signals 149
Problems 151
4 ANGLE MODULATION 161
4.1 Representation of FM and PM Signals 161
4.2 Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated Signals 166
4.2.1 Angle Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal, 166
4.2.2 Angle Modulation by an Arbitrary Message Signal, 170
4.3 Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators 171
4.4 FM Radio Broadcasting 179
4.5 Summary and Further Reading 181
Problems 182
5 PROBABILITY AND RANDOM PROCESSES 190
5.1 Review of Probability and Random Variables 190
5.1.1 Sample Space, Events, and Probability, 190
5.1.2 Conditional Probability, 191
5.1.3 Random Variables, 194
5.1.4 Functions of a Random Variable, 201
5.1.5 Multiple Random Variables, 203
5.1.6 Sums of Random Variables, 208
5.2 Random Processes: Basic Concepts 209
5.2.1 Statistical Averages, 212
5.2.2 Wide-Sense Stationary Processes, 215
5.2.3 Multiple Random Processes, 217
5.2.4 Random Processes and Linear Systems, 218
5.2.5 Power Spectral Density of Stationary Processes, 220
5.2.6 Power Spectral Density of a Sum Process, 225
5.3 Gaussian and White Processes 226
5.3.1 Gaussian Processes, 226
5.3.2 White Processes, 228
5.3.3 Filtered Noise Processes, 230
5.4 Summary and Further Reading 235
Problems 236
6 EFFECT OF NOISE ON ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 255
6.1 Effect of Noise on Amplitude Modulation Systems 255
6.1.1 Effect of Noise on a Baseband System, 256
6.1.2 Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM, 256
6.1.3 Effect of Noise on SSB AM, 258
6.1.4 Effect of Noise on Conventional AM, 259
6.2 Effect of Noise on Angle Modulation 263
6.2.1 Threshold Effect in Angle Modulation, 271
6.2.2 Preemphasis and Deemphasis Filtering for FM, 274
6.3 Comparison of Analog-Modulation Systems 277
6.4 Effects of Transmission Losses and Noise in Analog Communication
Systems 278
6.4.1 Characterization of Thermal Noise Sources, 279
6.4.2 Effective Noise Temperature and Noise Figure, 280
6.4.3 Transmission Losses, 283
6.4.4 Repeaters for Signal Transmission, 284
6.5 Summary and Further Reading 287
Problems 288
7 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 296
7.1 Sampling of Signals and Signal Reconstruction from Samples 297
7.1.1 The Sampling Theorem, 297
7.2 Quantization 301
7.2.1 Scalar Quantization, 302
7.2.2 Vector Quantization, 309
7.3 Encoding 311
7.4 Waveform Coding 312
7.4.1 Pulse Code Modulation, 313
7.4.2 Differential Pulse Code Modulation, 317
7.4.3 Delta Modulation, 318
7.5 Analysis-Synthesis Techniques 321
7.6 Digital Audio Transmission and Digital Audio Recording 325
7.6.1 Digital Audio in Telephone Transmission Systems, 325
7.6.2 Digital Audio Recording, 327
7.7 The JPEG Image-Coding Standard 332
7.8 Summary and Further Reading 335
Problems 336
8 DIGITAL MODULATION METHODS IN AN ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE CHANNEL 347
8.1 Geometric Representation of Signal Waveforms 348
8.2 Binary Modulation Schemes 352
8.2.1 Binary Antipodal Signaling, 352
8.2.2 Binary Orthogonal Signaling, 356
8.3 Optimum Receiver for Binary Modulated Signals in Additive White Gaussian Noise 361
8.3.1 Correlation-Type Demodulator, 362
8.3.2 Matched-Filter-Type Demodulator, 371
8.3.3 The Performance of the Optimum Detector for Binary Signals, 379
8.4 M-ary Digital Modulation 384
8.4.1 The Optimum Receiver for M-ary Signals in AWGN, 384
8.4.2 A Union Bound on the Probability of Error, 396
8.5 M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation 398
8.5.1 Carrier-Modulated PAM for Bandpass Channels (M-ary ASK), 400
8.5.2 Demodulation and Detection of Amplitude-Modulated PAM Signals, 403
8.5.3 Probability of Error for M-ary PAM, 403
8.6 Phase-Shift Keying 406
8.6.1 Geometric Representation of PSK Signals, 408
8.6.2 Demodulation and Detection of PSK Signals, 410
8.6.3 Probability of Error for Phase-Coherent PSK Modulation, 411
8.6.4 Differential Phase Encoding and Differential Phase Modulation
and Demodulation, 416
8.6.5 Probability of Error for DPSK, 418
8.7 Quadrature Amplitude-Modulated Digital Signals 419
8.7.1 Geometric Representation of QAM Signals, 421
8.7.2 Demodulation and Detection of QAM Signals, 423
8.7.3 Probability of Error for QAM, 424
8.8 Carrier-Phase Estimation 429
8.8.1 The Phase-Locked Loop, 429
8.8.2 The Costas Loop, 437
8.8.3 Carrier-Phase Estimation for PAM, 439
8.8.4 Carrier-Phase Estimation for PSK, 440
8.8.5 Carrier-Phase Estimation for QAM, 444
8.9 Symbol Synchronization 446
8.9.1 Early-Late Gate Synchronizers, 447
8.9.2 Minimum Mean Square Error Method, 450
8.9.3 Maximum-Likelihood Method, 451
8.9.4 Spectral-Line Method, 452
8.9.5 Symbol Synchronization for Carrier-Modulated Signals, 455
8.10 Regenerative Repeaters 456
8.11 Summary and Further Reading 457
Problems 459
9 MULTIDIMENSIONAL DIGITAL MODULATION 485
9.1 M-ary Orthogonal Signals 485
9.1.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Orthogonal Signals, 488
9.1.2 A Union Bound on the Error Probability of M-ary Orthogonal Signals, 491
9.2 Biorthogonal Signals 492
9.2.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Biorthogonal Signals, 495
9.3 Simplex Signals 497
9.3.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Simplex Signals, 498
9.4 Binary-Coded Signals 499
9.4.1 Probability of Error for Binary-Coded Signals, 501
9.5 Frequency-Shift Keying 501
9.5.1 Demodulation of M-ary FSK, 503
9.5.2 Optimum Detector for Noncoherent Binary FSK, 507
9.5.3 Probability of Error for Noncoherent Detection of M-ary FSK, 510
9.6 Modulation Systems with Memory 513
9.6.1 Continuous-Phase FSK, 513
9.6.2 Spectral Characteristics of CPFSK Signals, 524
9.7 Comparison of Modulation Methods 525
9.8 Summary and Further Reading 532
Problems 533
10 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH BANDLIMITED AWGN CHANNELS 543
10.1 Characterization of Bandlimited Channels and Signal Distortion 543
10.1.1 Intersymbol Interference in Signal Transmission, 547
10.1.2 Digital Transmission through Bandlimited Bandpass Channels, 549
10.2 The Power Spectrum of Digitally Modulated Signals 552
10.3 Signal Design for Bandlimited Channels 556
10.3.1 Design of Bandlimited Signals for Zero ISI-The Nyquist
Criterion, 558
10.3.2 Design of Bandlimited Signals with Controlled ISI-Partial Response Signals, 564
10.4 Detection of Partial-Response Signals 566
10.4.1 Symbol-by-Symbol Detection, 567
10.4.2 Probability of Error for Symbol-by-Symbol Detection, 570
10.4.3 Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection of Partial-Response
Signals, 573
10.4.4 Error Probability of the Maximum-Likelihood Sequence
Detector, 576
10.5 System Design in the Presence of Channel Distortion 577
10.5.1 Design of Transmitting and Receiving Filters for a Known
Channel, 578
10.5.2 Channel Equalization, 582
10.6 Summary and Further Reading 599
Appendix 10A: Power Spectrum of Modulated Signals 601
10A.1 The Power Spectrum of the Baseband Signal, 601
10A.2 The Power Spectrum of the Carrier Modulated Signals, 603
Problems 604
11 MULTICARRIER MODULATION AND OFDM 621
11.1 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 621
11.2 Modulation and Demodulation in an OFDM System 622
11.3 An OFDM System Implemented via the FFT Algorithm 626
11.4 Spectral Characteristics of OFDM Signals 629
11.5 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM Systems 631
11.6 Applications of OFDM 633
11.6.1 Digital Subscriber Lines, 633
11.6.2 Wireless LANs, 635
11.6.3 Digital Audio Broadcasting, 636
11.7 Summary and Further Reading 636
Problems 637
12 AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION THEORY 641
12.1 Modeling Information Sources 642
12.1.1 Measure of Information, 644
12.1.2 Joint and Conditional Entropy, 647
12.1.3 Mutual Information, 650
12.1.4 Differential Entropy, 650
12.2 The Source Coding Theorem 652
12.3 Source Coding Algorithms 655
12.3.1 The Huffman Source Coding Algorithm, 655
12.3.2 The Lempel-Ziv Source Coding Algorithm, 659
12.4 Modeling of Communication Channels 661
12.5 Channel Capacity 664
12.5.1 Gaussian Channel Capacity, 669
12.6 Bounds on Communication 671
12.7 Summary and Further Reading 674
Problems 675
13 CODING FOR RELIABLE COMMUNICATIONS 689
13.1 The Promise of Coding 689
13.2 Linear Block Codes 694
13.2.1 Decoding and Performance of Linear Block Codes, 700
13.2.2 Some Important Linear Block Codes, 707
13.2.3 Error Detection versus Error Correction, 708
13.2.4 Burst-Error-Correcting Codes, 709
13.3 Convolutional Codes 711
13.3.1 Basic Properties of Convolutional Codes, 712
13.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Decoding of Convolutional Codes-The Viterbi
Algorithm, 717
13.3.3 Other Decoding Algorithms for Convolutional Codes, 722
13.3.4 Bounds on the Error Probability of Convolutional Codes, 722
13.4 Good Codes Based on Combination of Simple Codes 725
13.4.1 Product Codes, 727
13.4.2 Concatenated Codes, 728
13.5 Turbo Codes and Iterative Decoding 728
13.5.1 MAP Decoding of Convolutional Codes-The BCJR Algorithm, 731
13.5.2 Iterative Decoding for Turbo Codes, 737
13.5.3 Performance of Turbo Codes, 739
13.6 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 741
13.6.1 Decoding LDPC Codes, 745
13.7 Coding for Bandwidth-Constrained Channels 747
13.7.1 Combined Coding and Modulation, 748
13.7.2 Trellis-Coded Modulation, 749
13.8 Practical Applications of Coding 756
13.8.1 Coding for Deep-Space Communications, 756
13.8.2 Coding for Telephone-Line Modems, 758
13.9 Summay and Further Reading 759
Problems 760
14 DATA TRANSMISSION IN FADING MULTIPATH CHANNELS 769
14.1 Characterization of Physical Wireless Channels 769
14.2 Channel Models for Time-Variant Multipath Channels 771
14.2.1 Frequency Nonselective Fading Channel, 774
14.2.2 Frequency Selective Fading Channel, 777
14.2.3 Models for the Doppler Power Spectrum, 778
14.2.4 Propagation Models for Mobile Radio Channels, 781
14.3 Performance of BinaryModulation in Rayleigh Fading Channels 783
14.3.1 Probability of Error in Frequency Nonselective Channels, 783
14.3.2 Performance Improvement through Signal Diversity, 786
14.3.3 The RAKE Demodulator and Its Performance in Frequency Selective
Channels, 792
14.3.4 OFDM Signals in Frequency Selective Channels, 794
14.4 Multiple Antenna Systems 795
14.4.1 Channel Models for Multiple Antenna Systems, 796
14.4.2 Signal Transmission in a Slow Fading Frequency NonselectiveMIMO
Channel, 797
14.4.3 Detection of Data Symbols in a MIMO System, 799
14.4.4 Error Rate Performance of the Detectors, 800
14.4.5 Space-Time Codes for MIMO Systems, 802
14.5 Link Budget Analysis for Radio Channels 810
14.6 Summary and Further Reading 813
Problems 815
15 SPREAD-SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 825
15.1 Model of a Spread-Spectrum Digital Communication System 826
15.2 Direct Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems 827
15.2.1 Effect of Despreading on a Narrowband Interference, 830
15.2.2 Probability of Error at the Detector, 831
15.2.3 Performance of Coded Spread-Spectrum Signals, 836
15.3 Some Applications of DS Spread-Spectrum Signals 836
15.3.1 Low-Detectability Signal Transmission, 836
15.3.2 Code Division Multiple Access, 837
15.3.3 Communication over Channels with Multipath, 838
15.3.4 Wireless LANs, 839
15.4 Generation of PN Sequences 840
15.5 Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum 843
15.5.1 Slow Frequency-Hopping Systems and Partial-Band Interference, 844
15.5.2 Fast Frequency Hopping, 847
15.5.3 Applications of FH Spread Spectrum, 848
15.6 Synchronization of Spread-Spectrum Systems 849
15.6.1 Acquisition Phase, 849
15.6.2 Tracking, 852
15.7 Digital Cellular Communication Systems 856
15.7.1 The GSM System, 858
15.7.2 CDMA System Based on IS-95, 862
15.7.3 Third Generation Cellular Communication Systems and Beyond, 866
15.8 Summary and Further Reading 868
Problems 869
REFERENCES 877
INDEX 886
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Historical Review 1
1.2 Elements of an Electrical Communication System 4
1.2.1 Digital Communication System, 7
1.2.2 Early Work in Digital Communications, 10
1.3 Communication Channels and Their Characteristics 12
1.4 Mathematical Models for Communication Channels 18
1.5 Summary and Further Reading 20
2 SIGNALS AND LINEAR SYSTEMS 21
2.1 Basic Concepts 21
2.1.1 Basic Operations on Signals, 21
2.1.2 Classification of Signals, 23
2.1.3 Some Important Signals and Their Properties, 31
2.1.4 Classification of Systems, 38
2.1.5 Analysis of LTI Systems in the Time Domain, 41
2.2 Fourier Series 43
2.2.1 Fourier Series and Its Properties, 44
2.2.2 Response of LTI Systems to Periodic Signals, 54
2.2.3 Parseval's Relation, 56
2.3 Fourier Transform 58
2.3.1 From Fourier Series to Fourier Transforms, 58
2.3.2 Basic Properties of the Fourier Transform, 64
2.3.3 Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals, 78
2.3.4 Transmission over LTI Systems, 81
2.4 Filter Design 85
2.5 Power and Energy 89
2.5.1 Energy-Type Signals, 89
2.5.2 Power-Type Signals, 92
2.6 Hilbert Transform and Its Properties 95
2.7 Lowpass and Bandpass Signals 98
2.8 Summary and Further Reading 100
Problems 101
3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION 117
3.1 Introduction to Modulation 118
3.2 Amplitude Modulation 119
3.2.1 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier AM, 119
3.2.2 Conventional Amplitude Modulation, 126
3.2.3 Single-Sideband AM, 132
3.2.4 Vestigial-Sideband AM, 134
3.3 Implementation of Amplitude Modulators and Demodulators 137
3.4 Signal Multiplexing 144
3.4.1 Frequency-Division Multiplexing, 144
3.4.2 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing, 145
3.5 AM Radio Broadcasting 146
3.6 Summary and Further Reading 149
Appendix 3A: Derivation of the Expression for SSB-AM Signals 149
Problems 151
4 ANGLE MODULATION 161
4.1 Representation of FM and PM Signals 161
4.2 Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated Signals 166
4.2.1 Angle Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal, 166
4.2.2 Angle Modulation by an Arbitrary Message Signal, 170
4.3 Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators 171
4.4 FM Radio Broadcasting 179
4.5 Summary and Further Reading 181
Problems 182
5 PROBABILITY AND RANDOM PROCESSES 190
5.1 Review of Probability and Random Variables 190
5.1.1 Sample Space, Events, and Probability, 190
5.1.2 Conditional Probability, 191
5.1.3 Random Variables, 194
5.1.4 Functions of a Random Variable, 201
5.1.5 Multiple Random Variables, 203
5.1.6 Sums of Random Variables, 208
5.2 Random Processes: Basic Concepts 209
5.2.1 Statistical Averages, 212
5.2.2 Wide-Sense Stationary Processes, 215
5.2.3 Multiple Random Processes, 217
5.2.4 Random Processes and Linear Systems, 218
5.2.5 Power Spectral Density of Stationary Processes, 220
5.2.6 Power Spectral Density of a Sum Process, 225
5.3 Gaussian and White Processes 226
5.3.1 Gaussian Processes, 226
5.3.2 White Processes, 228
5.3.3 Filtered Noise Processes, 230
5.4 Summary and Further Reading 235
Problems 236
6 EFFECT OF NOISE ON ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 255
6.1 Effect of Noise on Amplitude Modulation Systems 255
6.1.1 Effect of Noise on a Baseband System, 256
6.1.2 Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM, 256
6.1.3 Effect of Noise on SSB AM, 258
6.1.4 Effect of Noise on Conventional AM, 259
6.2 Effect of Noise on Angle Modulation 263
6.2.1 Threshold Effect in Angle Modulation, 271
6.2.2 Preemphasis and Deemphasis Filtering for FM, 274
6.3 Comparison of Analog-Modulation Systems 277
6.4 Effects of Transmission Losses and Noise in Analog Communication
Systems 278
6.4.1 Characterization of Thermal Noise Sources, 279
6.4.2 Effective Noise Temperature and Noise Figure, 280
6.4.3 Transmission Losses, 283
6.4.4 Repeaters for Signal Transmission, 284
6.5 Summary and Further Reading 287
Problems 288
7 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 296
7.1 Sampling of Signals and Signal Reconstruction from Samples 297
7.1.1 The Sampling Theorem, 297
7.2 Quantization 301
7.2.1 Scalar Quantization, 302
7.2.2 Vector Quantization, 309
7.3 Encoding 311
7.4 Waveform Coding 312
7.4.1 Pulse Code Modulation, 313
7.4.2 Differential Pulse Code Modulation, 317
7.4.3 Delta Modulation, 318
7.5 Analysis-Synthesis Techniques 321
7.6 Digital Audio Transmission and Digital Audio Recording 325
7.6.1 Digital Audio in Telephone Transmission Systems, 325
7.6.2 Digital Audio Recording, 327
7.7 The JPEG Image-Coding Standard 332
7.8 Summary and Further Reading 335
Problems 336
8 DIGITAL MODULATION METHODS IN AN ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE CHANNEL 347
8.1 Geometric Representation of Signal Waveforms 348
8.2 Binary Modulation Schemes 352
8.2.1 Binary Antipodal Signaling, 352
8.2.2 Binary Orthogonal Signaling, 356
8.3 Optimum Receiver for Binary Modulated Signals in Additive White Gaussian Noise 361
8.3.1 Correlation-Type Demodulator, 362
8.3.2 Matched-Filter-Type Demodulator, 371
8.3.3 The Performance of the Optimum Detector for Binary Signals, 379
8.4 M-ary Digital Modulation 384
8.4.1 The Optimum Receiver for M-ary Signals in AWGN, 384
8.4.2 A Union Bound on the Probability of Error, 396
8.5 M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation 398
8.5.1 Carrier-Modulated PAM for Bandpass Channels (M-ary ASK), 400
8.5.2 Demodulation and Detection of Amplitude-Modulated PAM Signals, 403
8.5.3 Probability of Error for M-ary PAM, 403
8.6 Phase-Shift Keying 406
8.6.1 Geometric Representation of PSK Signals, 408
8.6.2 Demodulation and Detection of PSK Signals, 410
8.6.3 Probability of Error for Phase-Coherent PSK Modulation, 411
8.6.4 Differential Phase Encoding and Differential Phase Modulation
and Demodulation, 416
8.6.5 Probability of Error for DPSK, 418
8.7 Quadrature Amplitude-Modulated Digital Signals 419
8.7.1 Geometric Representation of QAM Signals, 421
8.7.2 Demodulation and Detection of QAM Signals, 423
8.7.3 Probability of Error for QAM, 424
8.8 Carrier-Phase Estimation 429
8.8.1 The Phase-Locked Loop, 429
8.8.2 The Costas Loop, 437
8.8.3 Carrier-Phase Estimation for PAM, 439
8.8.4 Carrier-Phase Estimation for PSK, 440
8.8.5 Carrier-Phase Estimation for QAM, 444
8.9 Symbol Synchronization 446
8.9.1 Early-Late Gate Synchronizers, 447
8.9.2 Minimum Mean Square Error Method, 450
8.9.3 Maximum-Likelihood Method, 451
8.9.4 Spectral-Line Method, 452
8.9.5 Symbol Synchronization for Carrier-Modulated Signals, 455
8.10 Regenerative Repeaters 456
8.11 Summary and Further Reading 457
Problems 459
9 MULTIDIMENSIONAL DIGITAL MODULATION 485
9.1 M-ary Orthogonal Signals 485
9.1.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Orthogonal Signals, 488
9.1.2 A Union Bound on the Error Probability of M-ary Orthogonal Signals, 491
9.2 Biorthogonal Signals 492
9.2.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Biorthogonal Signals, 495
9.3 Simplex Signals 497
9.3.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Simplex Signals, 498
9.4 Binary-Coded Signals 499
9.4.1 Probability of Error for Binary-Coded Signals, 501
9.5 Frequency-Shift Keying 501
9.5.1 Demodulation of M-ary FSK, 503
9.5.2 Optimum Detector for Noncoherent Binary FSK, 507
9.5.3 Probability of Error for Noncoherent Detection of M-ary FSK, 510
9.6 Modulation Systems with Memory 513
9.6.1 Continuous-Phase FSK, 513
9.6.2 Spectral Characteristics of CPFSK Signals, 524
9.7 Comparison of Modulation Methods 525
9.8 Summary and Further Reading 532
Problems 533
10 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH BANDLIMITED AWGN CHANNELS 543
10.1 Characterization of Bandlimited Channels and Signal Distortion 543
10.1.1 Intersymbol Interference in Signal Transmission, 547
10.1.2 Digital Transmission through Bandlimited Bandpass Channels, 549
10.2 The Power Spectrum of Digitally Modulated Signals 552
10.3 Signal Design for Bandlimited Channels 556
10.3.1 Design of Bandlimited Signals for Zero ISI-The Nyquist
Criterion, 558
10.3.2 Design of Bandlimited Signals with Controlled ISI-Partial Response Signals, 564
10.4 Detection of Partial-Response Signals 566
10.4.1 Symbol-by-Symbol Detection, 567
10.4.2 Probability of Error for Symbol-by-Symbol Detection, 570
10.4.3 Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection of Partial-Response
Signals, 573
10.4.4 Error Probability of the Maximum-Likelihood Sequence
Detector, 576
10.5 System Design in the Presence of Channel Distortion 577
10.5.1 Design of Transmitting and Receiving Filters for a Known
Channel, 578
10.5.2 Channel Equalization, 582
10.6 Summary and Further Reading 599
Appendix 10A: Power Spectrum of Modulated Signals 601
10A.1 The Power Spectrum of the Baseband Signal, 601
10A.2 The Power Spectrum of the Carrier Modulated Signals, 603
Problems 604
11 MULTICARRIER MODULATION AND OFDM 621
11.1 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 621
11.2 Modulation and Demodulation in an OFDM System 622
11.3 An OFDM System Implemented via the FFT Algorithm 626
11.4 Spectral Characteristics of OFDM Signals 629
11.5 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM Systems 631
11.6 Applications of OFDM 633
11.6.1 Digital Subscriber Lines, 633
11.6.2 Wireless LANs, 635
11.6.3 Digital Audio Broadcasting, 636
11.7 Summary and Further Reading 636
Problems 637
12 AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION THEORY 641
12.1 Modeling Information Sources 642
12.1.1 Measure of Information, 644
12.1.2 Joint and Conditional Entropy, 647
12.1.3 Mutual Information, 650
12.1.4 Differential Entropy, 650
12.2 The Source Coding Theorem 652
12.3 Source Coding Algorithms 655
12.3.1 The Huffman Source Coding Algorithm, 655
12.3.2 The Lempel-Ziv Source Coding Algorithm, 659
12.4 Modeling of Communication Channels 661
12.5 Channel Capacity 664
12.5.1 Gaussian Channel Capacity, 669
12.6 Bounds on Communication 671
12.7 Summary and Further Reading 674
Problems 675
13 CODING FOR RELIABLE COMMUNICATIONS 689
13.1 The Promise of Coding 689
13.2 Linear Block Codes 694
13.2.1 Decoding and Performance of Linear Block Codes, 700
13.2.2 Some Important Linear Block Codes, 707
13.2.3 Error Detection versus Error Correction, 708
13.2.4 Burst-Error-Correcting Codes, 709
13.3 Convolutional Codes 711
13.3.1 Basic Properties of Convolutional Codes, 712
13.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Decoding of Convolutional Codes-The Viterbi
Algorithm, 717
13.3.3 Other Decoding Algorithms for Convolutional Codes, 722
13.3.4 Bounds on the Error Probability of Convolutional Codes, 722
13.4 Good Codes Based on Combination of Simple Codes 725
13.4.1 Product Codes, 727
13.4.2 Concatenated Codes, 728
13.5 Turbo Codes and Iterative Decoding 728
13.5.1 MAP Decoding of Convolutional Codes-The BCJR Algorithm, 731
13.5.2 Iterative Decoding for Turbo Codes, 737
13.5.3 Performance of Turbo Codes, 739
13.6 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 741
13.6.1 Decoding LDPC Codes, 745
13.7 Coding for Bandwidth-Constrained Channels 747
13.7.1 Combined Coding and Modulation, 748
13.7.2 Trellis-Coded Modulation, 749
13.8 Practical Applications of Coding 756
13.8.1 Coding for Deep-Space Communications, 756
13.8.2 Coding for Telephone-Line Modems, 758
13.9 Summay and Further Reading 759
Problems 760
14 DATA TRANSMISSION IN FADING MULTIPATH CHANNELS 769
14.1 Characterization of Physical Wireless Channels 769
14.2 Channel Models for Time-Variant Multipath Channels 771
14.2.1 Frequency Nonselective Fading Channel, 774
14.2.2 Frequency Selective Fading Channel, 777
14.2.3 Models for the Doppler Power Spectrum, 778
14.2.4 Propagation Models for Mobile Radio Channels, 781
14.3 Performance of BinaryModulation in Rayleigh Fading Channels 783
14.3.1 Probability of Error in Frequency Nonselective Channels, 783
14.3.2 Performance Improvement through Signal Diversity, 786
14.3.3 The RAKE Demodulator and Its Performance in Frequency Selective
Channels, 792
14.3.4 OFDM Signals in Frequency Selective Channels, 794
14.4 Multiple Antenna Systems 795
14.4.1 Channel Models for Multiple Antenna Systems, 796
14.4.2 Signal Transmission in a Slow Fading Frequency NonselectiveMIMO
Channel, 797
14.4.3 Detection of Data Symbols in a MIMO System, 799
14.4.4 Error Rate Performance of the Detectors, 800
14.4.5 Space-Time Codes for MIMO Systems, 802
14.5 Link Budget Analysis for Radio Channels 810
14.6 Summary and Further Reading 813
Problems 815
15 SPREAD-SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 825
15.1 Model of a Spread-Spectrum Digital Communication System 826
15.2 Direct Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems 827
15.2.1 Effect of Despreading on a Narrowband Interference, 830
15.2.2 Probability of Error at the Detector, 831
15.2.3 Performance of Coded Spread-Spectrum Signals, 836
15.3 Some Applications of DS Spread-Spectrum Signals 836
15.3.1 Low-Detectability Signal Transmission, 836
15.3.2 Code Division Multiple Access, 837
15.3.3 Communication over Channels with Multipath, 838
15.3.4 Wireless LANs, 839
15.4 Generation of PN Sequences 840
15.5 Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum 843
15.5.1 Slow Frequency-Hopping Systems and Partial-Band Interference, 844
15.5.2 Fast Frequency Hopping, 847
15.5.3 Applications of FH Spread Spectrum, 848
15.6 Synchronization of Spread-Spectrum Systems 849
15.6.1 Acquisition Phase, 849
15.6.2 Tracking, 852
15.7 Digital Cellular Communication Systems 856
15.7.1 The GSM System, 858
15.7.2 CDMA System Based on IS-95, 862
15.7.3 Third Generation Cellular Communication Systems and Beyond, 866
15.8 Summary and Further Reading 868
Problems 869
REFERENCES 877
INDEX 886