Handbook of Polymer Crystallization

Preface xiii Contributors xv 1 Experimental Techniques 1 Benjamin S. Hsiao, Feng Zuo, and Yimin Mao, Christoph Schick 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Optical Microscopy, 2 1.3 Electron Microscopy, 5 1.4 Atomic Force Microscopy, 9 1.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 12 1.6 Scattering Techniques: X-Ray, Light, and Neutron, 15 1.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetry, 22 1.8 Summary, 25 Acknowledgments, 26 References, 26 2 Crystal Structures of Polymers 31 Claudio De Rosa and Finizia Auriemma 2.1 Constitution and Confi guration of Polymer Chains, 31 2.2 Conformation of Polymer Chains in Crystals and Conformational Polymorphism, 33 2.3 Packing of Macromolecules in Polymer Crystals, 43 2.4 Symmetry Breaking, 49 2.5 Packing Effects on the Conformation of Polymer Chains in the Crystals: The Case of Aliphatic Polyamides, 50 2.6 Defects and Disorder in Polymer Crystals, 55 2.7 Crystal Habits, 60 Acknowledgments, 67 References, 67 3 Structure of Polycrystalline Aggregates 73 Buckley Crist 3.1 Introduction, 73 3.2 Crystals Grown from Solution, 75 3.3 Crystals and Aggregates Grown from Molten Films, 94 3.4 Spherulitic Aggregates, 104 Acknowledgments, 121 References, 121 4 Polymer Nucleation 125 Kiyoka N. Okada and Masamichi Hikosaka 4.1 Introduction, 126 4.2 Classical Nucleation Theory, 126 4.3 Direct Observation of Nano-Nucleation by Synchrotron Radiation, 128 4.4 Improvement of Nucleation Theory, 135 4.5 Homogeneous Nucleation from the Bulk Melt under Elongational Flow, 139 4.6 Heterogeneous Nucleation, 148 4.7 Effect of Entanglement Density on the Nucleation Rate, 156 4.8 Conclusion, 160 Acknowledgments, 161 References, 161 5 Growth of Polymer Crystals 165 Kohji Tashiro 5.1 Introduction, 165 5.2 Growth of Polymer Crystals from Solutions, 167 5.3 Growth of Polymer Crystals from Melt, 169 5.4 Crystallization Mechanism of Polymer, 173 5.5 Microscopically Viewed Structural Evolution in the Growing Polymer Crystals, 178 5.6 Crystallization upon Heating from the Glassy State, 189 5.7 Crystallization Phenomenon Induced by Tensile Force, 191 5.8 Photoinduced Formation and Growth of Polymer Crystals, 191 5.9 Conclusion, 192 References, 193 6 Computer Modeling of Polymer Crystallization 197 Gregory C. Rutledge 6.1 Introduction, 197 6.2 Methods, 198 6.3 Single-Chain Behavior in Crystallization, 202 6.4 Crystallization from the Melt, 204 6.5 Crystallization under Deformation or Flow, 208 6.6 Concluding Remarks, 210 References, 211 7 Overall Crystallization Kinetics 215 Ewa Piorkowska and Andrzej Galeski 7.1 Introduction, 215 7.2 Measurements, 216 7.3 Simulation, 217 7.4 Theories: Isothermal and Nonisothermal Crystallization, 218 7.5 Complex Crystallization Conditions: General Models, 224 7.6 Factors Influencing the Overall Crystallization Kinetics, 224 7.7 Analysis of Crystallization Data, 230 7.8 Conclusions, 233 References, 234 8 Epitaxial Crystallization of Polymers: Means and Issues 237 Annette Thierry and Bernard A. Lotz 8.1 Introduction and History, 237 8.2 Means of Investigation of Epitaxial Crystallization, 239 8.3 Epitaxial Crystallization of Polymers, 241 8.4 Epitaxial Crystallization: Further Issues and Examples, 252 8.5 Epitaxial Crystallization: Some Issues and Applications, 256 8.6 Conclusions, 260 References, 262 9 Melting 265 Marek Pyda 9.1 Introduction to the Melting of Polymer Crystals, 265 9.2 Parameters of the Melting Process, 267 9.3 Change of Conformation, 268 9.4 Heat of Fusion and Degree of Crystallinity, 270 9.5 Equilibrium Melting, 274 9.6 Other Factors Affecting the Melting Process of Polymer Crystals, 277 9.7 Irreversible and Reversible Melting, 282 9.8 Conclusions, 284 References, 285 10 Crystallization of Polymer Blends 287 Mariano Pracella 10.1 General Introduction, 287 10.2 Thermodynamics of Polymer Blends, 288 10.3 Miscible Polymer Blends, 290 10.4 Immiscible Polymer Blends, 303 10.5 Compatibilized Polymer Blends, 307 10.6 Polymer Blends with Liquid-Crystalline Components, 314 10.7 Concluding Remarks, 320 Abbreviations, 321 References, 322 11 Crystallization in Copolymers 327 Sheng Li and Richard A. Register 11.1 Introduction, 327 11.2 Crystallization in Statistical Copolymers, 328 11.3 Crystallization of Block Copolymers from Homogeneous or Weakly Segregated Melts, 340 11.4 Summary, 343 References, 344 12 Crystallization in Nano-Confi ned Polymeric Systems 347 Alejandro J. Müller, Maria Luisa Arnal, and Arnaldo T. Lorenzo 12.1 Introduction, 347 12.2 Confined Crystallization in Block Copolymers, 348 12.3 Crystallization of Droplet Dispersions and Polymer Layers, 361 12.4 Polymer Blends, 368 12.5 Modeling of Confi ned Crystallization of Macromolecules, 371 12.6 Conclusions, 372 References, 372 13 Crystallization in Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites 379 Ewa Piorkowska 13.1 Introduction, 379 13.2 Microcomposites with Particulate Fillers, 380 13.3 Fiber-Reinforced Composites, 382 13.4 Modeling of Crystallization in Fiber-Reinforced Composites, 385 13.5 Nanocomposites, 388 13.6 Conclusions, 393 Appendix, 393 References, 394 14 Flow-Induced Crystallization 399 Gerrit W.M. Peters, Luigi Balzano, and Rudi J.A. Steenbakkers 14.1 Introduction, 399 14.2 Shear-Induced Crystallization, 401 14.3 Crystallization during Drawing, 407 14.4 Models of Flow-Induced Crystallization, 410 14.5 Concluding Remarks, 426 References, 427 15 Crystallization in Processing Conditions 433 Jean-Marc Haudin 15.1 Introduction, 433 15.2 General Effects of Processing Conditions on Crystallization, 433 15.3 Modeling, 440 15.4 Crystallization in Some Selected Processes, 442 15.5 Conclusion, 458 References, 459 Index 463