History of Interior Design
4th Edition
Published on 16. September 2013
Book
Hardback
496 pages
978-1-118-40351-8 (ISBN)
Description
This classic reference presents the history of interior design from prehistory to the present. Exploring a broad range of design styles and movements, this revised and expanded edition includes coverage of non-Western design and vernacular interior architecture and features 665 photographs and drawings (color and black-and-white). A History of Interior Design is an essential resource for practicing and aspiring professionals in interior design, art history, and architecture, and general readers interested in design and the decorative arts.
More details
Edition
4th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
New York
United States
Target group
Professional and scholarly
Dimensions
Height: 297 mm
Width: 229 mm
Thickness: 33 mm
Weight
2064 gr
ISBN-13
978-1-118-40351-8 (9781118403518)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
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John Pile | Judith Gura | Drew Plunkett
A History of Interior Design
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03/2024
5th Edition
Wiley
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Persons
John Pile was Professor of Design at the renowned Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, for most of his teaching career. He is the author of twelve books on furniture, color draughtsmanship, office planning, and other aspects of interior design.
Judith Gura is a professor of design history and theory, directing the design history program at the New York School of Interior Design. She is the author of critically praised books on interior design, Scandinavian furniture, and furniture styles.
Judith Gura is a professor of design history and theory, directing the design history program at the New York School of Interior Design. She is the author of critically praised books on interior design, Scandinavian furniture, and furniture styles.
Content
Preface 8
1 Prehistory to Early Civilizations 13
Prehistoric Interiors 13
Archeological Evidence 13
The First Shelters 13 Dolmens and Barrows 14
Evidence from Tribal Cultures 15
Pattern and Design 17
The First Permanent Settlements 18
Mesopotamia: Sumeria 19
Pre-Columbian America 20
North America 20 Central America 21
South America 24
Ancient Egypt 26
Geometry and Proportion 26
Egyptian Temples and Houses 27
Egyptian Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 28
2 Classical Civilizations: Greece and Rome 31
Minoan and Mycenaean Cultures 31
Knossos 31
Mycenae and Tiryns 32
Greece 32
The Temple 33
Secular Interiors 36
INSIGHTS: The Growth of Athens 38
Rome 38
Arches, Vaults, and Domes 38
Amphitheaters and Baths 41
Temples 41
INSIGHTS: The Cost of Living in Ancient Rome 42
Secular Buildings 43
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 44
The Legacy of Rome: Technology 46
3 Early Christian, Byzantine, and Romanesque 49
Early Christian Design 49
Byzantine Design 51
Ravenna 51
INSIGHTS: The Ravenna Mosaics 52
Constantinople 52
Hagia Sophia 53
Secular Buildings 55
Early Medieval: The "Dark Ages" 55
The Romanesque Style 56
Churches 57
Germany 57
Italy 58
France 59
England 60
Scandinavia 60
Fortresses and Castles 61
Monasteries and Abbeys 62
INSIGHTS: The Abbey at Cluny 63
Houses 64
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 65
Spanish Romanesque 67
4 Islamic and Asian Traditions 69
Islamic Influence 69
Mosques and Palaces 70
Islamic Influence in Spain 73
The Mosque in Spain 73
Islamic Furnishings 74
India and Pakistan 77
Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain Architecture 77
Hindu Religious and Secular Buildings 79
Jain Architecture 80
Northern and Southern Styles of Temple 81
Islamic Influence in India 81
INSIGHTS: Bernier's Account of the Taj Mahal 82
Indian Furnishings 85
Western Influence 86
Cambodia 86
Thailand 88
Indonesia 88
China 89
Chinese Architecture 89
Chinese Furnishings 92
Korea 94
Japan 95
Japanese Furnishings 99
5 The Later Middle Ages 101
Elements of Gothic Style 101
New Construction Techniques 102
Gothic Cathedrals and Churches 105
France 106
England 109
Elsewhere in Europe 111
Secular Gothic Buildings 113
INSIGHTS: Construction Work in a Medieval Building 113
Castles and Palaces 115
Medieval Houses 118
Innovations in Domestic Comfort 119
6 The Renaissance in Italy 123
The Rise of Humanism 123
Renaissance Interest in History 124
Elements of Renaissance Style 124
The Early Renaissance 125
Brunelleschi 126
Michelozzo 128
Alberti 130
The High Renaissance 130
Bramante 130
Palaces 133
INSIGHTS: Vasari's Account of the Farnese|Palace 135
The Late Renaissance and Mannerism 136
Michelangelo 136
Romano 138
Palladio 138
Vignola 142
Interior Furnishings 142
Furniture 143
Coverings 145
7 Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe 147
Elements of Baroque Style 147
The Baroque in Italy 148
Rome 148
Bernini 148
Borromini 150
Venice 152
Longhena 152
Turin 153
Guarini 153
Juvarra 154
Baroque in Northern Europe 155
Austria 155
Switzerland 157
Germany 158
Furniture and Other Interior Features 161
8 Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo in France and Spain 165
France 165
Early Renaissance 167
High Renaissance 168
Baroque 172
Versailles 172
INSIGHTS: Louis XIV and Versailles 174
Louvre 174
Baroque Churches 175
Furniture and Furnishings 176
Regency to Rococo 178
Paris Hotels 179
The Petit Trianon 179
Regency and Rococo Furniture 181
Rococo to Neoclassicism 181
The Empire Style 183
INSIGHTS: Charles Percier and Pierre Francois-|Leonard Fontaine: The Empire Style 184
Provincial Style 185
Spain 188
Plateresco 188
Desornamentado 188
Churrigueresco 188
Furniture and Other Interior Features 191
9 Renaissance to Georgian in The Low Countries and England 193
LowCountries 193
Civic Buildings 193
Private Dwellings 194
England 195
Tudor 195
Elizabethan 196
Elizabethan Furniture 197
Jacobean 197
Jones 199 Jacobean Interior Furnishings 200
From Carolean to William and Mary 200
Wren 200
Carolean and William and Mary Interior Furnishings 203
Queen Anne 204
Queen Anne Furniture 205
Georgian 205
Robert and James Adam 206
INSIGHTS: Robert Adam and Syon House 206
Georgian Town Houses 208
Other Building Types 209
Georgian Furniture and Interior Furnishings 209
10 Colonial and Federal America 213
Colonial Styles in Latin America 213
Colonial Styles in North America 214
Early Colonial Houses 215
Early Colonial Furniture and Interior Furnishings 216
Churches and Meeting Houses 217
American Georgian 218
American Georgian Houses 218
American Georgian and Queen Anne Furniture 222
Late Colonial Public Buildings 222
Federal Styles 224
Jefferson 224
Bulfinch 225
Thornton and Latrobe 225
Furniture of the Federal Period 228
Other Furnishings of the Federal Period 230
11 The Regency, Revivals, and Industrial Revolution 233
Regency 233
Nash 233
Soane 234
Regency Furniture 234
Revivals 235
Greek Revival 236
Germany 236
England 236
United States 236
Gothic Revival 238
United States 238
England 240
The Industrial Revolution 243
Early Industrialization and Inventions 244
Industry and Interiors 244
Iron and Glass 245
England: Paxton 246
INSIGHTS: The Public's Perception of the Crystal|Palace 247
France: Labrouste, Baltard, and Eiffel 248
12 The Victorian Era 251
The Roots of Victorian Style 251
Britain 252
Mansions 253
Middle-class Houses and Public Buildings 253
Shaw and the Queen Anne Revival 254
United States: Victorian Variations 255
Mansions 256
Vernacular House Styles 257
Shingle Style 259
Adirondack Style 259
Shaker Design 260
INSIGHTS: The Shaker Philosophy 261
Early Skyscrapers 261
Public Buildings 265
Furness 265
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 265
13 The Aesthetic Movements 271
Britain: Arts and Crafts 271
Ruskin and the Roots of Arts and Crafts 271
Morris 271
Webb 274
Other British Designers 275
INSIGHTS: Rossetti and the Aesthetic|
House 275
Links to Modernism 278
Voysey 278
Mackmurdo 278
Mackintosh 279
United States: The Craftsman Movement 279
Stickley and the Roycrofters 279
Bradley 282
Richardson 282
Greene & Greene and Maybeck 283
Developments in Continental Europe 284
Germany: Muthesius 285
The Netherlands: Berlage 285
14 Art Nouveau and the Vienna Secession 287
Roots and Characteristics of Art Nouveau 287
Belgium 288
Horta 288
Van de Velde 290
France 290
The School of Nancy 290
Guimard 291
Other French Designers 292
Spain 293
Gaudi 293
Germany: Jugendstil 293
Endell 294
Riemerschmid and Behrens 294
Scandinavia 294
Austria: The Vienna Secession 295
Olbrich 295
Wagner 296
INSIGHTS: Otto Wagner and "Modern|
Architecture" 296
Hoffmann 297
Loos 298
United States 299
Tiffany 300
Sullivan 301
15 Eclecticism 305
The Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris 305
United States 307
Key Architects and Designers 307
Hunt 307
McKim, Mead, & White 310
Public Buildings 311
Early Skyscrapers 312
The Rise of the Interior Decorator 314
De Wolfe 314
Wood 316
McMillen 316
Other American Decorators 316
Eclecticism in Professional Practice 317
Saarinen and Cranbrook Academy 317
Stripped Classicism 319
Eclecticism for the Masses 319
Houses and Apartments 320
Furniture and Accessories 321
Movie Theaters 321
Europe 323
Scandinavia 324
Britain 325
Lutyens 325
INSIGHTS: Sir Edwin Lutyens and the Viceroy's|House in New Delhi 326
Ocean Liners 327
The Spread of Eclecticism 327
16 The Emergence of Modernism 329
Frank Lloyd Wright 329
The Early Commissions 330
INSIGHTS: The Philosophy of Frank Lloyd|Wright 331
De Stijl 332
Mondrian and van Doesburg 333
Rietveld 333
Pioneers of the International Style 335
Gropius and the Bauhaus 335
Mies van der Rohe 337
Work of the 1920s and 1930s 337
INSIGHTS: Mies van der Rohe: The Tugendhat|House 338
Emigration to the United States 340
Later Commissions 340
Le Corbusier 341
Paris: Developing the Machine Aesthetic 341
Early Houses, Villas, and Apartments 342
INSIGHTS: The Philosophy of Le Corbusier 345
Town Planning 346
Post-War Years 347
Later Commissions 348
Aalto 349
INSIGHTS: The Vision of Alvar Aalto 352
17 Art Deco and Industrial Design 355
Art Deco 355
France 355
Furniture Designers 355
Textile Design 357
Ocean Liners 357
United States 358
Designers from Europe 358
Deco Architecture 358
Britain 361
Scandinavia 361
Expressionism 363
Industrial Design 363
Loewy and Other Designers 364
Design Training 366
Residential Design 367
Kitchens and Bathrooms 367
Lighting 368
Textiles, Carpets, and Furniture 369
18 The Spread of Early Modernism in Europe 371
The Netherlands 372
Germanyand Austria 373
Italy 373
Switzerland 374
France 374
Scandinavia 376
England 377
19 Modernism in America 381
Architects and Designers 381
Gill 381
Wright: 1920s and 1930s 381
Schindler and Neutra 385
Lescaze 386
Goodwin and Stone 386
Gropius and Breuer 387
Mies van der Rohe 387
Johnson 388
Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill 388
Eero Saarinen 388
Interior Decoration: The Reaction to Modernism 390
Furniture and other Interior Furnishings 391
Knoll 391
Herman Miller Furniture Company 392
20 The Ascendancy of Modernism 395
Italy 396
INSIGHTS: Gio Ponti: Pirelli Tower 397
Scandinavia 398
France 400
Germany 400
The Netherlands 402
Britain 402
United States 402
Urban Office Buildings 407
Office Planning 410
Office Furniture 411
Interior Designers 411
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 414
Textiles 414
21 After the International Style: The Late Twentieth Century 417
Prophets of Design 418
Kahn 418
Pelli 419
High-tech 420
Fuller 420
Rogers and Piano 421
Foster 421
Stirling 422
Post-modernism 423
Venturi and Scott Brown 423
Graves 425
Other Post-modernist Work in the US 426
Post-modernism in Europe 426
The Revival of Tradition 427
Greenberg 427
Stern 427
Deconstructivism and Minimalism 428
Eisenman 429
Gehry 430
Hadid 431
Koolhaas 431
Libeskind 431
Late Modernism 431
Pei 431
Gwathmey 432
Meier 433
Individualists 434
Starck 434
Putman 434
Other Trends 435
East-West Crossovers 435
New Furniture 437
New Museums 437
Preservation 439
Socially Conscious Design 439
Green Design 439
Looking Forward 440
22 Design on a New Playing Field 443
The Key Elements 443
Sustainability 443
INSIGHTS: Green Design 443
Technology 444
Social Welfare 445
Branding 445
Collaboration 446
Globalism 446
Adaptive Reuse 446
Historic Preservation 447
Style Directions 448
Mainstream Modernism 448
Biomorphism 449
Functional Deconstructivism 449
Color Craftmanship 450
High-tech Revisited 451
Building and Interior Types 451
Museums 452
Performing Arts 454
Hotels 456
Restaurants 457
Healthcare Facilities 457
Offices 458
Residential Interiors 460
Retail 462
Schools 463
Libraries 464
Houses of Worship 465
Transportation 466
Mixed-use Developments 467
Furniture and Furnishings 468
Interior Design 470
Looking Forward 471
Glossary 472
Bibliography 477
Picture Credits 482
Index 485
1 Prehistory to Early Civilizations 13
Prehistoric Interiors 13
Archeological Evidence 13
The First Shelters 13 Dolmens and Barrows 14
Evidence from Tribal Cultures 15
Pattern and Design 17
The First Permanent Settlements 18
Mesopotamia: Sumeria 19
Pre-Columbian America 20
North America 20 Central America 21
South America 24
Ancient Egypt 26
Geometry and Proportion 26
Egyptian Temples and Houses 27
Egyptian Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 28
2 Classical Civilizations: Greece and Rome 31
Minoan and Mycenaean Cultures 31
Knossos 31
Mycenae and Tiryns 32
Greece 32
The Temple 33
Secular Interiors 36
INSIGHTS: The Growth of Athens 38
Rome 38
Arches, Vaults, and Domes 38
Amphitheaters and Baths 41
Temples 41
INSIGHTS: The Cost of Living in Ancient Rome 42
Secular Buildings 43
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 44
The Legacy of Rome: Technology 46
3 Early Christian, Byzantine, and Romanesque 49
Early Christian Design 49
Byzantine Design 51
Ravenna 51
INSIGHTS: The Ravenna Mosaics 52
Constantinople 52
Hagia Sophia 53
Secular Buildings 55
Early Medieval: The "Dark Ages" 55
The Romanesque Style 56
Churches 57
Germany 57
Italy 58
France 59
England 60
Scandinavia 60
Fortresses and Castles 61
Monasteries and Abbeys 62
INSIGHTS: The Abbey at Cluny 63
Houses 64
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 65
Spanish Romanesque 67
4 Islamic and Asian Traditions 69
Islamic Influence 69
Mosques and Palaces 70
Islamic Influence in Spain 73
The Mosque in Spain 73
Islamic Furnishings 74
India and Pakistan 77
Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain Architecture 77
Hindu Religious and Secular Buildings 79
Jain Architecture 80
Northern and Southern Styles of Temple 81
Islamic Influence in India 81
INSIGHTS: Bernier's Account of the Taj Mahal 82
Indian Furnishings 85
Western Influence 86
Cambodia 86
Thailand 88
Indonesia 88
China 89
Chinese Architecture 89
Chinese Furnishings 92
Korea 94
Japan 95
Japanese Furnishings 99
5 The Later Middle Ages 101
Elements of Gothic Style 101
New Construction Techniques 102
Gothic Cathedrals and Churches 105
France 106
England 109
Elsewhere in Europe 111
Secular Gothic Buildings 113
INSIGHTS: Construction Work in a Medieval Building 113
Castles and Palaces 115
Medieval Houses 118
Innovations in Domestic Comfort 119
6 The Renaissance in Italy 123
The Rise of Humanism 123
Renaissance Interest in History 124
Elements of Renaissance Style 124
The Early Renaissance 125
Brunelleschi 126
Michelozzo 128
Alberti 130
The High Renaissance 130
Bramante 130
Palaces 133
INSIGHTS: Vasari's Account of the Farnese|Palace 135
The Late Renaissance and Mannerism 136
Michelangelo 136
Romano 138
Palladio 138
Vignola 142
Interior Furnishings 142
Furniture 143
Coverings 145
7 Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe 147
Elements of Baroque Style 147
The Baroque in Italy 148
Rome 148
Bernini 148
Borromini 150
Venice 152
Longhena 152
Turin 153
Guarini 153
Juvarra 154
Baroque in Northern Europe 155
Austria 155
Switzerland 157
Germany 158
Furniture and Other Interior Features 161
8 Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo in France and Spain 165
France 165
Early Renaissance 167
High Renaissance 168
Baroque 172
Versailles 172
INSIGHTS: Louis XIV and Versailles 174
Louvre 174
Baroque Churches 175
Furniture and Furnishings 176
Regency to Rococo 178
Paris Hotels 179
The Petit Trianon 179
Regency and Rococo Furniture 181
Rococo to Neoclassicism 181
The Empire Style 183
INSIGHTS: Charles Percier and Pierre Francois-|Leonard Fontaine: The Empire Style 184
Provincial Style 185
Spain 188
Plateresco 188
Desornamentado 188
Churrigueresco 188
Furniture and Other Interior Features 191
9 Renaissance to Georgian in The Low Countries and England 193
LowCountries 193
Civic Buildings 193
Private Dwellings 194
England 195
Tudor 195
Elizabethan 196
Elizabethan Furniture 197
Jacobean 197
Jones 199 Jacobean Interior Furnishings 200
From Carolean to William and Mary 200
Wren 200
Carolean and William and Mary Interior Furnishings 203
Queen Anne 204
Queen Anne Furniture 205
Georgian 205
Robert and James Adam 206
INSIGHTS: Robert Adam and Syon House 206
Georgian Town Houses 208
Other Building Types 209
Georgian Furniture and Interior Furnishings 209
10 Colonial and Federal America 213
Colonial Styles in Latin America 213
Colonial Styles in North America 214
Early Colonial Houses 215
Early Colonial Furniture and Interior Furnishings 216
Churches and Meeting Houses 217
American Georgian 218
American Georgian Houses 218
American Georgian and Queen Anne Furniture 222
Late Colonial Public Buildings 222
Federal Styles 224
Jefferson 224
Bulfinch 225
Thornton and Latrobe 225
Furniture of the Federal Period 228
Other Furnishings of the Federal Period 230
11 The Regency, Revivals, and Industrial Revolution 233
Regency 233
Nash 233
Soane 234
Regency Furniture 234
Revivals 235
Greek Revival 236
Germany 236
England 236
United States 236
Gothic Revival 238
United States 238
England 240
The Industrial Revolution 243
Early Industrialization and Inventions 244
Industry and Interiors 244
Iron and Glass 245
England: Paxton 246
INSIGHTS: The Public's Perception of the Crystal|Palace 247
France: Labrouste, Baltard, and Eiffel 248
12 The Victorian Era 251
The Roots of Victorian Style 251
Britain 252
Mansions 253
Middle-class Houses and Public Buildings 253
Shaw and the Queen Anne Revival 254
United States: Victorian Variations 255
Mansions 256
Vernacular House Styles 257
Shingle Style 259
Adirondack Style 259
Shaker Design 260
INSIGHTS: The Shaker Philosophy 261
Early Skyscrapers 261
Public Buildings 265
Furness 265
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 265
13 The Aesthetic Movements 271
Britain: Arts and Crafts 271
Ruskin and the Roots of Arts and Crafts 271
Morris 271
Webb 274
Other British Designers 275
INSIGHTS: Rossetti and the Aesthetic|
House 275
Links to Modernism 278
Voysey 278
Mackmurdo 278
Mackintosh 279
United States: The Craftsman Movement 279
Stickley and the Roycrofters 279
Bradley 282
Richardson 282
Greene & Greene and Maybeck 283
Developments in Continental Europe 284
Germany: Muthesius 285
The Netherlands: Berlage 285
14 Art Nouveau and the Vienna Secession 287
Roots and Characteristics of Art Nouveau 287
Belgium 288
Horta 288
Van de Velde 290
France 290
The School of Nancy 290
Guimard 291
Other French Designers 292
Spain 293
Gaudi 293
Germany: Jugendstil 293
Endell 294
Riemerschmid and Behrens 294
Scandinavia 294
Austria: The Vienna Secession 295
Olbrich 295
Wagner 296
INSIGHTS: Otto Wagner and "Modern|
Architecture" 296
Hoffmann 297
Loos 298
United States 299
Tiffany 300
Sullivan 301
15 Eclecticism 305
The Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris 305
United States 307
Key Architects and Designers 307
Hunt 307
McKim, Mead, & White 310
Public Buildings 311
Early Skyscrapers 312
The Rise of the Interior Decorator 314
De Wolfe 314
Wood 316
McMillen 316
Other American Decorators 316
Eclecticism in Professional Practice 317
Saarinen and Cranbrook Academy 317
Stripped Classicism 319
Eclecticism for the Masses 319
Houses and Apartments 320
Furniture and Accessories 321
Movie Theaters 321
Europe 323
Scandinavia 324
Britain 325
Lutyens 325
INSIGHTS: Sir Edwin Lutyens and the Viceroy's|House in New Delhi 326
Ocean Liners 327
The Spread of Eclecticism 327
16 The Emergence of Modernism 329
Frank Lloyd Wright 329
The Early Commissions 330
INSIGHTS: The Philosophy of Frank Lloyd|Wright 331
De Stijl 332
Mondrian and van Doesburg 333
Rietveld 333
Pioneers of the International Style 335
Gropius and the Bauhaus 335
Mies van der Rohe 337
Work of the 1920s and 1930s 337
INSIGHTS: Mies van der Rohe: The Tugendhat|House 338
Emigration to the United States 340
Later Commissions 340
Le Corbusier 341
Paris: Developing the Machine Aesthetic 341
Early Houses, Villas, and Apartments 342
INSIGHTS: The Philosophy of Le Corbusier 345
Town Planning 346
Post-War Years 347
Later Commissions 348
Aalto 349
INSIGHTS: The Vision of Alvar Aalto 352
17 Art Deco and Industrial Design 355
Art Deco 355
France 355
Furniture Designers 355
Textile Design 357
Ocean Liners 357
United States 358
Designers from Europe 358
Deco Architecture 358
Britain 361
Scandinavia 361
Expressionism 363
Industrial Design 363
Loewy and Other Designers 364
Design Training 366
Residential Design 367
Kitchens and Bathrooms 367
Lighting 368
Textiles, Carpets, and Furniture 369
18 The Spread of Early Modernism in Europe 371
The Netherlands 372
Germanyand Austria 373
Italy 373
Switzerland 374
France 374
Scandinavia 376
England 377
19 Modernism in America 381
Architects and Designers 381
Gill 381
Wright: 1920s and 1930s 381
Schindler and Neutra 385
Lescaze 386
Goodwin and Stone 386
Gropius and Breuer 387
Mies van der Rohe 387
Johnson 388
Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill 388
Eero Saarinen 388
Interior Decoration: The Reaction to Modernism 390
Furniture and other Interior Furnishings 391
Knoll 391
Herman Miller Furniture Company 392
20 The Ascendancy of Modernism 395
Italy 396
INSIGHTS: Gio Ponti: Pirelli Tower 397
Scandinavia 398
France 400
Germany 400
The Netherlands 402
Britain 402
United States 402
Urban Office Buildings 407
Office Planning 410
Office Furniture 411
Interior Designers 411
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 414
Textiles 414
21 After the International Style: The Late Twentieth Century 417
Prophets of Design 418
Kahn 418
Pelli 419
High-tech 420
Fuller 420
Rogers and Piano 421
Foster 421
Stirling 422
Post-modernism 423
Venturi and Scott Brown 423
Graves 425
Other Post-modernist Work in the US 426
Post-modernism in Europe 426
The Revival of Tradition 427
Greenberg 427
Stern 427
Deconstructivism and Minimalism 428
Eisenman 429
Gehry 430
Hadid 431
Koolhaas 431
Libeskind 431
Late Modernism 431
Pei 431
Gwathmey 432
Meier 433
Individualists 434
Starck 434
Putman 434
Other Trends 435
East-West Crossovers 435
New Furniture 437
New Museums 437
Preservation 439
Socially Conscious Design 439
Green Design 439
Looking Forward 440
22 Design on a New Playing Field 443
The Key Elements 443
Sustainability 443
INSIGHTS: Green Design 443
Technology 444
Social Welfare 445
Branding 445
Collaboration 446
Globalism 446
Adaptive Reuse 446
Historic Preservation 447
Style Directions 448
Mainstream Modernism 448
Biomorphism 449
Functional Deconstructivism 449
Color Craftmanship 450
High-tech Revisited 451
Building and Interior Types 451
Museums 452
Performing Arts 454
Hotels 456
Restaurants 457
Healthcare Facilities 457
Offices 458
Residential Interiors 460
Retail 462
Schools 463
Libraries 464
Houses of Worship 465
Transportation 466
Mixed-use Developments 467
Furniture and Furnishings 468
Interior Design 470
Looking Forward 471
Glossary 472
Bibliography 477
Picture Credits 482
Index 485