Lobsters

Contributors xi Preface xiv Chapter 1 Lobsters as Part of Marine Ecosystems - A Review 1 Bruce F. Phillips, Richard A. Wahle and Trevor J. Ward 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Species overviews 3 1.3 How far have we come in thinking about lobsters as part of the ecosystem? 11 1.4 Human role in ecosystem dynamics 18 1.5 Single species to ecosystem management - how far have we come? 22 1.6 Implications for management and research 27 1.7 Conclusions 29 References 30 Chapter 2 Genetics of Wild and Captive Lobster Populations 36 W. Jason Kennington, Roy Melville-Smith and Oliver Berry 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Population structure 37 2.3 Species identifi cation 40 2.4 Applications of species identifi cation and DNA barcoding to lobster research and management 41 2.5 Variation in reproductive success 45 2.6 Genetic effects of harvesting 46 2.7 Considerations for aquaculture and stock enhancement 50 2.8 Conclusions and future directions 52 References 54 Chapter 3 Enhancement of Lobster Fisheries to Improve Yield and Value 64 Bridget S. Green, Caleb Gardner and Gro I. van der Meeren 3.1 Introduction 64 3.2 Monitoring the outcomes of enhancement operations 67 3.3 Economic and policy issues 70 3.4 Case studies 73 3.5 Conclusions 75 References 75 Chapter 4 The Impact of Climate Change on Exploited Lobster Stocks 84 Nick Caputi, Simon de Lestang, Stuart Frusher and Richard A. Wahle 4.1 Introduction 84 4.2 Case studies 85 4.3 Other lobster species 98 4.4 Discussion 101 4.5 Conclusions and future research 105 References 106 Chapter 5 Systems to Maximize Economic Benefits in Lobster Fisheries 113 Caleb Gardner, Sherry Larkin and Juan Carlos Seijo 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Economic concepts used in lobster fi shery management 114 5.3 Lobster fishery management systems 118 5.4 Resource sharing and allocation of lobster stocks 124 5.5 Developing issues in lobster fishery economics 128 5.6 Conclusions 131 References 132 Chapter 6 Lobster Ecolabelling 139 Trevor J Ward and Bruce F Phillips 6.1 Introduction 139 6.2 Ecolabelling objectives 147 6.3 Comparative performance assessment 152 6.4 Ecolabelled lobsters 158 6.5 Conclusions 168 Appendix 175 Example Aquaculture Criteria and Grades: ecological performance and sustainability stringency 175 References 182 Chapter 7 Essential Habitats for Panulirus Spiny Lobsters 186 Patricia Briones-Fourzán and Enrique Lozano-Álvarez 7.1 Introduction 186 7.2 Essential habitats for ontogenetic shifters 189 7.3 Habitat specialists 194 7.4 Coexisting species: interspecific trade-offs 196 7.5 Global and local threats to habitats used by Panulirus lobsters 198 7.6 Habitat management 200 7.7 Conclusions 205 References 206 Chapter 8 Homarus 221 Richard A. Wahle, Kathleen M. Castro, Oliver Tully and J. Stanley Cobb 8.1 Introduction 221 8.2 Species overview 222 8.3 Life-history overview 224 8.4 Growth and age 225 8.5 Maturation 228 8.6 Larval and pre-settlement dynamics 230 8.7 Postlarval settlement and benthic recruitment 231 8.8 Meta-population structure 233 8.9 Post-settlement mortality sources 235 8.10 Homarus in a changing ecosystem 239 8.11 Harvest and management of wild populations 240 8.12 Mariculture and population enhancement 244 8.13 Conclusions and future research 246 References 247 Chapter 9 Jasus and Sagmariasus Species 259 Andrew G. Jeffs, Caleb Gardner and Andy Cockcroft 9.1 Species and distribution 259 9.2 Reproduction, life history and growth 261 9.3 Ecology and behaviour 265 9.4 Predators and disease 267 9.5 Population dynamics 267 9.6 Harvest of wild populations and their regulation 268 9.7 Aquaculture 274 9.8 Marine protected areas 275 9.9 Managing ecosystem effects of fi shing 276 9.10 Conclusions 277 References 277 Chapter 10 Panulirus Species 289 Bruce F. Phillips, Roy Melville-Smith Matthew C. Kay and Armando Vega-Velázquez 10.1 Species and distribution 289 10.2 Life history, growth and reproduction 290 10.3 Predators and diseases 291 10.4 Ecology and behaviour 292 10.5 Population dynamics and regulation 293 10.6 Harvest of wild populations and their regulations 293 10.7 Aquaculture and enhancement 312 10.8 Management and conservation 314 10.9 Conclusions 315 References 315 Chapter 11 Palinurus Species 326 Johan C. Groeneveld, Raquel Goñi and David Díaz 11.1 Introduction 327 11.2 Species and distribution 327 11.3 Biology and ecology 329 11.4 Molecular phylogeny and evolution 341 11.5 Harvest of wild populations 342 11.6 Protection and enhancement 346 11.7 Monitoring and management 347 11.8 Conclusions 349 References 349 Chapter 12 Nephrops Species 357 Mike Bell, Ian Tuck and Helen Dobby 12.1 Introduction 357 12.2 Species and distribution 357 12.3 Life history 361 12.4 Population dynamics 375 12.5 Harvest of wild populations 383 12.6 Monitoring and management 389 References 396 Chapter 13 Commercial Scyllarids 414 Ehud Spanier and Kari L. Lavalli 13.1 Introduction 414 13.2 Taxonomy and systematic hierarchy 415 13.3 Anatomy 426 13.4 Life history 429 13.5 Behaviour 436 13.6 Diseases 449 13.7 Harvest of wild populations 450 13.8 Aquaculture and restocking 455 13.9 Summary 456 References 456 Chapter 14 Conclusions 467 Bruce F. Phillips References 468 Index 471 Colour plate section between pp. 130 and 131